Petroleum Demand Research Articles

The catalytic deoxygenation reaction temperature and N2 gas flow rate influence the conversion of soybean fatty acids into Green Diesel

BackgroundGreen diesel is a promising alternative as a petroleum replacement given the worldwide demand for petroleum fuel. Environmental issues have drawn public attention and concerns towards advancing renewable energy development. A catalytic deoxygenation (deCOx) was carried out to produce green diesel from soybean oil (SO) using a low-cost NiO-doped calcined dolomite (NiOCD) catalyst. MethodThe structure, chemical composition and morphology of NiOCD were comprehensively characterized by XRF, BET, TPD-CO2, SEM and TEM. In this study, the effect of two operating parameters, reaction temperature and flow rate of nitrogen, was discovered using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimisation study. In addition, the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of stepwise catalyst preparation and green diesel production has been performed. Significant findingsAn optimal reaction temperature of 420 °C was found to provide the highest yield of green diesel (47.13 wt.%) with an 83.51% hydrocarbon composition. The ideal nitrogen flow rate, however, was found to be 50 cm3/min, which produced 41.80 wt.% of green diesel with an 88.63% hydrocarbon composition. The deoxygenation reaction was significantly impacted by both reaction temperature and nitrogen flow rate. According to LCCA, NiOCD catalyst has potential to lower the overall cost of producing green diesel compared to commercial zeolite catalysts.

PENGARUH POLIMER PC DENGAN ADDITIF TWEEN-80 TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK POLIMER DAN RECOVERY FACTOR PADA MINYAK 39 °API DI BATUAN SANDSTONE

Background: The increasing demand for petroleum and the depletion of oil reserves in oil fields require the development of more efficient oil recovery techniques to enhance oil production. One method that can be employed is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), where chemical injection becomes a viable approach. One chemical injection method that can be used is polymer injection. One suitable polymer for this purpose is cellulose polymer (PC). Cellulose polymer (PC) is the most abundant polymer in nature, a renewable material that is degradable, biocompatible, cost-effective, and non-toxic. Cellulose can be derived from plants and certain types of bacteria.Objective: This research aims to investigate the influence of temperature variations on cellulose polymer (PC) with Tween-80 additive on the Recovery Factor.Methodology: Laboratory experiments were conducted using the core flooding technique with a core holder, applying the slug method with various °API variations on light crude oil with an API gravity value of 39. Sandstone rock samples were used in the experiments, prepared by saturating with brine and oil.Result: The laboratory results showed a recovery percentage of 7.89% at a temperature of 60 °C and 17.86% at a temperature of 80 °C. The highest increase in oil recovery was observed at a temperature of 80 °C, with a recovery factor of 17.86%. In conclusion:, based on the conducted core flooding experiments, the best recovery factor was found in polymer injection using PC with Tween-80 additive at a temperature of 80 °C.

Development of South Africa Macadamia Nuts and its Utilization for Biodiesel Production

Demands for energy are rising as the world's population expands. To meet these demands, fossil fuels have been overused, yet this over reliance on them has led to their depletion. The usage of fossil fuels has also significantly contributed to the release of greenhouse gases, which is a serious environmental concern. Sustainable energy is therefore environmentally friendly and financially sound. Petro-diesel can be replaced by biodiesel because it is biodegradable and less hazardous. Biofuel is any fuel produced from biomass, which can be either animal fats or waste, plant or algae material as a feedstock. Biomass benefits in producing fuels which helps to lessen the demand for petroleum fuel and products. Petroleum fuel and gas increase the greenhouse gas emissions profile of the transportation sector. The Republic of South Africa (RSA) is the 14th world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. This is due to the emissions resulting from burning and heavy reliance on coal. Since biofuel can be produced domestically from natural sources like soybeans, rapeseed, macadamia nuts, coconuts, and even leftover cooking, it has the potential to serve as a remarkable substitute for the commonly used petroleum-derived diesel fuel. This study addresses the historical development of macadamia nuts with a focus on the South African Macadamia Nuts (SAMN) industry, its origin, and as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The generation and classification of biodiesel, physicochemical properties, biodiesel standards, and both American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), European Committee for Standardization (EN 14214), and South African biodiesel framework standards are discussed. Furthermore, the biodiesel blending requirements, techniques, and benefits were outlined. Finally, the biodiesel regulatory framework of SA and biodiesel framework as per the Biodiesel Task team (BTT) was examined.

