This concise overview distills key insights from recent research on the genetic factors influencing tooth development, encompassing primary tooth eruption to dental anomalies. A groundbreaking genome-wide association study identified significant genetic control over primary tooth eruption timing, revealing associations with craniofacial traits and genetic variants that influence eruption. The study delved beyond timing, exploring the links between delayed tooth eruption and genetic disorders, and offered foundational insights with potential implications for developmental delays. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex genetic framework that guides tooth development and its possible implications for future clinical applications and advancements in oral healthcare. In children, tooth development involves intricate cellular and molecular processes, including epithelial mesenchymal interactions. Signaling pathways play a crucial role in children's tooth development, with genes associated with early positioning being integral components. Moreover, dental anomaly development is influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, causing disruptions that lead to structural variations impacting both oral health aesthetics and functionality. The time of primary tooth eruption and the formation of dental structures are all controlled by genes. Genes affect tooth eruption timing, tooth development signaling pathways, ethnicity, and genetic variations on dental outcomes.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) represent a heterogeneous group of rare, inherited metabolic disorders characterized by progressive multisystem involvement and substantial morbidity. Among the affected organ systems, the oral and craniofacial region is frequently involved and may provide early and valuable diagnostic clues, particularly in pediatric patients. Dental professionals therefore play a crucial role in the early recognition, diagnosis, and multidisciplinary management of individuals with MPS. Understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for oral findings is essential for improving patient outcomes and tailoring dental care strategies. MPS constitutes a group of genetically inherited lysosomal storage disorders marked by deficiencies in specific enzymes critical for the catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The enzymatic insufficiency results in the progressive accumulation of GAGs within cellular and extracellular compartments across multiple tissues, manifesting in a diverse array of clinical phenotypes. Notably, individuals with MPS often present with pronounced oral and dental abnormalities, which can serve as significant indicators for early diagnosis and clinical management. This review investigates the pathophysiological mechanisms driving oral abnormalities in MPS, examining their diagnostic significance and potential for therapeutic intervention. Common findings include gingival hypertrophy, delayed tooth eruption, enamel hypoplasia, macroglossia, malocclusion, and craniofacial skeletal abnormalities, all of which may complicate oral hygiene and dental treatment. Additionally, radiographic features and challenges related to anesthesia and behavior management are discussed. By highlighting the diagnostic relevance of oral findings and the importance of early dental involvement within a multidisciplinary care framework, this review aims to raise awareness among dental practitioners and contribute to improved quality of life for patients with MPS.

Several factors have been associated with delayed eruption of primary teeth. Thus, the objective of the study was to test a path model of the direct and indirect birth-related risk factors influencing the age of first primary tooth eruption in infants. Cohort study with 43 preterm and 48 full-term infants aged at least four months. Infants were monitored monthly to verify the chronology of eruption of the first primary tooth. Mothers responded to sociodemographic and health behavior questionnaire. Principal Component Analysis and path analysis were performed. Two models were constructed: chronological and corrected age of tooth eruption. Model using chronological age of tooth eruption demonstrated that preterm infants had an increased risk of having later tooth eruption compared to those born at term ([β] = 0.888; p < 0.001). Indirect associations were found between socioeconomic and health conditions with the age of tooth eruption, mediated by gestational age. The same direct and indirect associations were also found for corrected age, with differences only in β values. It is concluded that preterm infants exhibited higher risk of delayed tooth eruption compared to full-term infants, considering both chronological and corrected age. Gestational age mediated the association between socioeconomic and health conditions with the age of tooth eruption.

The study aimed to determine the relationship between the eruption timing of permanent teeth and anthropological assessments (height and weight) in children from Chennai, India. A cross-sectional study was designed, and 12650 children were selected using a multistage random sampling method. The clinical eruption status of all permanent teeth was evaluated using a novel grading system, and correlational analysis determined the relationship between height/weight and tooth eruption age. The study found statistically significant associations between tooth eruption ages and both height and weight. While the correlation for height was weak and non-significant (r = -0.023 to 0.151, including zero), the correlation for weight was more pronounced (r = 0.044 to 0.519). The study suggests that both height and weight are significantly associated with tooth eruption ages, but weight has a stronger and more consistent influence. Individuals with obesity tend to experience delayed tooth eruption.

