Delay In Physical Development Research Articles

Hormonal Imbalance as a Prognostic Factor of Physical Development of Children with Intellectual Disability.

The purpose was to study the indicators of physical development of primary-school-aged children with intellectual disability by observing the type of autonomic nervous regulation and their levels of catecholamines and serotonin. A total of 168 primary school age children were examined, of which 54 had intellectual disability. The autonomic nervous system was assessed using cardiointervalography; anthropometric parameters were applied in accordance with recommendations. The contents of serotonin and catecholamines in blood plasma and lymphocytes were assessed using enzyme immunoassay and luminescent histochemical methods. Delayed physical and mental development in children with intellectual disability were associated with low serotonin levels in this group of children. The optimal option for the physical development of children with intellectual disability is a sympathetic type of autonomic nervous regulation, while negative-type vagotonic nervous regulation was associated with the maximum delay in physical development. The hypersympathetic type of nervous regulation was accompanied by minimal changes in physical development, despite the hormonal imbalance in the ratio of catecholamines and serotonin. The level of the neurotransmitter serotonin is a prognostic marker of the physical development of children of primary school age. The total amount of catecholamines and serotonin in blood plasma has a direct relationship with the amount of these neurotransmitters in blood lymphocytes; the more hormones in plasma, the more of them in lymphocytes. Therefore, the determination of the contents of catecholamines and serotonin in lymphocytes can be used as a model for studying neurotransmitters in humans.

Bocconia frutescens L. induces neurological defects in rat offspring.

Nearly 80% of the world's population trusts traditional medicine and plant-based drug compounds to improve health, and more than 50% of women who participated in a study have used herbal remedies during pregnancy. Bocconia frutescens L. is a plant native to tropical America, where infusion of its leaves has been widely used for the treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders. We have already shown that orogastric consumption of B. frutescens L. during the organogenesis period at concentrations equivalent to human consumption produces teratogenic effects in rats, but effects on progeny development have not yet been studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible association between the consumption of B. frutescens L. at a dose equivalent to that consumed by humans and the neurological development of rat progeny. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered lyophilized B. frutescens L. extract at 300 mg/kg/day or vehicle via the orogastric route during the organogenesis period (gestation days 7-13). The physical development and sensory and motor maturation of their offspring during lactation were analyzed with a battery of reflex and physical tests. B. frutescens L. produced a significant delay in physical development and sensorimotor maturation, compared to the control group. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis showed signals for both flavonoids and alkaloids in the B. frutescens L. extract. We conclude that the delay in physical and neurological development could be interpreted as alterations in the maturation of some neuronal circuitries induced by B. frutescens L.

VITAMIN D, CALCIUM, AND PHOSPHORUS STATUS IN CHILDREN WITH SPINA BIFIDA

Introduction. Children with spina bifida (SB) are at the highest risk of developing vitamin and mineral deficiencies, including vitamin D, due to a sedentary lifestyle, prolonged indoor stays, and dietary peculiarities. The aim of our study was to determine the dietary intakes of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus in children with spina bifida and the concentration of these nutrients in the serum of children with SB. Materials and Methods. The study included 20 children aged 2 to 17 years with congenital neural tube defect (spina bifida). The control group consisted of 67 healthy children aged 6 to 17 years. To determine the dietary intakes of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus, children or their parents were surveyed using a questionnaire containing questions about the amount of consumption of certain food products over the week. The total amount of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus in the weekly diet were calculated, as well as their average daily intakes with food and overall. The concentration of 25-OH vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus in the blood serum was determined using an enzyme immunoassay. Results. Among the examined children with SB, girls predominated (70.0%). Physical development delay and undernutrition were identified in 3 (15.0%), overweight - in 6 (30.0%) children. Most children with SB exhibited clinical manifestations of mineral metabolism disorders: body proportion disturbances (55.0%), posture disorders (40.0%), scoliosis and/or chest deformity (50.0%), caries (40.0%). Despite the presence of dairy, meat, and fish products in the weekly diet of all children with SB, their quantity was insufficient to meet the daily needs for vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. Inadequate intake of vitamin D from food occurred in 70.0% of children, calcium deficiency in 90.0%, phosphorus deficiency in 80.0%, with the alimentary provision of calcium and phosphorus in children with SB being significantly lower than in healthy children (p=0.0027 and p=0.0047, respectively). Optimal levels of vitamin D in the blood serum were observed in only 10.0% of children with SB, which was twice less than in healthy children, while its deficiency was observed 1.5 times more often in children with SB than in healthy children. Half of the patients with SB had reduced calcium levels, and 70.0% had reduced phosphorus levels. Conclusions. The study results demonstrate a wide prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (in 90.0%), calcium and phosphorus deficiency in children with SB, indicating the need for additional intake of these nutrients alongside dietary and lifestyle corrections. Further research on a larger cohort of patients with supplementation regimens is necessary to reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life for children with SB.