FORECASTING THE VALUE OF INDONESIA'S OIL AND GAS IMPORTS USING SEASONAL AUTOREGRESSIVE INTEGRATED MOVING AVERAGE MODEL

The value of Indonesia's oil and gas imports is a combination of the value of crude oil (petroleum), oil and natural gas products. Throughout 2021, the value of Indonesia's oil and gas imports reach US$ 25.53 billion or the equivalent of 382.95 trillion rupiah (estimated at US$ 1 = Rp. 15,000.00). The high demand for petroleum in Indonesia is due to the fact that petroleum is the main source of energy for daily life needs, especially for industrial, transportation and household needs. The requirment for oil imports is expected to increase along with the growth in Indonesia's population. Therefore, a step is needed to prevent an increase in the value of oil and gas imports in the coming period. One method of analysis that can be used is forecasting using the time series method with the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model. The SARIMA model is a time series method with data that has a seasonal pattern and the forecasting results will get a pattern similar to the previous data. The data used is data on the monthly value of oil and gas imports from January 2005 to December 2022 with totaling 216 data. This research aims to find the best model and predict the value of Indonesia's oil and gas imports in the next 12 periods with data test in 4 periods (Januari to April 2023). The best model for the results of this research is (2, 1, 0)(0, 1, 1)43 with a MAPE value of 13.90%. Based on the accuracy of the MAPE value, this percentage has good quality forecasting results.

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Features and Expression Patterns of Cytochrome p450 1 Family Genes in Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii): Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and β-Naphthoflavone

The climate crisis and growing petroleum demand have put the health of aquatic animals in jeopardy. Fish are sensitive to chemical pollutants in aquatic environments, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, and dibenzofurans. This study investigated the effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) exposure on histopathological and immunohistochemical features and expression patterns of cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) family genes in black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. Histopathological alterations in the liver included congested central vein, sinusoidal dilatation, lymphocyte infiltration, and severe vacuolation within hepatocytes. The most prevalent alterations in TCDD-exposed kidneys were glomerular enlargement, narrowing of tubular lumen, melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), and necrosis. Moreover, CYP1A immunostaining was strong in renal tubules following TCDD exposure. All CYP1 family genes (CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP1C1, and CYP1C2) were significantly increased in the gills, liver, and kidney exposed to TCDD. Similarly, a significant increase of CYP1A mRNA expression in the kidney was observed upon exposure to TCDD (30.9-folds) and β-NF (25.5-folds) compared with that of the control group (p < 0.05). TCDD and β-NF exposure exerted more adverse effects on the kidney than the liver, and TCDD had a greater in vivo toxic effect than β-NF. The combined histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular alternations may be helpful for diagnosing chemical contaminant exposure in S. schlegelii.

Advancing biodegradation of petroleum contaminants by indigenous microbial consortia through assembly strategy innovations

Our demand for petroleum has challenged Earth's ecosystems, causing extensive water and soil pollution. Petroleum contamination treatment technology has relied on a range of biochemical processes to treat hydrocarbon-contaminated wastes, of which microbial degradation is one of the most economical and ecological. Engineered microbialconsortia can solve complex and difficult-to-degrade contaminants. However, the functional stability of consortia is challenged during long-term co-cultivation. Here, we introduced a novel strategy to design a stable consortium for degrading hydrocarbon pollutants, developed from ecological coexistence theory and trait-based method. Specifically, the degradation rate of the consortium constructed using the five strains was 31.54% higher than that of a single strain in a 6% (m/v) petroleum concentration after 16 days of co-culture. Besides, molecular characterization of the composition and transformation of petroleum-based substances further reveals the functional stability of consortium and the degradation mechanism and pattern of hydrocarbons by the consortium. Two independent soil experiments showed that the treatment of oil-contaminated soil by consortia from the indigenous microbiota maximizes the removal of hydrocarbon contaminants. Collectively, this strategy is generally applicable, facilitates the design of engineered microbial consortia, and provides a foundation for solving environmental pollution.

