Delivery Issues Research Articles

Mucoadhesive microspheres: An innovative approach to enhance Gastro-retention

The new medication delivery technology relies heavily on mucoadhesive microspheres. Certain medication delivery issues can be solved by offering a regulated drug delivery system that boosts a drug's therapeutic efficacy. One option is to use mucoadhesive microspheres as a support system for medication administration, which can be done in a range of techniques. Mucoadhesive microsphere stays at the application or absorption site for a long time. It aids to improve and boost the therapeutic effectiveness of medications by facilitating direct contact with the underlying absorbent surface beneath. It is an excellent navigation system with a excessive level of safety. Microspheres are transporter-connected medication drug delivery architecture with a centre of medication and totally exterior layers of polymer as a covering material, with molecular sizes ranging from 1-1000 micrometer in breadth.

Thiostrepton-Nanomedicine, a TLR9 Inhibitor, Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Inflammation in Mice.

Sepsis is a life-threatening clinical condition caused by infection and transposition of pathogens and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) into the host bloodstream. During sepsis, activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) on immune cells triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and overstimulates the production of vasodilatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO). These vascular changes lead to widespread inflammation, tissue damage, multiple organ failure, and often death. New therapeutic options are urgently needed. To this end, thiostrepton (TST) has emerged as a candidate for sepsis treatment due to its action as an antibiotic and anti-inflammatory molecule (TLR7-9 inhibitor). Reports in the literature suggest that TLR9 inhibition substantially suppresses the excessive host inflammatory response and attenuates sepsis-induced mortality in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) murine model of sepsis. However, to the best of our knowledge, TST has never been directly tested as a therapeutic option for the management of sepsis, possibly due to its low water solubility and drug delivery issues. These facts prompted us to test the central hypothesis that TST encapsulated in phospholipid sterically stabilized micelles (TST-SSM) could be developed into a novel treatment for sepsis. Thus, using our published method of encapsulating the hydrophobic antibiotic TST-SSM, we evaluated the in vivo efficacy of TST-SSM nanomedicine in the murine model of polymicrobial sepsis. We found that TST-SSM increased the median survival of CLP-induced septic mice from 31 to 44 hr by reducing the bacterial burden in the blood and peritoneal lavage. Moreover, plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and NO derivatives were also reduced, whereas renal and hepatic function biomarkers creatinine and aspartate transferase were significantly improved. In conclusion, we identified that TST-SSM nanomedicine has significant potential as a therapeutic agent for sepsis management, primarily due to its anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties.

Lessons learnt, and still to learn, in first in human stem cell trials.

Developing cellular therapies is not straightforward. This Perspective summarizes the experience of a group of academic stem cell investigators working in different clinical areas andaims to share insight into what we wished we knew beforestarting. These include (1) choosing the stem cell line and assessing the genome of both the starting and final product,(2) familiarity with GMP manufacturing, reagent validation, and supply chain management, (3) product delivery issues andthe additional regulatory challenges, (4) the relationship between clinical trial design and preclinical studies, and (5) the market approval requirements, pathways, and partnerships needed.

Factors That Drive Consumers to Purchase Halal Goods Online

Online purchase is easy and intriguing but often criticized for the risks of misleading attributes from the advertised products, ambiguous ingredients, unclear of halal status, overrated quality, overpricing issues, scams, delayed delivery and other related issues. However, with the limited physical activities due to the Movement Control Order (MCO) during the COVID-19 pandemic, online purchase is gaining popularity. Hence, this study investigates the factors influencing the public to purchase online. Underpinned by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the marketing mix, four variables are selected for the quantitative survey. The collected data were analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. According to the findings, all variables; convenience, price, trust, and product quality- have a significant relationship with online purchase, with quality being the most influential factor motivating the public to continue purchasing online. The findings indicate that online purchase is captivating and outweighs the probable disappointing risks.