Особливості фізичного і статевого розвитку та стан кісткової тканини у дівчат підліткового віку

In the period of puberty the reproductive system formation takes place, the physical development of adolescents body, the mineralization of bone tissue, and the accumulation of bone mass come to an end. Purpose - to assess the physical, sexual development and state of the bone tissue in adolescent girls with violation of the reproductive system formation. Materials and methods. A clinical examination of 87 girls of pubertal age was carried out, the study group included 47 girls with violation of the reproductive system formation. The comparison group consisted of 40 girls without such violation. Anthropometry was used to assess physical and sexual development, сonstitutional type, body mass index, sexual development, and mineral density of bone tissue were determined. Results. Secondary sexual characteristics were found to appear later and have a lower degree of expression in girls of the study group compared to the comparison group (10.2±1.0 points vs. 12.3±1.4 points, p<0.05). Asthenic type of body structure was found 4 times more often, normosthenic type - 2.2 times less often than in girls of the comparison group (р<0.01). Severe disorders of menstrual function occurred 2 times more often in girls with an asthenic body structure compared to girls with a normosthenic body structure. Deficit body weight in girls of the study group was determined 4.2 times more often in girls of the study group than in the comparison group (p<0.01). In 80.8% of adolescent girls with a violation of the reproductive system formation, the mineral density of bone tissue was significantly lower than in the comparison group. In 55.3% of subjects of the main group, osteopenia of various degrees of severity was determined. Conclusions. Adolescent girls with disorders of the reproductive system formation were found a delay in physical development and puberty. The mineral density of bone tissue was significantly lower than in adolescents with a physiological puberty. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local ethics committees of the institutions mentioned in the paper. An informed parental consent was obtained for the study in children. No conflict of interests was declared by the author.

Extraintestinal manifestations in infl ammatory bowel diseases in children, a modern view of the problem

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of severe systemic diseases with a multiple intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations (EIM). EIM can affect any organ systems, determine the course, therapy and prognosis of the underlying disease. The frequency of EIM (6–80%) differs significantly in studies depending on the cohort of patients (number, age of patients, IBD phenotype). In 6–10% of children EIM are the first symptoms of the disease. The classification of EIM most often depends on the activity of the disease in the intestine. The most commonly affected «target organs» in children and adults are joints, skin and mucous membranes, eyes, and the hepatobiliary system. Physical development delay is specific for children IBD, not always reversible. The article highlights the incidence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease EIM in children and adults, analyzes the basics of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis, growth disorders, mucocutaneous, ocular and hepatobiliary EIM of IBD in children. Therapy of EIM associated with IBD activity is aimed at controlling the underlying disease and includes a wide range of drugs, ФНОα antagonists are the most effective. The treatment protocols for other EIM are not standardized in either adult or pediatric practice and are significantly less successful.