Vitamin D insufficiency is a major public health concern among young children, leading to skeletal deformities and impaired immune function. Limited sunlight exposure, poor diet, and low socioeconomic status contribute significantly to its burden in developing regions. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and health outcomes of vitamin D deficiency in children aged 0–5 years in Sindh, and to develop evidence-based strategies for its prevention and management. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Khairpur Medical College, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, over six months (September 2024–February 2025). A total of 500 children were assessed for serum vitamin D levels and categorized as deficient (&lt;20 ng/mL), insufficient (20–30 ng/mL), or sufficient (&gt;30 ng/mL). Data on sunlight exposure, dietary intake, and socioeconomic factors were collected. Clinical manifestations, including growth retardation, dental issues, muscle weakness, and respiratory problems, were documented. Statistical analysis employed chi-square and logistic regression tests. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 50% of participants, while 29% had insufficiency. Key predictors included inadequate sunlight exposure (&lt;30 minutes/day), poor dietary intake (OR=5.6, p&lt;0.001), and low socioeconomic status (OR=4.3, p=0.002). Rickets (32.7%), recurrent respiratory infections (30.9%), delayed tooth eruption (29.1%), and muscle weakness (27.3%) were common findings. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among children in Sindh, with significant clinical and health implications. Public health initiatives promoting vitamin D supplementation, nutrition education, and sunlight exposure are urgently needed.

Objectives: Dental eruption is a complex process influenced by various factors, including endocrine factors as growth hormone (GH). The aim of this study was to assess differences in the advancement of tooth eruption between growth hormone-deficient (GHD) and idiopathic short-statured (ISS) children and a control group of children with normal growth patterns. Methods: A total of 156 children participated in this study: 78 patients with short stature (50 boys and 28 girls) and 78 healthy and age- and sex-matched control subjects. Each permanent tooth was classified according to its clinical eruption stage by one trained and calibrated dentist. Results: The mean age was 10.22 ± 2.42 years for the study and 10.15 ± 2.45 for the control group. In our study, we observed eruption delay during the early mixed dentition stage. A significant difference was found in the degree of eruption for all incisors and first permanent molars between the GHD before treatment group and the control group (p = 0.045). The difference was apparent at the initial stage of permanent tooth eruption, in the group of children who had not yet initiated growth hormone treatment. The eruption of remaining tooth groups did not differ significantly between the children with growth failure and the control group (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the delay in tooth eruption observed in short-statured children, particularly affecting the first permanent molars and incisors, may reflect the direct influence of growth hormone deficiency on early dental development. The clinical relevance of this finding underlines the importance of individualized dental care and careful timing of orthodontic assessments in short-statured patients, especially prior to the initiation of GH therapy.

Tooth eruption may serve as a potential indicator of systemic health and a potent developmental milestone in children. This study evaluated the impact of perinatal and neonatal risk factors on the chronology of primary tooth eruption among high-risk infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A cross-sectional study was conducted on 232 high-risk infants. Maternal and neonatal data were extracted from validated medical records. Oral examinations were performed to record the timing of erupted primary teeth. Delayed eruption scoring was based on deviations from established mean eruption ages (±2 SD). Logistic regression was used to assess associations between risk factors and delayed tooth eruption (DTE). The mean age of first primary tooth eruption was 6.9±2.6 months. The overall prevalence of delayed primary tooth eruption was 9.1%. Emergence of the first primary tooth was observed earlier in preterm infants (<37 weeks) (p=0.001). Infants born to mothers with PIH (pregnancy-induced hypertension) had earlier first deciduous tooth eruption compared to those without PIH (p=0.009). The study advocates for early risk assessment and early dental referrals. Furthermore, the study identified associations between gestational age, maternal PIH, and timing of tooth eruption, underscoring the importance of early oral assessment in high-risk infants.

Background and aim: Celiac disease is represented by autoimmune system reactions to gluten consumption which defects to absorption and metabolism can significantly lead to oral manifestations. The purpose of this review is to discover possible causalities between celiac disease in effect of gluten consumption and oral manifestations. Purpose: Examine the oral manifestations in children with celiac disease. Methods: Research about the relation between celiac disease and its oral manifestation is conducted using qualitative study based on scientific literature. The phrases "celiac disease", “gluten intolerant”, and "oral manifestation of celiac disease" were used to search studies that had been published since 2018 and examined oral manifestation on celiac disease patients. Result: Celiac disease is related to malabsorption syndrome specifically phospho-calcium metabolism that caused by little lesions in small intestine, and afterwards lead to deficiency of calcium that eventually causing enamel hypocalcemia in results Dental Enamel Defects (DED) on children. Additionally, DED also creates other dental manifestations such as delayed tooth eruption, caries, dry mouth, and Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS). Conclusion: By 8 journals reviewed, it is proven that there is a strong relation between celiac disease and oral manifestations related to calcium deficiency that significantly affects to enamel hypocalcemia, delayed tooth eruption, caries, dry mouth, and Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS).

