Delay In Payments Research Articles

Перехід до селективного регулювання роздрібної торгівлі в Україні на основі досвіду ЄС

The article analyzes the causes and consequences of the rapid development of retail trade networks. It is shown that this contributed to increased production efficiency, while retail chains gained market power and began to play a key role in the supply chains of many consumer goods. This allows them to redistribute in their favor part of the value added created in other sectors. For this purpose, they use unfair trading practices: unjustified delays in payments for delivered products, imposing services that do not add value to suppliers, transferring commercial risks to them, etc. The system of regulation of retail trade in European countries has been studied. Differences in the regulation of this sector in 13 countries were analyzed based on the data of the Retail Restrictiveness Indicator. It is shown that the strictest restrictions are enforced in Belarus and in Italy. The regulatory regime in the Baltic states is the most liberal. The authors argue that in the EU countries there is a tendency to move to selective regulation of retail trade, whose object primarily includes "discontinuities" in commodity and financial flows in the systems of vertically adjacent commodity markets. Selective regulation does not limit the operation of market mechanisms, but, on the contrary, promotes their more efficient functioning, eliminating market failures without a significant regulatory burden on business. On the one hand, restrictions on the opening of large-format stores, on trade at reduced prices, etc., are considerably eased. On the other hand, regulation is introduced in certain areas where it was not implemented before. Clarified changes in the regulatory system of retail trade in the EU after adoption of Directive 2019/633 on unfair trading practices in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. The authors substantiate the necessity and ways of transition to selective regulation of retail trade in Ukraine. It is shown that the prohibition of unfair trading practices in the food supply chain is much more important in Ukraine than in EU countries. The need to implement the norms of EU Directive 2019/633 into domestic legislation by adopting the Draft Law "On protection against unfair trading practices in relations between business entities in the field of supply of agricultural and food products" has been justified.

The Effect of Social Pension on Material Hardship among Older Adults in Korea: Regression Discontinuity Estimation

Abstract The goal of this study was to examine the effect of a social pension programme for older adults in South Korea, Basic Pension Scheme (BPS) on material hardship and subjective well-being. We apply a regression discontinuity design (RDD) to estimate the effect of the BPS on the material hardship and life satisfaction of older people between the ages of sixty-one and sixty-eight. Data come from Korea Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS) wave 12 survey (2017, N = 3,932). The BPS benefit reduces the risks of housing hardship, bill payment delay and food insecurity. Interestingly, while the effect sizes of the BPS on mitigating the material hardship increase as income decreases, the lower-income groups were less satisfied with the pension provision than middle- and upper-income groups. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on material hardship for older adults in an Asian country facing persistent old-age poverty and immature public pensions.

KEDUDUKAN KREDITOR SEPARATIS DALAM PROSES KEPAILITAN

The purpose of this study is to find out how the position of separatist creditors in the bankruptcy process is. To answer the problem formulation of the author. The research method used is a normative juridical research method, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data. By collecting and then reviewing library materials or secondary data relevant to this research. The results of the research that the provisions in the Law on Guarantees and the Law on Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays in which the position of separatist creditors takes precedence over other creditors, and is a separation of creditors' rights, is the author's interpretation of the above discussion, so hereby the author draws conclusions based on the results of the above discussion. . Separatist creditors have the same rights to liquidate assets in the bankruptcy process as if the debtor is not declared bankrupt. However, there are no firm and fast rules between Article 55 paragraph (1) of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays and the Civil Code rules regarding the rights of creditors who decide, which can lead to disputes between creditors who decide and practitioners of bankruptcy. In particular Articles 56 and 59 of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delays. To avoid the above scenario, the bankruptcy practitioner must ensure that the status of the separatist creditor as a lien holder is adequately protected in the settlement of his claim. The transfer of substantive rights by the curator is considered null and void by law, so the provision of Article 56 paragraph (3) of Law 37/2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Debt Payment Delay in the interpretation section needs to be changed. After the substantive rights expire, the guaranteed creditor will compete directly with other creditors

Quality Control of Health Services of The National Health Insurance Era in East Java - Indonesia: Barriers and Strategy