Whatsapp Group Based Education to Improve Pregnant Women’s Knowledge About Stunting Prevention

Background: Stunting is a chronic condition that describes stunted growth in children due to long-term malnutrition. Stunting not only causes delays in physical development but also threatens cognitive development which has an impact on reducing children's productivity in adulthood. Sriharjo Village is the 
 village with the most cases of stunting with a percentage of 20.95%. as the Village with the highest number of stunting cases in Bantul district.
 Methods: This study used the Pre-Experiment research method with the type of one group pretest and post-test design. The sample consisted of 41 pregnant women in the first, second and third trimesters in Sriharjo Village, Imogiri Subdistrict. The samples were taken using purposive sampling. Analyzed using the Wilcoxon test

Analysis of the development of children discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit from parents' point of view.

to analyze the development of children discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and how hospitalization interferes with child development, from parents' point of view. a descriptive-exploratory, documentary and qualitative study, carried out with parents of children discharged from the Intensive Care Unit through a telephone survey and supplementation in medical records. Data were analyzed using Bardin's tool and discussed according to scientific evidence. from parents' point of view, delay in physical development was not observed, however difficulties in breastfeeding and weight gain were reported. Changes in speech and changes in behavior considered abnormal were also delays in child evolution. from parents' point of view, changes in speech may be associated with hospitalization in an Intensive Care Unit, while difficulties related to breastfeeding and delays in cognition may be altered by conditions of prematurity and low weight at birth.

Delayed Formation of Neonatal Reflexes and of Locomotor Skills Is Associated with Poor Maternal Behavior in OXYS Rats Prone to Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology.

Postnatal brain development is characterized by high plasticity with critical windows of opportunity where any intervention may positively or adversely influence postnatal growth and lead to long-lasting consequences later in life. Poor maternal care is among these interventions. Here, we found that senescence-accelerated OXYS rats prone to an Alzheimer's disease-like pathology are characterized by more passive maternal behavior and insufficient care for pups as compared to control (Wistar) rats. OXYS pups demonstrated a delay in physical development (of auricle detachment, of emergence of pelage and incisors, of eye opening, and of vaginal opening in females) and late manifestation of reflexes and locomotor skills. All observed behavioral abnormalities are connected either with poor coordination of limbs' movements or with a decrease in motivation and development of depression-like behavior. It is possible that their manifestations can be promoted by the features of maternal behavior of OXYS rats. Overall, these early-life events may have long-lasting consequences and contribute to neurodegeneration and development of the Alzheimer's disease-like pathology later in life.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS DISCUSSION IN DYNAMICS AMONG THE PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

The change in physical development is one that shows the dynamic development of the human body. For observation we have taken the body length, mass, head and chest circumference. The purpose of this work is to analyze the changes that have occurred in virtually healthy primary school students from April 2018 to the present. We were still observing in three schools in Kutaisi, already the fifth graders, in the same children. The average rate of physical development analyzed so far showed: Above average rates of physical development among 10- and 11-year-old children were observed in 35.5% of cases (boys) and 38.4% of cases (girls). Others had average data, or slightly lagged behind them. In dynamics there was a relevant increase in all the average indicators, in this group of primary school students, there is no delay in physical development. It’s very essential while the restrictions imposed by the pandemic.

The Development of V2 Playmat Game to Increase Movement Skill Children with Intellectual Disability (ID)

Children with mild ID are also referred to as debilitating or able to educate. Children with a mild ID can receive education like other normal children. Most of the Children with mild ID experience delays in physical development that have an impact on basic movement skills problems such as locomotor movements of running, jumping and jumping, as well as manipulative throwing and catching an object. The purpose of this study is to develop a learning model through V2 playmat games which are designed and developed to stimulate basic movement skills in children with mild ID in the Adaptive Physical Education learning process. The subjects of this study were children with mild ID aged 8-12 years totaling 10 people in the narrow-scale trial and 25 people in the wide-scale trial. Involving 3 experts consisting of learning media experts, learning material experts and Physical Education practitioners. The method used in this research is the Lee and Owens Analysis, Design, Development Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) research and development method. The results of the validation test by experts using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) tests which show an average CVR value of 0.27 in other words the Playmatt game model developed is appropriate or relevant, or good and also has high content validity. in improving basic movement skills, cognitive, and mild ATG pleasure.