Delayed Tooth Eruption Caused By Fam83h Truncating Mutation

ABSTRACTCleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare congenital skeletal disorder characterized by clavicular hypoplasia, craniofacial anomalies, and complex dental abnormalities, commonly caused by RUNX2 gene mutations. This report describes a 25‐year‐old female who presented with acute dental pain. Clinical examination revealed short stature, frontal bossing, open fontanelles, and retained primary teeth. Radiographic assessments, including panoramic radiography, chest X‐ray, and cone‐beam computed tomography, confirmed the presence of clavicular hypoplasia, multiple impacted and supernumerary teeth, Wormian bones, and delayed tooth eruption. Quantitative analysis of the panoramic radiograph was performed using established diagnostic criteria, including zygomatic arch downward bend, distance between coronoid and condyle, and best‐fit gonial circle measurements, which further supported the diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis of CCD was made based on clinical and radiological findings in the absence of genetic confirmation. Emergency root canal treatment was performed to relieve acute irreversible pulpitis in tooth 46. Although genetic testing and definitive surgical‐orthodontic rehabilitation were not pursued due to socioeconomic constraints, the case highlights the importance of conventional imaging in reaching a diagnosis in low‐resource settings. It highlights the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary care to address functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial challenges associated with CCD.

Odontomas are the most common odontogenic tumors, frequently detected during radiographic evaluations in children with delayed tooth eruption or retained primary teeth. This case report presents a comprehensive clinical scenario of an 8-year-old girl who was initially referred for a toothache in the mandibular region. Incidentally, a retained maxillary primary incisor was discovered prompting further radiographic investigation. Imaging revealed a compound odontoma obstructing the eruption of the permanent maxillary right central incisor. The patient underwent surgical removal of the odontoma and extraction of the retained primary tooth. Orthodontic intervention and guided eruption using sectional fixed appliances, were employed to facilitate proper alignment of the impacted tooth. This report underscores the significance of early detection, accurate diagnosis, and collaborative treatment planning in managing complex odontogenic anomalies in children. Keywords: odontoma, pediatric dentistry, retained primary tooth, delayed eruption, maxillary expansion, orthodontic eruption

Robinow syndrome (RS) is a rare genetic disease that may involve cardiovascular, skeletal and urogenital systems and manifest through short limb dwarfism, defects in vertebral segmentation, hypoplastic genitalia and cranial and facial abnormalities. In this article, we hereby present a patient of a 10-year-old Brazilian boy with RS who presented with a remarkable number of classical general and dental features. Physical examination revealed disproportionate short stature with shortening limbs, syndromic face with normal hair appearance, low-set ears, macrocephaly, prominent forehead, hypertelorism and ocular prominence, nose anomalies, triangular mouth with long/short philtrum, incompetent lip seal, midface hypoplasia, retrognathia, deficient malar prominence, among others. Clinical examination revealed gingival hyperplasia, malocclusion, crowding dental, diastemas, microdontia, enamel hypoplasia, prolonged retention, dental caries, delay of dental eruption v-shaped palate, bifid tongue and ankyloglossia history. Radiographically, dental agenesis, hypertaurodontism and thick roof pulp chambers and delayed tooth eruption were observed. Preventive, restorative and rehabilitative dental procedures are being carried out. Robinow syndrome presents clinical and radiographic findings that may be present from birth and require pediatric dentistry follow-up. Furthermore, the pediatric dentist plays an essential role in developing effective planning and treatment in terms of health promotion, aesthetic rehabilitation and functional interventions in the stomatognathic system.