The National Health Insurance ( JKN) system is designed to provide the availability of quality health services, but until now JKN participant have not felt the quality health care. The purpose of this study is to identify threats and weaknesses in health care quality control and formulate the implications of its strategy. The study was conducted at four Regional General Hospital (RSUD) in East Java - Indonesia, namely RSUD IbnuSina Gresik, RSUD NgudiWaluyoWlingiBlitar, RSUD dr. H. SlametMartodirdjoPamekasan, and RSUD dr. H. KoesnadiBondowoso. The sampling of research samples was conducted by purposive sampling and data retrieval with questionnaires and interviews. Analysis techniques used are external factor analysis, internal factor analysis, and SWOT analysis. The results of the study found that the barriers to quality control of JKN health services are the delay in payment of hospital claims by the Social Security Regulatory Agencyof Health (BPJS Health), INA-CBGs rate, BPJS Health Regulations and low people awareness for a healthy lifestyle. In terms of internal hospitals, fraud prevention systems have not been affective. The implication of the strategy is that hospitals must develop and implement fraud prevention information systems properly.
 Keywords: JKN; BPJS; quality control; health services

Contractor payment delays: a systematic review of current trends and future directions

PurposeThe phenomenon of delayed payment to contractors, particularly in the construction industry, is a vital one and has implications for the health of economies of both developing and developed countries. However, the knowledge of this phenomenon seems patchy and scattered. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge on the subject matter with directions for future research.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review coupled with a scientometric analysis was used to identify the main strands of delayed payment to contractor research as a basis for qualitative analysis and directions for future investigations.FindingsCurrent trends of delayed payment to contractor research are categorised into five broad themes, namely: causes, effects, mitigation measures, ethical and law and regulatory issues. On the basis of these themes, directions for future research are proffered.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first attempt at providing a comprehensive and an integrated knowledge on delayed payment to contractor research with pointers for further investigation and policy directions.

Global economic meltdown and healthcare financing in Ghana.

Global economic meltdown and healthcare financing in Ghana.

PERHITUNGAN UNIT COST PADA PASIEN COVID 19 DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP DI RS. ROEMANI MUHAMMADIYAH SEMARANG

The state bears the expense of caring for Covid 19 patients through BPJS, therefore delays in claim payments have an impact on the hospital's financial status. In order to swiftly change expenses, hospitals must determine the Covid 19 patient unit cost. This study aims to determine the unit cost of treating Covid 19 inpatients with comorbid and non comorbid using the Activity Based Costing (ABC) method in Roemani Muhammadiyah Semarang hospitals. This descriptive research method with a quantitative approach uses documentation study data collection techniques in medical record documents for inpatient installations for Covid 19 patients and unstructured interviews. Quantitative analysis of unit cost calculation using Activity Based Costing (ABC) method. According to the study's findings, Covid 19 patients cost Rp 3,236,126.00 per unit in indirect expenditures. Unit expenses for Covid 19 patients without co-morbid conditions total Rp. 21,471,091.00, while co-morbid patients' unit costs total Rp. 31,172,433.00. Based on the results using the ABC method compared to hospital rates and the rates paid by BPJS, the hospital does not experience a loss. Recommendations given to hospitals by periodically adjusting hospital rates and for the government can be used as input for the economic model in paying BPJS claims in the future.

Analysis of Differences in Financial Performance Before and after the Implementation of the National Health Guarantee

This research study aimed to analyze the financial performance of Al Islam Bandung Hospital before and after the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) and identify the factors influencing its performance. The study focused on various financial ratios, including profitability, liquidity, and activity ratios. The findings revealed significant differences in several ratios, such as Return on Investment, Cash Ratio, Inventory Turnover, Receivable Turnover Period, and Total Asset Turnover, indicating a decrease in performance after the implementation of JKN. The factors affecting the financial performance of Al Islam Bandung Hospital were categorized into internal factors, competitor factors, BPJS Health factors, government policy factors, and pandemic factors. Internal factors, such as cash availability, logistics management efficiency, expense management, and asset growth, played a crucial role in sustaining the hospital's financial operations during the initial phase of JKN implementation. The increased involvement of competitor hospitals in the JKN program impacted patient visits to Al Islam Hospital, reducing its financial performance. BPJS Health factors, including tiered referral policies and payment delays, influenced the hospital's patient flow and financial stability. Government policies related to JKN implementation provided a wider scope of services but lacked regular tariff adjustments, leading to increased operational costs. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic further affected Al Islam Bandung Hospital's financial performance by reducing patient visits while increasing the need for additional resources to handle COVID-19 cases. In conclusion, the study highlights the changes in financial performance of Al Islam Bandung Hospital after the implementation of JKN and identifies factors such as patient numbers, payment periods, policy adjustments, and expense management as key contributors to these changes. Understanding these factors can help healthcare institutions adapt and improve their financial performance within the context of national health insurance schemes.