Влияние алкоголя на пренатальное развитие плода

Th e aim of the research. To review the main factors of the adverse eff ects of alcohol on the body of the mother and the fetus. Th e review was compiled using the following databases: Scopus, MedLine, the Cochrane Library, Cyberleninka, RSCI, etc. Material and methods. The analysis of Russian and foreign scientifi c literature used the following keywords: “fetal alcoholic syndrome”, “fetal alcohol spectrum disorder”, “partial alcoholic fetal syndrome”, “alcohol-related disorder”, “neururoperative disorder associated with the prenatal effects of alcohol”, “congenital developmental defects associated with alcohol”. Th e material was compiled from the references of review articles and the selection was carried out based on the scientific value with formation of the fi nal list of literature according to the relevance of the analysed material. Results. The review presents the results of studies confi rming the adverse eff ects of alcohol on the mother’s and foetus’s organism, indicating the need to continue research to develop diagnostic criteria necessary for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome. The negative effect of alcohol intake on the fetus during intrauterine development manifesting in future neurological and behavioural disorders, mental and physical development delay, congenital defects and the stigma of facial skull dysembryogenesis has been proved. Conclusion. Numerous studies on the effect of alcohol on the mother’s and foetus’s body indicate a negative impact on the latter exerted by alcohol intake in the period of intrauterine development. All this confirms the need to improve the quality of medical care for pregnant women, the need to carry out sanitary and educational events for general practitioners, obstetricians-gynaecologists and medical staff in medical prevention and/or health facilities, as well as in families and the society as a whole.

Особливості клініко-лабораторної діагностики хвороби Помпе у дітей

Мета. Аналіз особливостей клінічної картини хвороби Помпе (ХП) у хворих дитячого віку. Визначення за результатами лабораторних та інструментальних досліджень основних клініко-лабораторних характеристик, що дозволяють виділити таких пацієнтів у групу селективного скринінгу для проведення ферментної діагностики на наявність ХП у сухій краплі крові. Матеріали та методи. В період 2002–2016 рр. у Центрі орфанних захворювань НДСЛ «Охматдит» обстежені 522 дитини з підозрою на ХП. Вік пацієнтів — від 4 місяців до 13 років; хлопчиків було 282, дівчаток — 240. Результати. У 98 (19 %) хворих за даними електронейроміографії і на підставі виявлення мутацій у гені SMN діагностована спінальна м’язова атрофія, у 70 (13 %) — первинна м’язова дистрофія Дюшена. У 71 (13,6 %) пацієнта виявлені різні форми спадкової нейромотосенсорної невропатії. У 38 (7,2 %) пацієнтів відзначали домінантний тип успадкування захворювання, в подальшому лабораторні дослідження з метою підтвердження діагнозу ХП у них не проводили. Отже, у селективну (скринінгову) групу для проведення ферментодіагностики у сухій краплі крові для виявлення ХП включено 245 (47 %) осіб. У цих пацієнтів відзначали гетерогенну клінічну картину захворювання: м’язову слабкість, зумовлену міопатичним синдромом, у поєднанні з кардіоміопатією, затримкою фізичного розвитку, гіперкреатинфосфатемією. У 25 хворих віком 2–8 місяців, крім міопатичного синдрому, спостерігали підвищення рівня аланінамінотрансферази та аспартатамінотрансферази, креатинфосфокінази (понад 220 од/л), лактатдегідрогенази (понад 250 од/л), гіпертрофічну кардіоміопатію лівого шлуночка; у 10 з цих хворих виявлені гепатомегалія та серцево-легенева недостатність. За результатами ферментодіагностики, діагноз ХП (інфантильна форма) встановлений у 5 пацієнтів (у 3 — класична форма, у 2 — атипова, або некласична). Клінічна картина була гетерогенною, проте в усіх спостереженнях відзначали сповільнене збільшення маси тіла, затримку формування статокінетичних навичок. Три пацієнти отримували ферментозамісну терапію, що дало можливість запобігти ранній смерті у цих пацієнтів і в одному випадку практично відновити самостійну ходьбу. Висновки. ХП у дітей характеризується мультисистемним ураженням, різними клінічними формами, за відсутності специфічного лікування призводить до ранньої смерті хворих. Основними ознаками ХП у дітей є гіпертрофічна кардіоміопатія, міопатичний синдром у поєднанні зі специфічним біохімічним фенотипом. Ферментодіагностика у сухій краплі крові в групі селективного скринінгу може підвищити ефективність ранньої діагностики та лікування дітей при ХП.