Bio Diesel as the Next Generation Sustainable Fuel-an Overview

Demand of petroleum based fuels is increasing and contrary to that the fossil fuels are depleting. India being a developing country, with multi fold increase in population needs more energy resources. The vegetable oils, edible and non edible, have promised an opportunity to utilize them as an alternative source as a fuel in place of diesel.Edible oil being costly, researchers have given more emphasis on non-edible oils and investigation was done after proper experimentation in IC engines. Major problems associated with vegetable oils are higher viscosities, lower heating values, chocking of nozzles, engine compatibility, higher engine wear and high price of bio diesel, cold start problem, lower energy content, higher copper strip corrosion etc. Esterification of vegetable oils and their conversion to bio-diesels have opened a new opportunity to experiment and know the performance in the existing CI engines with no modifications.

Molecular insight into the oil displacement mechanism of CO2 flooding in the nanopores of shale oil reservoir

With the increasing demand for petroleum, shale oil with considerable reserves has become an important part of global oil resources. The shale oil reservoir has a large number of nanopores and a complicated mineral composition, and the effect of nanopore confinement and pore type usually makes the effective development of shale oil challenging. For a shale oil reservoir, CO2 flooding can effectively reduce the oil viscosity and improve the reservoir properties, which can thus improve the recovery performance. In this study, the method of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation is used to simulate the CO2 flooding process in the nanoscale pores of shale oil reservoir. The performance difference between the organic kerogen slit nanopore and four types of inorganic nanopores is discussed. Thus, the effects of nanopore type and displacement velocity on the nanoscale displacement behavior of CO2 are analyzed. Results indicate that the CO2 flooding process of different inorganic pores is different. In comparison, the displacement efficiency of light oil components is higher, and the transport distance is longer. The intermolecular interaction can significantly affect the CO2 displacement behavior in nanopores. The CO2 displacement efficiency is shown as montmorillonite, feldspar > quartz > calcite > kerogen. On the other hand, it is found that a lower displacement velocity can benefit the miscibility process between alkane and CO2, which is conducive to the overall displacement process of CO2. The displacement efficiency can significantly decrease with the increase in displacement velocity. But once the displacement velocity is very high, the strong driving force can promote the alkane to move forward, and the displacement efficiency will recover slightly. This study further reveals the microscopic oil displacement mechanism of CO2 in shale nanopores, which is of great significance for the effective development of shale oil reservoirs by using the method of CO2 injection.

Optimized Operation of Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Considering CO2 Fixation and Carbon Pricing

Recently, Japan and the European Union have been experiencing declining petroleum demand owing to global initiatives aimed at reducing environmental impact by curtailing CO2 emissions. Consequently, alternative products and operational conditions should be developed to utilize the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. Using simulation software (Aspen Hysys), this study modeled a typical FCC unit and compared the simulation results with operational data to ensure reproducibility. Two new process models were developed to investigate two scenarios: (i) the slurry discharged from the FCC unit is utilized as a feedstock for the FCC process and (ii) the slurry and fraction obtained from the downstream absorber of the FCC unit are introduced into a delayed coker unit to facilitate carbon fixation. Within an optimum riser outlet temperature (ROT) of 520–530 °C, the yields of gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas increased up to 4%. For profit performance, although ROT of 535–545 °C yielded peak efficiency, the CO2 emissions increased by 70%. Thus, a ROT of 530–540 °C, coupled with a delayed coker unit, can maximize profitability. Furthermore, a correlation graph illustrated the relationship between CO2 emissions and profit for selecting optimal FCC operational conditions.