Molecular insights into the sensing function of an oxidized graphene flake for the adsorption of Avigan antiviral drug

The Avigan antiviral drug adsorption by an oxidized form of a graphene flake; so called Ovalene, was investigated using density functional theory calculations to provide molecular insights into the sensing functions of targeted drug delivery issues. The features and stabilized models of Ovalene and Avigan and their three interacting Avigan@Ovalene complexes were obtained. Inter-molecular and intra-molecular communications were found among the models, in which the intra-molecular communications inside Avigan were observed as a preventive factor for formations of strong complexes. Hence, the complex with a weaker intra-molecular interaction was placed at the highest adsorption strength level and that one with a stronger intra-molecular interaction was placed at the lowest level. Based on the results, Ovalene was found as an expected Avigan drug carrier with suitable recovery time and conductance rate to provide a sensing function. Consequently, Avigan@Ovalene complexes were proposed for further investigations regarding the targeted drug delivery issues.

SiRNA a promising tool for diabetes complications

RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring process of gene regulation that has been harnessed to silence specific genes in various cell types, including those involved in diabetes complications. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is an RNA molecule that activates RNAi and targets specific genes for degradation. Recent research has demonstrated that siRNA holds promise as a tool for treating diabetes complications, including diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. In preclinical studies, siRNA has been shown to effectively target genes involved in these complications, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. One potential advantage of siRNA therapy is its ability to selectively target specific genes without disrupting endogenous mRNA pathways, which reduces the risk of off-target effects. Additionally, siRNA has the potential to provide long-lasting effects with a single dose, which could result in reduced treatment frequency and improved patient compliance. While promising preclinical results have been, several challenges still need to be addressed before siRNA can be used in clinical practice. These include delivery issues, as siRNA molecules rapidly degrade in the bloodstream and cannot cross cell membranes without assistance. Despite these challenges, the potential of siRNA as a tool for treating diabetes complications is exciting, and further research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy in clinical trials. With continued investigation and refinement, siRNA has the potential to become an important therapeutic tool for the treatment of diabetes complications, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

THE ROLE OF HOMOCYSTEINE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GYNECOLOGICAL DISEASES

Despite the fact that homocysteine was first described in 1932, at present, the study of changes in the synthesis and content of this amino acid reveals new mechanisms for the disease development. It should be mentioned that studies confirming the correlation between elevated homocysteine levels and human pathologies (cardiovascular diseases, pregnancy complications, neuropsychiatric disorders) have appeared only recently. This indicates that hyperhomocysteinemia has not been resolved and deserves clinicians’ and researchers’ attention.
 Most publications present studies on hyperhomocysteinemia as part of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. However, more recently, elevated homocysteine level has been considered as a marker in preeclampsia and postoperative thromboembolism, including that after reproductive surgery. It was noted that in early pregnancy the activation of endothelial cells is changed in women with hyperhomocysteinemia and uterine fibroids. It increases thrombosis risks, and later, during the chorion formation, an endothelial defect can cause fetoplacental insufficiency, and in case of endotheliosis progression lead to preeclampsia and eclampsia. In recent years, some authors associate hyperhomocysteinemia with disorders of the female reproductive system and ovulatory abilities, possible pathogenesis of benign tumors, pregnancy pathologies and delivery issues.
 A detailed study of elevated homocysteine in women can help in solving a number of issues, such as the role of hyperhopmocysteinemia in the pathogenesis of gynecological diseases and development of reproductive disorders. 
 There is much information on the role of homocysteine in the development of endothelial dysfunction and significant metabolic disorders. At the same time, there is not enough studies on the changes in folate metabolism, which cause hyperhomocysteinemia and directly affect the development of endocrine gynecological and obstetric pathologies. These problems require further analysis. The correlation between the hyperhomocysteinemia and development of gynecological pathologies is currently one of the promising scientific areas. Special attention is paid to the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids in terms of vascular theory. Despite ongoing research, there is only insufficient information on the role of excess homocysteine in the pathogenesis of uterine fibroids.