Частота і структура захворювань щитоподібної залози у дітей і підлітків за даними звертання

Актуальність. Захворювання щитоподібної залози (ЩЗ) у дітей і підлітків є актуальною проблемою ендокринології. Мета дослідження — вивчити частоту і структуру захворювань ЩЗ у дітей і підлітків за даними звертання за період 2012–2016 рр. Матеріали та методи. Під наглядом у відділі дитячої ендокринології Республіканського спеціалізованого науково-практичного медичного центру ендокринології МОЗ РУз за період з 2012 по 2016 р. перебувало 213 дітей і підлітків із різними захворюваннями ЩЗ. Результати. Більшу частину хворих, які зверталися по медичну допомогу, становили пацієнти із уродженим гіпотиреозом — 94 випадки (44,1 %), далі — вузловий зоб — 35 спостережень (16,4 %), дифузний токсичний зоб — 30 пацієнтів (14,0 %), а також дифузний нетоксичний зоб I–II ст. — 19 (8,9 %), автоімунний тирео­їдит — 14 (6,5 %), багатовузловий зоб — 15 (7,0 %), гострий гнійний струміт — 2 (0,9 %), папілярна аденокарцинома — 2 (1,0 %). Пацієнтам найчастіше виконувалася тотальна тиреоїдектомія — 14 (34 %) спостережень, геміструмектомія — 10 (24 %), розширена резекція частки — 6 (14,5 %). Висновки. Частота ускладнень основних захворювань у дітей і підлітків становила: затримка скелетного розвитку — 17,8 %, затримка фізичного, статевого, розумового, мовного розвитку — 25,8 %, затримка фізичного, розумового розвитку — 20,4 %, затримка фізичного, статевого розвит­ку — 15,6 %, затримка фізичного розвитку — 14,5 %.

Oral and Dental Manifestations of Fanconi Anemia

Fanconi anemia is a rare disease, which is characterized by decreased production of all blood cell types. Fanconi anemia is the most common inherited form of aplastic anemia. Congenital abnormalities of the eyes, ears, and heart, malformed or absent kidney, urogenital system involvement are common. There is a delay in physical development. Intelligence in patients with Fanconi anemia is usually normal. The most serious problems associated with Fanconi anemia include the gradual development of bone marrow disorders. Many patients with Fanconi anemia develop leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome, as well as other oncological diseases. Oral manifestations in patients with Fanconi anemia can be classified as gingivitis, periodontitis, dental caries, dental anomalies, soft tissue lesions, oral cancer, and lesions of the tongue. Patients with Fanconi anemia have increased predisposition to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and oral cancer. The interdisciplinary team of medical and dental specialists must be included in the medical and dental treatment of patients with Fanconi anemia. For proper dental care of patients with Fanconi anemia, the close cooperation of dental specialists, including orthodontists, pedodontists, prosthetists, oral surgeons, as well as specialists in periodontology and oral diseases, is of particular importance.

METHODS OF RESEARCH OF THE FUNCTIONAL CONDITION OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS IN CHILDREN WITH SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS

