A high-speed data acquisition system based on DRS4 waveform digitization is designed to meet the requirements of high sampling rate, multi-parameter measurements, and long-distance transmission in some particle physics experiments. The system consists of a waveform digitization front-end board, a high-speed data transmission board, and an upper computer software. Test results show that the system has a high data transmission rate and a low BER and that the collected data can reconstruct and restore the input signal waveform well. In addition, we have analyzed the single-electrode dual-mode sensor, excitation signal generation module, resistor/capacitor conversion circuit, and phase-sensitive demodulation unit in the system. The experiments show that the system is stable in operation, flexible in use, and can significantly extend the measurement range.