A biomimetic peptide–drug supramolecular hydrogel as eyedrops enables controlled release of ophthalmic drugs

The rapid clearance of instilled drugs from the ocular surface due to tear flushing and excretion results in low drug bioavailability, necessitating the development of new drug delivery routes. Here, we generated an antibiotic hydrogel eye drop that can extend the pre-corneal retention of a drug after topical instillation to address the risk of side effects (e.g., irritation and inhibition of enzymes), resulting from frequent and high-dosage administrations of antibiotics used to obtain the desired therapeutic drug concentration. The covalent conjugation of small peptides to antibiotics (e.g., chloramphenicol) first endows the self-assembly ability of peptide-drug conjugate to generate supramolecular hydrogels. Moreover, the further addition of calcium ions, which are also widely present in endogenous tears, tunes the elasticity of supramolecular hydrogels, making them ideal for ocular drug delivery. The in vitro assay revealed that the supramolecular hydrogels exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both gram-negative (e.g., Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, whereas they were innocuous toward human corneal epithelial cells. Moreover, the in vivo experiment showed that the supramolecular hydrogels remarkably increased pre-corneal retention without ocular irritation, thereby showing appreciable therapeutic efficacy for treating bacterial keratitis. This work, as a biomimetic design of antibiotic eye drops in the ocular microenvironment, addresses the current issues of ocular drug delivery in the clinic and further provides approaches to improve the bioavailability of drugs, which may eventually open new directions to resolve the difficulty of ocular drug delivery. Statement of SignificanceHerein, we present a biomimetic design for antibiotic hydrogel eye drops mediated by calcium ions (Ca2+) in the ocular microenvironment, which can extend the pre-corneal retention of antibiotics after topical instillation. The mediation of Ca2+ which is widely present in endogenous tears, tunes the elasticity of hydrogels, making them ideal for ocular drug delivery. Since increasing the ocular retention of antibiotic eye drops enhances its action and reduces its adverse effects, this work may lead to an approach of peptide–drug-based supramolecular hydrogel for ocular drug delivery in clinics to combat ocular bacterial infections.

Applying Logic to the Healthcare Journey.

Cross-disciplinary approaches to remediate complex healthcare service delivery issues may have merit. This study aims to establish the potential benefits of applying service design and evaluative research concepts in healthcare. Specifically, this study aims to demonstrate how a Customer Journey Map and a Logic Model could be used in unison to identify and remedy service delivery gaps to reduce barriers to care. This study provides systems thinking approach to solving operational issues in healthcare.

An investigation into the effectiveness of public participation mechanisms on service delivery within the Newcastle local municipality

A little over two years ago, from the 9th to the 18th of July 2021, South Africa experienced one of the worst incidents of civil unrest since the beginning of its democratic dispensation. Although the main catalyst for this unrest was not directly issues of service delivery or public participation, many observers, experts or not could not help but see the connection to issues of poverty, unemployment and overall lack of service delivery. Public participation has long been established as a vital tool in the hands of the government for efficient service delivery & development. The Newcastle Local Municipality (NLM) as an institution in South Africa, is governed by numerous public participation legislation which essentially states it must always consult & involve all its citizens on all issues that affect the community at large. Despite its adherence to these stipulations, this brief study, through a qualitative inquiry making use of an interview schedule, finds that NLM practices a type of participation strategy known as “Degrees of tokenism” where the result is the appeasement and placation of the masses as opposed to true participation that gives the masses real power. The results indicated that the officials entrusted with ensuring the implementation of the public participation mandate faced numerous challenges that rendered their stellar efforts inefficient. Issues such as a lack of understanding of the fundamental importance of good governance and public participation led to a shortage of resources and increased apathy toward municipal affairs. In investigating the nature of the public participation framework in NLM the researcher aimed at providing more insight into the complex issues at play responsible for the largely concerning state of local government in South Africa, thus possibly providing solutions in the process.

An investigation of consumer intention to use pick-up point services for last-mile distribution in a developing country

Pick-up point services are one response to last-mile distribution challenges in the e-commerce growth scenario. However, in large cities in developing countries where the low-income and high-income groups are clearly divided, differences in consumer behavior between income groups may affect service distribution. The literature shows that most consumers may use pick-up points when available. However, the service implementation is facing huge inertia. A survey was carried out with 396 consumers in São Paulo, and a conceptual framework was proposed to expand the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to reveal these behaviors. Data were accessed using advanced structural equation modeling techniques (Multigroup and IPMA) to conduct a case study. The findings suggest that ‘Trialability’, ‘Compatibility’, and ‘Relative advantage’ constructs most affect consumer behavior. Location security and accessibility are matters of great concern. The higher preference to use the pick-up point system comes from low-income consumers (social classes D and E); almost 96% of them reported being affected by delivery issues. They also prefer personal attendance and supermarkets as safe and accessible locations. Higher social classes (A and B) still prefer home delivery. This research will help retailers to understand how to operate in a given market to provide an effective, fair, and sustainable service, promoting its diffusion.