The article considers research methods and features of the functional state of the vestibular apparatus and vestibular disorders in children with sensorineural hearing loss. We used the methods of analysis, generalization and systematization of data from domestic and foreign literature sources on methods of studying the vestibular apparatus in children with sensorineural hearing loss. It was determined that the function of balance and coordination of movements is one of the most complex, and consists of several analyzers - visual, vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile. When studying the physical development of children with this pathology, attention is paid to the formation of the main static-dynamic and coordination capabilities according to the age of the child. In children with congenital sensorineural deafness, and especially double deafness, there are signs of vestibular insufficiency and impaired translational control, movement and gait. This affects the development of gross motor functions, such as sitting and walking, to a lesser extent affects fine motor skills, if there are no layers of other pathologies of the central nervous system.
 The pathological process in the auditory analyzer changes the function of the vestibular apparatus, due to their close location in the labyrinth and innervation by one cranial nerve, and in turn changes in the vestibular apparatus contribute to the formation of motor disorders. Therefore, we can observe a certain general principle of operation of the auditory and vestibular systems. At children who have low vestibular stability any turns, inclinations, sharp change of a direction of movement causes imbalance of coordination and balance of movements. All these delays in physical development, according to many authors, are cumulative in character and are caused by the hearing defect itself, insufficient information from the environment, difficulty expressing thoughts and desires verbally, as well as the state of the motor analyzer and vestibular activity. Children with hearing impairment have an insufficient level of coordination development, physical development, static and dynamic balance, spatial orientation. Researches of the vestibular apparatus, namely the functions of coordination and balance are carried out in several categories: the research of tonic vestibular reactions, coordination of movements and static and dynamic balance. Researches of tonic vestibular reactions are performed on the following tests: the test with outstretched arms, Vodak-Fisher test, pointing test Barani, finger-nose test, Holmagi test. Researches of static and dynamic equilibrium are carried out on the samples of Romberg, Grahe, Oppenheim, walking in a straight line. When analyzing these samples, we can talk about the degree of violation of coordination and stato-dynamic balance.
 As a result of vestibular compensation, children with sensorineural deafness can catch up with their peers with normal hearing with the help of visual and somato-sensory systems, pyramidal and extra-pyramidal systems.

Experience in implementing the International Standards for Assessing Newborn Growth INTERGROWTH-21<sup>st</sup>

The physical development of newborns and infants is the most important parameter in assessing their health. However, the standards of anthropometric parameters, and most importantly their growth in premature babies, especially those born with low and extremely low body weight, are still controversial.Objective: to apply the methodology for measuring and assessing the main anthropometric indicators of newborns using the international standards of postnatal growth of premature babies INTERGROWTH-21st to resolve the issue of the feasibility of its adaptation and widespread introduction into neonatological and pediatric practice in the Russian Federation. 4876 children were born at Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology (participant of the international project for the implementation of INTERGROWTH-21st standards in neonatological and pediatric practice) from 15.05.2018 to 26.11.2018. 439 (9%) of them were born premature, of which 376 children (89,3%) with gestational age confirmed by ultrasound were included in the study. There was a detailed file for each child to assess the environment and health of the mother, the course of pregnancy, childbirth, the state of health of the child from birth to discharge from the hospital. 2.1% of children classified by INTERGROWTH-21st as children with intrauterine growth retardation, according to Fenton charts, had normal intrauterine growth. When comparing the postnatal growth at discharge from hospital on the Fenton scale, more children were classified as children with impaired postnatal growth; the discrepancy between INTERGROWTH-21st and Fenton diagrams was 8%. At discharge, 52% of premature babies were exclusively breastfed, 28.8% of premature babies were at mixed feeding.Conclusion.On the one hand, the use of INTERGROWTH-21st scales helps to correct nutrition in case of delay in physical development, and, on the other hand, it reduces the risk of metabolic disorders associated with an aggressive desire to achieve rapid growth of a premature baby.

Stunting as a Synonym of Social Disadvantage and Poor Parental Education

Socially, economically, politically and emotionally (SEPE) disadvantaged children are shorter than children from affluent background. In view of previous work on the lack of association between nutrition and child growth, we performed a study in urban schoolchildren. We measured 723 children (5.83 to 13.83 years); Kupang, Indonesia; three schools with different social background. We investigated anthropometric data, clinical signs of malnutrition, physical fitness, parental education, and household equipment. Subjective self-confidence was assessed by the MacArthur test. The prevalence of stunting was between 8.5% and 46.8%. Clinical signs of under- or malnutrition were absent even in the most underprivileged children. There was no delay in tooth eruption. Underprivileged children are physically fitter than the wealthy. The correlation between height and state of nutrition (BMI_SDS, skinfold_SDS, MUAC_SDS) ranged between r = 0.69 (p < 0.01) and r = 0.43 (p < 0.01) in private school children, and between r = 0.07 (ns) and r = 0.32 (p < 0.01) in the underprivileged children. Maternal education interacted with height in affluent (r = 0.20, p < 0.01) and in underprivileged children (r = 0.20, p < 0.01). The shortness of SEPE disadvantaged children was not associated with anthropometric and clinical signs of malnutrition, nor with delay in physical development. Stunting is a complex phenomenon and may be considered a synonym of social disadvantage and poor parental education.