Abstract BackgroundEnamel‐renal‐gingival syndrome (ERGS) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the FAMily with sequence similarity 20A (FAM20A) gene, and is characterized by amelogenesis imperfecta, delayed or failed tooth eruption, and periodontitis. This study aims to profile the salivary microbiome and monitor the clinical progression in a young adult patient with FAM20A mutations.MethodsTreatment involved non‐surgical therapy including scaling and root planing (SRP) and systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole, and reviewed for 1.5 years.ResultsProbing depth reduction with no sites of 5 mm or deeper was achieved at 1.5 years post‐treatment. Saliva microbiome profiles of the patient revealed a decrease in periodontitis‐associated pathogenic bacteria including Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, and Treponema parvum, and a repopulation of health‐associated species at 6 months. Predictive analysis revealed a decrease in the cell motility pathway relative to the 2‐month time point and baseline.ConclusionsFAM20A mutations may alter the periodontal microenvironment, potentially contributing to microbial dysbiosis. However, therapy consisting of SRP and systemic antibiotics may result in clinical improvements, demonstrating that the microbiome plays a role in health and disease even in syndromic cases.Key Points Patients presenting with amelogenesis imperfecta may present with periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease. Such cases are treatable without the need for extensive serial extractions of teeth. Plain Language SummaryPeople with enamel‐renal‐gingival syndrome, a rare genetic condition, experience problems such as poorly formed enamel, delayed tooth eruption, and severe gum disease. In this study, a 22‐year‐old adult with enamel‐renal‐gingival syndrome was followed up to understand how her saliva microbiome changed after treatment. The patient received professional deep cleaning and systemic antibiotics and was followed up for 1.5 years. Treatment successfully led to probing depth reduction. Analysis of the saliva microbiome showed a reduction in bacteria associated with periodontitis and an increase in bacteria associated with health. These findings suggest that enamel‐renal‐gingival syndrome may create an oral environment that encourages bacterial imbalance in the mouth, contributing to gum disease. However, the results also show that standard gum disease treatment can still be effective. Changes in the microbiome were observed alongside clinical improvement, pointing to the microbiome's potential relevance in both disease and recovery.

Background and objectives. Stunting is a condition in which children are shorter than the standard height for their age, often caused by poor nutritional status during the first 1,000 days of life. This condition may also be associated with suboptimal breastfeeding practices, potentially leading to delayed tooth eruption. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between breastfeeding practices and delayed tooth eruption in stunted children. Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study included 60 participants, divided into two groups: stunted children (n = 30) and controls (n = 30). Data on breastfeeding practices were collected through structured questionnaires, while oral examinations were conducted using dental mirrors. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0, with an independent t-test applied to evaluate group differences. Results. The study found that the mean delayed tooth eruption in the non-exclusive breastfeeding group (0.56 ± 0.50) was significantly higher than in the exclusive breastfeeding group (0.40 ± 0.49). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the groups (p &lt; 0.05; p = 0.0001). Conclusions. Exclusive breastfeeding during early life in stunted children may support more optimal tooth development compared to those who were not exclusively breastfed.

Patients with Down syndrome commonly exhibit deviations from physiological patterns, which may result from genetic, behavioral and environmental factors, leading to dental anomalies, delayed tooth eruption, malocclusions, increased predisposition to dental caries, tooth sensitivity and the presence of fissured tongue. This study aims to gather and synthesize evidence on changes in normality in patients with Down syndrome, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject. To develop this integrative literature review, the following databases were used: U.S. National Library of Medicine (Pubmed), Virtual Health Library (BVS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), including articles and papers that deal with the presented theme published in the last 10 years, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, that addressed the proposed theme. The studies analyzed demonstrate that individuals with this condition present oral alterations that compromise both masticatory function and aesthetics, thus requiring detailed dental planning, with a focus on functional rehabilitation and improving self-esteem. Thus, understanding these changes becomes essential to ensure adequate management and treatment by health professionals, especially dentists, since hygiene difficulties, dental problems and a greater predisposition to periodontal diseases are present in this population.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value (sensitivity and specificity) of lower third molar bud impaction in 121 patients aged 7 to 23 years who presented to an orthodontic clinic with complaints of different malocclusions. All patients underwent multiple panoramic radiographs during orthodontic treatment, specifically: before treatment initiation, after completion of phase 1 therapy, after fixed appliance therapy, and during the retention period.A retrospective analysis was conducted on a total of 1,085 lower third molar buds across 551 panoramic radiographs obtained from patients with maloclusions before, during, and after orthodontic treatment, as well as during the retention phase.The study revealed that starting from the age of 14, the inclination angle of lower third molar buds allow prediction of their impaction rate with a sensitivity of 64.8±6.5% and a specificity of 71.4±6.0%. As age increases, higher sensitivity and specificity enable impaction rate prediction even with smaller angles (less than 40°).The application of these diagnostic methods can enhance the effectiveness of preventive measures for pathological conditions associated with delayed tooth eruption.

BACKGROUNDCeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. It is more commonly diagnosed in children presenting typical clinical signs and symptoms but most of the CD patients diagnosed in the developed world are silent cases with no prominent gastrointestinal features. Thus, there are silent forms of the disease in which oral manifestations are the first sign. In the pediatric population oral health can affect growth and self-esteem and have a negative impact in their life quality.AIMTo assess the prevalence and types of oral manifestations in pediatric patients with CD.METHODSWe performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Scielo, Cochrane Library and Lilacs databases from 2014-2024. Three independent researchers screened and extracted the information, applying the eligibility criteria and bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools.RESULTSOf the initial 241 articles, 14 studies fulfilled the proposed objectives and were included in the review. The main oral manifestations found were recurrent aphthous stomatitis and enamel defects. Additionally, delayed tooth eruption, angular cheilitis, glossodynia and xerostomia were also reported.CONCLUSIONAssessing oral manifestations is crucial, especially in underdiagnosed cases of children with CD. Recognizing these signs helps pediatricians or general practitioners identify them during routine exams, enabling early diagnosis and treatment to prevent negative impacts on the child’s and family’s quality of life.

Preterm birth is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. Premature infants have a higher risk of developing a range of complications, including dental conditions. This pilot study aims to examine delayed tooth eruption in premature infants in the first twelve months of life, in order to identify any correlations between prematurity and early dental problems. A longitudinal study was conducted on premature infants of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Regina Elena Clinic, Milan, Italy comparing 2 groups of patients. The group of premature infants (group test) was evaluated between 6 and 9 months (T1) and at 12 months (T2), compared with a second group (control group) of healthy infants, born at term, between 6 and 12 months. Data were collected through clinical examinations, considering variables such as gestational age and birth weight. A descriptive statistical analysis was conducted by calculating the mean, mode, median, and standard deviation for variables such as corrected age, chronological age, and the number of teeth in both groups (premature and full-term infants). The Mann-Whitney U test was also used to verify significant differences in the median between the test and control groups.

Introduction. Delayed tooth eruption remains one of the most pressing problems in modern orthodontics, as it significantly complicates treatment planning and implementation, prolongs treatment duration, and increases the risk of complications. Patients with impacted teeth are more likely to experience gum recession, malocclusion, resorption of adjacent roots, and psychological discomfort, especially in adolescence. In this regard, the issue of accelerating orthodontic tooth movement in delayed eruption has gained particular relevance in both scientific and practical terms. Safety, biocompatibility, and proven effectiveness of the methods used are key criteria for choosing treatment tactics. A personalized approach, focusing on the condition of the bone tissue, type of retention, patient age, and concomitant pathologies, combined with interdisciplinary cooperation, is a key factor in determining success. Thus, in modern clinical orthodontics, the emphasis should be placed not only on eliminating mechanical obstacles to tooth eruption but also on actively stimulating the physiological processes of eruption to achieve rapid, stable, and aesthetically satisfactory results. Purpose: based on the analysis of literary sources, to evaluate the effectiveness of modern methods of accelerating orthodontic tooth movement in the case of delayed eruption. Materials and methods. Information search and analysis of scientific sources were conducted using the scientometric databases Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar over the past 15 years. Conclusion: Modern methods of accelerating orthodontic tooth movement when their eruption is delayed allow to effectively shorten the duration of treatment and reduce the risk of complications, ensuring better clinical results thanks to a comprehensive and personalized approach.

Down syndrome is an autosomal genetic disorder that can occur in both men and women, with an extra chromosome 21. This literature review aimed to determine the oral manifestations and management of patients with Down syndrome. The method used in this literature review involved reviewing relevant national and international journal articles related to Down syndrome and its oral manifestations, retrieved from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The results of this literature review showed that children with Down syndrome have several clinical features, such as muscle hypotonia, brachycephaly, flat nose, hypersalivation, and various comorbid systemic diseases, such as congenital heart defects. Oral manifestations included mouth breathing, open bite, macroglossia, delayed tooth eruption, dental agenesis, caries, periodontal disease, and dental anomalies. Behavior management in patients with Down syndrome is something that must be considered so that tooth treatment can be carried out optimally.