Security and privacy risks in drone-based last mile delivery

ABSTRACT The consideration of drones for last mile delivery brings with it several challenges that include both physical ones such as battery life, drone range, carrying capacity, and form factor of the drone as well as those related to security and privacy of the parties associated with any given packet as well as its content. Privacy and security aspects are significant since last mile delivery drones operate outside the warehouse and are not under complete control of the delivery service operator. This is especially salient with respect to communications between the drone and outside entities that are not necessarily authorised for such communication by the operator. Even if such outside entities are authorised to communicate with the drone, while it is in the open, there may be restrictions on the types of information it can reveal to any given external entity. In addition to an overview of the main security and privacy issues in drone-based last mile delivery, we discuss general security and privacy issues and how these translate to drone-based last mile delivery. We consider various facets of issues related to privacy and security of drone-based last mile delivery. Specifically, we study risks associated with privacy and security in this environment with specific emphasis on those related to codes, external entities, and communication signals. We then identify some of the gaps in associated extant academic literature that could potentially be addressed in future studies.

Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Continuing Professional Development (CPD) During COVID-19: CPD Providers' Perspectives.

COVID-19 precipitated many CPD providers to develop new technology competencies to create effective online CPD. This study aims to improve our understanding of CPD providers' comfort level, supports, perceived advantages/disadvantages, and issues in technology-enhanced CPD delivery during COVID-19. A survey was distributed to CPD providers at the University of Toronto and members of the Society for Academic Continuing Medical Education and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Of the 111 respondents, 81% felt very to somewhat confident to provide online CPD, but less than half reported IT, financial, or faculty development supports. The top reported advantage to online CPD delivery was reaching a new demographic; top disadvantages included videoconferencing fatigue, social isolation, and competing priorities. There was interest in using less frequently used educational technology such as online collaboration tools, virtual patients, and augmented/virtual reality. COVID-19 precipitated an increased comfort level in using synchronous technologies to provide CPD, giving the CPD community an increased cultural acceptance and skill level to build on. As we move beyond the pandemic, it will be important to consider ongoing faculty development, particularly toward asynchronous and HyFlex delivery methods to continue expand CPD reach and negate negative online experiences such as videoconferencing fatigue, social isolation, and online distractions.

Structure-guided optimization of adenosine mimetics as selective and potent inhibitors of coronavirus nsp14 N7-methyltransferases

The COVID-19 pandemic reveals the urgent need to develop new therapeutics targeting the SARS-CoV-2 replication machinery. The first antiviral drugs were nucleoside analogues targeting RdRp and protease inhibitors active on nsp5 Mpro. In addition to these common antiviral targets, SARS-CoV-2 codes for the highly conserved protein nsp14 harbouring N7-methyltransferase (MTase) activity. Nsp14 is involved in cap N7-methylation of viral RNA and its inhibition impairs viral RNA translation and immune evasion, making it an attractive new antiviral target. In this work, we followed a structure-guided drug design approach to design bisubstrates mimicking the S-adenosylmethionine methyl donor and RNA cap. We developed adenosine mimetics with an N-arylsulfonamide moiety in the 5′-position, recently described as a guanine mimicking the cap structure in a potent adenosine-derived nsp14 inhibitor. Here, the adenine moiety was replaced by hypoxanthine, N6-methyladenine, or C7-substituted 7-deaza-adenine. 26 novel adenosine mimetics were synthesized, one of which selectively inhibits nsp14 N7-MTase activity with a subnanomolar IC50 (and seven with a single-digit nanomolar IC50). In the most potent inhibitors, adenine was replaced by two different 7-deaza-adenines bearing either a phenyl or a 3-quinoline group at the C7-position via an ethynyl linker. These more complex compounds are barely active on the cognate human N7-MTase and docking experiments reveal that their selectivity of inhibition might result from the positioning of their C7 substitution in a SAM entry tunnel present in the nsp14 structure and absent in the hN7-MTase. These compounds show moderate antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture, suggesting delivery or stability issue.