Effectiveness of carbon policies and multi-period delay in payments in a global supply chain under remanufacturing consideration

Carbon emission regulation is one of the most important priorities for the business sector. The rate of carbon generation increases tremendously due to several issues like transportation, repair, or remanufacture. The generation of faulty or imperfect items increases during transportation. Instead of returning them, the retailer can remanufacture/repair those faulty products in their repair shop and sell them to customers as the new product. Carbon dioxide is emitted from this repair shop continuously. In this study, the retailer remanufacturers faulty items under different carbon emission reduction policies and multi-period trade credit financing to control the shortage. Shortages arise due to imperfect products. Three carbon emission reduction policies are reviewed and compared in the context of different credit financing and investments to find the maximum profit. The adaptation of investment is beneficial to reduce carbon emissions and increase the profit of the system. Nine models are built based on long-term credit financing and carbon regulation policies. Analytical approaches are used to find solutions for complex nonlinear profit functions. Numerical illustrations prove that if cycle time is less than the permitted delay period, the system’s profit is 2.58% and 56.76% higher than the other two cases. Limited carbon regulation provides 0.23% and 0.16% better profit than the other two carbon reduction policies. Green investment increases the system profit by 0.063% and reduces emissions by 112 kg per cycle. Adaptation of trade credit policy increases the profit up to 1.55%. Finally, it is noticeable that limited carbon regulation is the best policy when the permissible delay in payment period is greater than the cycle time with remanufacturing under-investment.

Organisational Elements Controlling the Labour Efficiency in Sri Lankan Road Construction Projects: Engineers’ Perspective

Labour efficiency is crucial for a construction firm’s long-term viability. According to recent studies, modernising organisational and administrative procedures is essential to improving labour efficiency in many developing countries, including Sri Lanka. The perspectives of construction engineers play a key role in strengthening organisational policies and management practices in the construction industry. As a result, based on the viewpoint of construction engineers, this study aims to identify the critical organisational elements that highly influence labour efficiency in Sri Lankan road construction projects. The elements/factors were qualitatively discovered after a thorough literature review. Then, a questionnaire survey was conducted among construction engineers employed by 31 Sri Lankan road construction contractors. The Relative Importance Index (RII) method was used to quantify each element’s level of influence on labour efficiency. Based on RII values, 33 organisational elements were determined as critical, where lack of communication and cooperation between the parties, delay in salary payment and lack of labour training facilities were determined as the top three ranking elements in the list. The validity and reliability of the results were confirmed by additional statistical tests. Using problem-based communication strategies, industry consultations were conducted among construction experts to determine the necessary future measures from relevant authorities based on the identified critical elements. These consultation outcomes suggest that the organisational policies of construction enterprises currently in place addressing financial procedures, communication strategies, resource management, performance management and training development practices must be improved in light of the new normal conditions facing the industry. The study findings might help to close the gap between management/organisational policies and workforce practices. Despite the fact that the study findings are limited to the Sri Lankan road construction industry, some of them could be used to address comparable issues in other developing nations.

An inventory model with permissible delay in payment and different interest rate charges

Adopting the permissible delay method by suppliers offers ample opportunity to overcome the burden of holding costs from retailers. This compensates retailers against the competitive situation as an alternative to price discounts. We present an inventory model for a finite time horizon for deteriorating items. The model focuses on an optimal replenishment policy to maximize profit through inventory control by considering two different interest rate charges. The implementation is possible by the proposed mathematical model for a ramp-type demand with a permissible delay of payment approach. We compare two scenarios: with and without permissible delay in payment. The computational algorithm, numerical examples, theorems, Hessian matrix, and graphs confirm the effectiveness of the inventory model proposed in this study. Sensitivity analysis is used to find risk-compensate opportunities in a peculiar situation.

Securitization of assets with payment delay risk: A financial innovation in the real estate market

AbstractWe study a new type of securitization that deals with banks' processing time, mortgage‐receivable‐backed securities (MRBSs) issued by real estate developers. Unlike traditional mortgage‐backed securities (MBSs), the major risk of underlying assets of MRBSs is payment delay instead of default and prepayment. Using unique loan‐level data, we estimate proportional hazard models and detect factors that affect the risk of underlying assets of MRBSs, including bank characteristics, property–loan–household characteristics, local market conditions, and macroeconomic conditions. Especially, we find that the effects of house prices and loan‐to‐value ratios on MRBS risk are the opposite of those on traditional MBS risk. Based on the estimates, we simulate cash flows of an underlying‐asset pool and analyze the shortfall risk of the corresponding security tranches. We find that the securitization process imposes a natural adverse selection on the underlying assets.