Quick Review

The notable increase in petroleum demand, together with a decline in discovery rates, has highlighted the desire for efficient production of existing oil wells worldwide. Mainly, the productivity of the existing large oil fields makes us consider the principles of managing reservoirs to make the most of extraction. At the same time, many different uncertainties in the course of the developing oil field, including geological, operational, and economic uncertainties, have a detrimental impact on the reservoir's effective production, which is why dealing with uncertainty is crucial for maximizing output. There is a broad variety of studies on managing oil reservoirs under uncertainty information in the literature. In this study a short review of earlier works has been done on optimization strategies and management of uncertainty in reservoir production.

Impacts Analysis of Dual Carbon Target on the Medium- and Long-Term Petroleum Products Demand in China

Petroleum has become a strategic resource to the national economy, and forecasting its demand is a critical step to supporting energy planning and policy-making for carbon reduction. We first conducted a characteristic analysis of end consumption for petroleum products, and the key affecting factors are identified through an extended logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. Afterwards, the long-range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP) was adopted to predict the petroleum products demand by considering the potential impacts of different policies on the identified key factors. Through comparative analysis of three scenarios including five sub-scenarios, the findings show that the dual carbon constraints are crucial to petroleum demand control. Under the enforcement of existing carbon peaking policies, the petroleum products demand will peak around 2043 at 731.5 million tons, and the impact of energy intensity-related policies is more significant than that of activity level. However, even if the existing policy efforts are continued, supporting the carbon-neutral target will not be easy. By further strengthening the constraints, the demand will peak around 2027 at 680 million tons, and the abatement contribution will come mainly from industry (manufacturing), construction, and transportation. Additional abatement technologies are necessary for the petroleum industry to achieve carbon neutrality.

Magnetic-driving giant multilayer polyelectrolyte microcapsules for intelligent enhanced oil recovery

With the worldwide energy crisis breaking out, the global demand for petroleum is increasing tremendously. However, it is still a major challenge to improve oil recovery from oil reservoirs in the petroleum industry. Here, the multilayer giant polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PEM), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate-Fe3O4 @ (polyacrylamine hydrochloride/polystyrene sulfonate)3-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (SFe@(PAH/PSS)3-PND), were prepared through electrostatic self-assembly technique. PND was polymerized from N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC). The oil recovery efficiency of the polyelectrolyte microcapsules was all higher than 50 %, and which was significantly increased to over 70 % after heating above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Attributed to the temperature-adjusted intelligent mechanisms of the NIPAM molecular in PND, the contraction of NIPAM molecular chains affected with high temperature, coupled with the reduction of microcapsule volume, led to expansion of the pores in the capsule walls, which significantly increased the permeability of SDBS. Meanwhile, oil droplets combined with SDBS were encapsuled with the hydrophobic PND layer based on hydrophobic interaction, part of which entered into amphiphilic phospholipid core layer. Inspired by cellular cytokinesis, the SFe@ (PAH/PSS)3-PND was capable of intelligently capturing and carrying oil droplets driven with magnetism. The oil recovery efficiency of SFe@ (PAH/PSS)3-PND significantly improved and were all more than 78 % after heating above the LCST With magnetron drive, which is much higher than the traditional method. Hence, this work revealed the novel approaches in potential applications for intelligent enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the petroleum industry.

Kenaikan Harga Minyak Dunia dan Implikasinya Terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

At the beginning of 2020, the world was shaken by a health crisis due to the spread of the covid-19 virus. This not only has an impact on health, but also on the development of the world economy, one of which is Indonesia. Economic developments in the petroleum industry play a crucial role in the Indonesian economy, as a source of income in exports and imports for the state budget as well as a source of energy (especially petroleum) to drive various sectors of life throughout Indonesia. Restricted human movement directly causes a decrease in demand for petroleum. In addition to reducing consumption, Covid-19 has also had an impact on decreasing oil and gas prices and production, including the cessation of upstream activities and a reduction in refinery activities. The recommendations put forward are oil production under the influence of Covid-19 and the profits obtained from selling it. The impact of the increase in world oil prices on the State Budget is the increasing burden of fuel subsidies and electricity subsidies. This will trigger an increase in the budget deficit or in a broader perspective will spur fiscal sustainability.