Returning to Normal Life after Deployment: What Can Emergency Response Organizations Learn from the Military?

Introduction:Emergency service workers are confronted with serious risks for their health, well-being and functioning. In order to prevent consequences to them and their families, emergency organizations should provide optimal support after an intensive period of employment. In many countries, the military pays special attention to the transition of their personnel from deployment to home via post-deployment adaptation programs (PDAPs). The objective of this presentation is to provide a structured analysis of the military approach to post-deployment adaptation and to identify potential lessons for emergency services.Method:A systematic literature search was performed to find original peer-reviewed studies on PDAP in six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PTSDPubs, and OpenGrey). The overall risk of bias of the articles was assessed using GRADE guidelines. The literature was analyzed guided by a program evaluation framework entailing different domains.Results:The search resulted in 1535 unique records that were screened for eligibility; 16 articles were included, of which only three showed low risk of bias. Most articles describe some form of third location decompression (N = 10) and also some agreement exists on how to adapt skills and cognitions after deployment (Battlemind; N = 4). The results suggest positive mental health effects and satisfaction of these elements.Conclusion:Empirical, high-quality evidence for PDAP is scarce. In addition, the existing literature reveals a lack of systematic method in describing the goals of PDAP and the ways of achieving these. Nevertheless, this study reveals promising elements that are in line with international guidelines, such as minimizing the level of exposure, intervention delivery and adjustment issues. We discuss how future research should incorporate these elements using a systematic approach.

Biomaterial-Based In Situ Cancer Vaccines.

Cancer immunotherapies have reshaped the paradigm for cancer treatment over the past decade. Among them, therapeutic cancer vaccines that aim to modulate antigen-presenting cells and subsequent T cell priming processes are among the first FDA-approved cancer immunotherapies. However, despite showing benign safety profiles and the capability to generate antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses, cancer vaccines have been limited by the modest therapeutic efficacy, especially for immunologically cold solid tumors. One key challenge lies in the identification of tumor-specific antigens, which involves a costly and lengthy process of tumor cell isolation, DNA/RNA extraction, sequencing, mutation analysis, epitope prediction, peptide synthesis, and antigen screening. To address these issues, in situ cancer vaccines have been actively pursued to generate endogenous antigens directly from tumors and utilize the generated tumor antigens to elicit potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. Biomaterials-based in situ cancer vaccines, in particular, have achieved significant progress by taking advantage of biomaterials that can synergize antigens and adjuvants, troubleshoot delivery issues, home, and manipulate immune cells in situ. This review will provide an overview of biomaterials-based in situ cancer vaccines, either living or artificial materials, under development or in the clinic, and discuss the design criteria for in situ cancer vaccines.

Exploring barriers and opportunities to improve osteoporosis care across the acute-to-primary care interface: a qualitative study

SummaryThis qualitative study interviewed general practitioners, patients, and FLS clinicians and identified key challenges facing stakeholders seeking to improve post-fracture osteoporosis care. Local policies and care pathways as an initial strategy may address information and service delivery issues across the acute-primary care divide.IntroductionFracture liaison services (FLS) can be effective for secondary fracture prevention, but long-term adherence to therapies remains suboptimal. Few studies have explored how services manage the transition between tertiary and primary post-fracture care. This study mapped service processes and factors influencing integration of post-clinic care, identifying barriers, supports, and opportunities for seamless healthcare.MethodsQualitative descriptive study using semi-structured interviews with FLS stakeholders at two metropolitan hospitals in New South Wales (NSW) and surrounding general practices.ResultsSeven FLS clinicians, 11 general practitioners (GPs), and seven patients were interviewed. Six key themes emerged on the transition of patient care from tertiary to primary care (PC). Interprofessional communication issues and role ambiguity posed threats to seamless care. Delayed, absent, inaccessible, or poor-quality communication frustrated GPs, while FLS clinicians lacked confidence in existing communication systems and desired bidirectional communication with PC. GPs were confident managing osteoporosis, but FLS clinicians had limited confidence that patients would discuss osteoporosis with their GP and that GPs would action recommendations. Effective PC follow-up required a positive GP–patient relationship and that patients perceived a need to engage with PC. Patient understanding of osteoporosis (influenced by patient education, knowledge, beliefs, and health behaviours) affected PC attendance. Limited public awareness of osteoporosis and healthcare policy deficits contributed to care gaps.ConclusionKey challenges were identified facing stakeholders seeking to improving post-clinic osteoporosis care. Development and implementation of local, integrated acute-community policies and care pathways as an initial intervention may address information and service delivery issues across the acute-PC divide.