Parents ethanol use impairs ethanol-naive offspring development and reproduction.

Parental ethanol consumption can influence the offspring phenotype. In this way, we analyzed the impairments of maternal and paternal high ethanol consumption during postpuberty on the physical development, feeding pattern, puberty onset and reproductive function of ethanol-naive offspring to birth to adulthood. Female and male UChB rats (voluntary 10%, v/v ethanol consumer) were divided into a control group (C) and an ethanol exposed group (E) from 65 to 80 days of age. The C and E were mated at 100 days. The maternal parameters and offspring development and reproduction parameters were monitored. We observed reduced feeding intake and body weight in the dams of E group throughout gestation and lactation period. Delay in physical development, lower body weight and altered feeding pattern were observed in female and male offspring of E group. In addition, the puberty onset was delayed in both sexes, with lower testosterone levels in the juvenile and pubertal males. There was a prolongation on the estrous and proestrus phases in females from E but the estrous cycle duration did not change between groups. Ovary and uterus weight were reduced in pubertal and adult females from E group. Reduced epididymis and seminal vesicle weight, increased sperm abnormalities, decrease in the daily sperm production and accelerated epididymal transit time were observed in E males. The high maternal and paternal ethanol use on postpuberty impairs the parameters of ethanol-naive offspring inducing alteration on development and reproduction.

Визначення предикторів ризику затримки статокінетичного розвитку і поліморфізму генів GSTP1, GSTT1, GSTM1, ACE, AGT2R1 та ENOS у передчасно народжених дітей з дуже і надзвичайно малою масою тіла при народженні

World statistics and scientific research show that premature birth of children is accompanied by a high risk of not only somatic, but also neurological pathology and mental disorders development. Therefore, the clinical prognostic model development for the research of delayed infant statokinetic development, which was born prematurely, may be the basis for creating a preventive program of early intervention. Purpose — to determine the clinical and genetic delayed statokinetic development formation determinants of children born with a body weight less than 1500 g; to develop an algorithm for early prediction of adverse effects. Materials and methods. A cohort prospective study was conducted, which included 155 children with very low and extremely low body weight. Their statokinetic development at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of adjusted age was studied and the determinants were established. Genetic methods included studies of the GSTP1, GSTT1, GSTM1, ACE, AGT2R1, and eNOS genes polymorphism. Results. It was defined that at 24 months of adjusted age 19% have delayed statokinetic development, at 36 months — 16% of examined children have very low and extremely low body weight. Important predictors that contribute a delayed statokinetic development were severe intraventricular hemorrhages, anemia in the second year of life, significant delay in physical development at 6 months and socio-economic status of the family. The greatest delay in the motor sphere was found in children with a dominant genetic model (GG+AG vs. AA) of the GSTP1 gene. Conclusions. The developed model for predicting motor developmental delay at an early age has a high specificity (92.44%) and moderate sensitivity (53.33%), which indicates the possibility of its use for forecasting and personalized method of treatment. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of these Institutes. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: prediction, statokinetic development, very low body weight, extremely low body weight, premature babies, premature infants.

Screening for ACEs in Pediatrics: The importance of quality improvement to practice change

Problem: Screening for Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES) in pediatrics is an opportunity to address toxic stress. ACE risk factors are categorized into three areas: abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. These directly relate, in a dose-response manner, to poor health outcomes. ACEs effects are mediated via toxic stress which leads to delays in cognitive, social-emotional and physical development in children and, as adults, to the risk of chronic disease and premature death. Most children reach their highest ACE score by age 12. Identifying scores early can support efforts to mitigate toxic stress and build resilience. They …