Mathematical modeling of thermal enhanced oil recovery method

The demand for petroleum is increasing steadily, with the International Energy Agency (IEA) projecting that the world's petroleum expenditure will rise from 3564 Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) in 2007 to as much as 5471 MTOE in 2015 and 6301 MTOE in 2030. More than two-thirds of the oil discovered around the world remains unrecovered; 40–70% of the original oil is still left in place after using conventional production techniques, namely, primary and secondary recovery techniques. This paper is based on the use of the Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (TEOR) method in a Sudanese oil field, the Orion field. There are two types of thermal EOR methods, namely In-Situ Combustion (ISC) and Hot Fluid Injection Process. The selection of a specific thermal EOR method is crucial for economic production. Also the challenges faced, such as depth limitation, conventional completion problems, reservoir heterogeneity, etc. are discussed. In order to get maximum recovery from the field, it is necessary to select a shallow depth so that heat loss does not occur inside the formation.

Crude Oil Price, Monetary Policy and Output: The Case of Pakistan

Rapid rises in the prices of crude oil in the decade of 2000s have raised concerns among policy-makers around the world, as the theoretical and empirical literature has established that oil price shocks may have an adverse impact on the macro economy of the country. In particular, for the oil importing developing countries like Pakistan, this upward trend in the price of oil can have serious repercussions in terms of creating inflationary pressures in the economy, increasing budget deficit and balance of payment problems, and thus affecting the GDP growth. Pakistan was on the path of rising GDP growth in the first seven years of this decade. But in the year 2007-08, the situation has changed. This oil price shock could possibly be one of the reasons. As an impact of rising growth rate of GDP, demand for energy has also gone up rapidly in this period. In the energy mix for the year 2005-06, oil accounts for 32 percent of the total energy used in Pakistan, and it is the second largest source of energy used after natural gas, which accounts for 39 percent. With oil being the second largest source of energy used along with almost constant rate of its production Pakistan is heavily dependent on oil imports from Middle East exporters (Saudi Arab playing the lead role). Almost 82 percent of the demand for petroleum products in the country is met through imports.1 Pakistan spent about 44 percent of export earnings on oil imports in 2006-07. This percentage was only 27 percent in 2004-05. Therefore, the international oil price increase has a direct impact on the macro economy of the country, especially on the oil price GDP relationship. The share of net oil imports in GDP is an indicator of the relative importance of the oil price rise to the economy in terms of the potential adjustments needed to offset it. For Pakistan over the last few years, this ratio has risen from 3.13 in 1990-91 to -5.24 in 2005-06 [Malik (2007)]. With such a high ratio, unless country is running in surplus, or has extremely large foreign exchange reserves, high oil price is dealt by severe macro economic adjustments.

Analysis of groundwater pollution in a petroleum refinery energy contributed in rock mechanics throughANFIS‐AHP

Urban groundwater pollution caused by the oil industry and gas stations is a significant global environmental problem. Due to the increased demand for petroleum and petrochemical production in recent years, it is crucial to monitor and investigate the quality and contamination level of groundwater for groundwater extraction, usage, and protection. On the basis of the rock mechanic state and the features of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in groundwater, the control parameters of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in groundwater are investigated. Ten water samples were gathered from the vicinity of two refinery sites and experimented via a soft computing model of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, later evaluated by the hierarchical ladder method of the analytic hierarchy process. According to the data, high and very severe pollution sites account for 31.45% of shallow phreatic water and only 20% of deep confined water, indicating that shallow groundwater is more severely contaminated than deep groundwater. Total dissolved solids, total hardness, Cl−, SO 4 2 − , and so on, which are influenced by both the natural environment and human activities, are the primary factors impacting the quality of groundwater in those regions. The primary pollutants in groundwater are nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, both of which are caused by human activities.