The socio-pragmatic analysis of Amharic Euphemisms of women

This study investigated the socio-pragmatic analysis of Amharic euphemisms of women within the frameworks of politeness and relevance theories. The investigation was carried out using a descriptive-qualitative methodology. To accomplish the objective, data were gathered from Amharic native speakers using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion, and introspection. Hence, using snowball and purposive sampling techniques, informants of elders and youths, males and females, educated and uneducated, urban and rural residences were chosen. The data were analyzed based on the research objectives. Results show that native Amharic speakers believed that it was improper to discuss women’s issues in public, including virginity, pregnancy, menstruation, delivery, abortion, menopause, wife, concubine, and prostitute, at the research areas’ churches, mosques, homes, schools, and hospital realms. Instead, they employed different euphemistic construction mechanisms. In addition, people in the study settings used various euphemistic construction techniques including metaphor, metonymy, idiom, borrowing, circumlocution, overstatement, and understatement. The results also show that research participants in the study locations used a variety of euphemistic formation strategies to avoid taboo utterances, to maintain face, and to demonstrate respect.

Quality by Design approach for nanosystem based topical drug delivery

The skin is increasingly being acknowledged as a chief drug administration route. Its natural barrier stratum corneum (SC) usually obstructs this route's effectiveness; hence, different strategies have been investigated to improve percutaneous drug transport. The design of Nano delivery systems, striving to solve skin delivery issues, is essentially explored, thanks to their prospect of revolutionizing dermal therapies, reducing side effects and enhancing therapeutic effectiveness. Optimization of the nanosystem and the process of manufacturing the nanosystem is complicated, typically involving a vast number of variables. Thus, Quality by design (QbD), the science and riskoriented approach, provides comprehensive knowledge, rendering drug products of exceptional quality without large-scale regulatory obligation. This review gives an idea of the QbD development strategy, containing preliminary and systematic risk assessments, with CMAs (critical material attributes) and CPPs (critical process parameter) recognition for distinct nanosystems presumably utilized for dermal therapies.

Advantages of Material Biofunctionalization Using Nucleic Acid Aptamers in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

Material engineering is a fundamental issue in the applications of materials in the medical field. One of the aspects of material engineering is incorporating recognition sites on the surface of biomaterials, which plays an essential role in increasing the efficiency of tissue engineering scaffolds in various aspects. The application of peptides and antibodies to establish the recognition and adhesion sites has limitations, such as fragility and instability under physical and chemical processes. Therefore, synthetic ligands such as nucleic acid aptamers have received much attention for easy synthesis, minimal immunogenicity, high specificity, and stability under processing. Due to the effective role of these ligands in increasing the efficiency of engineered constructs in this study, the advantages of nucleic acid aptamers in tissue engineering will be reviewed. Aptamer-functionalized biomaterials can attract endogenous stem cells to wounded areas and organize their actions to facilitate tissue regeneration. This approach harnesses the body's inherent regeneration potential to treat many diseases. Also, increased efficacy in controlled release, slow and targeted drug delivery are important issues in drug delivery for tissue engineering approaches which can be achieved by incorporating aptamers in drug delivery systems. Aptamer-functionalized scaffolds have very applications, such as diagnosis of cancer, hematological infections, narcotics, heavy metals, toxins, controlled release from the scaffolds, and in vivo cell tracing. Aptasensors, as a result of many advantages over other traditional assay methods, can replace older methods. Furthermore, their unique targeting mechanism also targets compounds with no particular receptors. Targeting cell homing, local and targeted drug delivery, cell adhesion efficacy, cytocompatibility and bioactivity of scaffolds, aptamer-based biosensor, and aptamer-functionalized scaffolds are the topics that will be examined in this review study.