A review on novel and hybrid/integrated reactor configurations for the removal of recalcitrant organics from petroleum refinery wastewater

AbstractOwing to the high demand of petroleum and petrochemical products, refineries, among the many industries that are set up worldwide, are of special importance. Wastewater generated from such industrial activities, however, contains toxic compounds that are of environmental concern. Due to the presence of highly recalcitrant organics present in refinery wastewater, treatment prior to its discharge into the environment and water bodies in order to meet certain acceptable discharge limits is imperative. Petroleum refineries unavoidably discharge a large volume of wastewater mainly with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Low‐cost biological wastewater treatment methods are reported to show excellent COD removal efficiency from wastewater but have their own drawbacks. Hence, advanced integrated approaches are of new interest in this field. This review focuses on emerging technologies, in particular bioreactor configurations for petroleum wastewater treatment. It further discusses some future perspective in hybrid/integrated systems for treating PRWW.

Prospects of microbial enhanced oil recovery: Mechanisms and environmental sustainability

The rise in petroleum demand may have aggravated recently as every industry heavily depends on petroleum as the primary energy source. Traditional oil recovery methods leave a large fraction of oil unrecovered in the inaccessible parts of reservoir. Hence, recovering the trapped oil using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods could be a solution to the rise in energy demand as well to maximize usage of an oil reservoir. EOR strategies include chemical, thermal, microbial, and miscible/solvent methods. Among these strategies, microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a promising technique that is not widely discussed. This review paper presents overview of MEOR technology, types of microbial products (biosurfactants, biopolymers, biogases, bioacids, and solvents.) as well the mechanism involved in oil recovery. The focus of this paper is to analyze the different functions of the MEOR product, strategies, and their contribution to the recovery of residual oils. Other aspects such as developments on the applications, field operation parameters, reservoir screening criteria and high-yield recovery of oil from microbial are also studied. Lastly, challenges and future perspective of MEOR field are reviewed.

The imbalance of food and biofuel markets amid Ukraine-Russia crisis: A systems thinking perspective

The Ukraine war has immensely affected both food and energy systems due to the significant role of Russia in supplying natural gas and fertilizers globally and the extensive contribution of both Russia and Ukraine in exporting grains and oilseeds to the international markets. Hence, the Ukraine-Russia conflict has resulted in a shortage of crops and grains in the food market, especially in Europe, causing speculations if these resources should still be used for biofuel production (1st Generation). However, the International Energy Agency has warned that lowering biofuel mandates could result in rising petroleum demand and supply concerns. In light of these unfolding events, a systems thinking approach is required to monitor and analyze the implications of this crisis for food and biofuel markets as a whole to alleviate the concerns faced and plan sustainably. In this vein, based on the trade-offs between food system elements and the biofuel supply chain, as well as the potential effects of the war on the food and energy systems worldwide, a causal loop diagram is developed in the present work. According to the insights provided, the key to preventing food insecurity and keeping biofuel mandates on an increasing trend simultaneously amid the Ukraine war is to switch from the 1st Generation biofuels to higher generations. This transition would reduce not only the pressure on the food market to move toward zero hunger (SDG 2) but also pave the way to move towards a circular economy and clean and affordable energy (SDG 7) during the post-war era.

Investigation of Diesel Engine Combustion Characteristics for Varying Nozzle Depth at Different Spray Angles

The demand for petroleum-derived fuels is increasing every day despite their speculations about the exhaustion of petroleum fuel. Petroleum-derived fuels are classified as a suspect element for humans due to their known primary adverse effects on the environment. The concern is that the demand for petroleum fuel will rise along with the market price. Researchers around the world focus on reducing the harmful effects of petroleum fuel or finding some other substitute for petroleum fuels. A Kirloskar single cylinder diesel engine (model TV-1) was selected for simulation using commercially available AVL FIRE software. The published articles indicate the operating conditions and limitations of the single cylinder diesel engine. The geometry of the hemispherical cup piston is generated and networked in software, then the search is processed by selecting three different spray angles, such as 120o, 140o, and 160o. The standard spray angle is 120o. In addition, four nozzle depths are included in the search to analyze the effect of nozzle depth on combustion parameters. The nozzles are available in four depths: 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm. while the nozzle depth is 1 mm standard nozzle depth. Four nozzle depths with spray angles of 120°, 140°, and 160° are examined. The results returned the combustion parameter and depend on the spray angle and the depth of the nozzle. To obtain an adequate combustion result from the above scenario, some trade-offs in terms of combustion parameters need to be considered.