Rating the significance of the factors influencing shortage of skilled labours for sustainable construction: a perception of Makkah construction practitioner

The construction industry is one of the main economic sectors that contribute significantly to social and economic development. However, the lack of skilled labour is one of the factors affecting the success of projects in the construction industry. Skilled labours are the potential for enhancing overall delivery of construction projects to achieve sustainability. Building and construction industry in Makkah has continued to respond to shortages of skilled labours. Hence, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the importance of factors influencing the shortage of skilled labours from the perceptions of construction practitioners. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of this study, the quantitative descriptive method was adopted for this research study, and data for this study was collected through a stratified random sample of construction practitioners in Makkah. Data were first analysed by way of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Relative Importance Index (RII) for ranking comparison among the construction practitioners. The results of RII indicates that the significant factors influencing the shortage of skilled labours in Makkah include delay in salary payment, low wages structure, lack of motivation system, health and safety issues on construction sites, lack of job security, bad relations between skilled labours and management team, poor living conditions, Slow recruitment of skilled labours, restricted government regulations, and exposure of climate conditions. The findings revealed that the factors rated are required for organisational performances which are essential in achieving sustainable building and construction in Makkah.

Role of Microfinance in poverty alleviation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (Case Study of District Karak)

This study investigates whether microfinance alleviates poverty in District Karak of KPK. The population of the study is all southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the sample of the study is district Karak of KPK. The study selected 150 respondents from District Karak who had already availed of micro-credit facility and 5 staff members from the microfinance institutions. Both primary and secondary data have been used for this study, primary data was gathered through direct personal interviews and questionnaires while secondary data was collected through newsletters and published magazines. Ms. Excel and SPSS software has been used while analyzing the data. After analysis, it was found that Microfinance plays an important role to alleviate poverty by increasing household expenditure, and the income of the beneficiaries. Despite the significance of Microfinance, people are also facing some challenges like high interest rates and collateral from microfinance Institutions. Similarly, Micro fiancé institutions also face some challenges like loan recovery and most of the clients become the default. This research study concluded that microfinance has great importance to reduce poverty but needs to redesign the financial policies of the institution so that creditors don’t feel fear to pay the huge penalty in case of delay in payment.

Stakeholder perceptions on causes and effects of public project failures in Ghana

Factors responsible for the failure of most development projects are multifaceted. This study focused on unearthing the causes and effects of public project failure from the perspective of project stakeholders. Sixty stakeholders working on different public projects in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana completed a questionnaire. This study found that major causes of project failure were related to corruption, payment delays, procurement processes, planning, monitoring, bureaucracy, communication, and supervision. The perceived effects of project failure included revenue loss, discouraged investment, and unemployment. Project failure increased the initial cost of projects, impacted economic growth, led to the provision of substandard infrastructure and service relocation. Other effects of project failure were loss of capacity for public projects and emotional stress experienced by project stakeholders. The government of Ghana should adopt strategies to overcome corruption, bureaucracy, and unnecessary political influence. Finally, the government should cooperate with relevant stakeholders to implement measures geared towards improving the current system for procurement, supervision, monitoring, planning, and management practices.

Juridical Analysis of PKPU Decision by The Court on Application for PKPU Revocation by The Debitor

The purpose of this study is to find out how the judge's consideration in revoking the Delay of Debt Payment Obligation on the request of the debtor who has been determined to be Debt Payment Suspension, but there are findings of the calculation of the management team of Debt Payment Delay which states that the assets (Activa) of the debtor are still larger. of obligations (liabilites) so as to ask the Court to revoke the Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations. In addition, it is necessary to know how the legal impact that will be received by debtors and creditors on Decision Number: 53/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2021/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. This study applies a normative juridical research method that makes court decisions as primary legal material and occupies a position after legislation. The primary legal data or materials analyzed in this study are court decisions, namely Decision Number: 53/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2021/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst dated April 12, 2021 and Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the application submitted by the debtor in the revocation of the Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations is appropriate because the revocation of the Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations is carried out by the Court based on the provisions stipulated in Article 295 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Postponement Obligation for Payment of Debt, so that the Central Jakarta District Court has the authority to revoke the Suspension of Obligation for Payment of Debt at the request of the debtor.Keywords: Postponement of Debt Payment Obligations; Revoke PKPU; Bankruptcy; Commercial Court.

Effect of Future Price Increase for Products with Expiry Dates and Price-Sensitive Demand under Different Payment Policies

The current study works with an inventory management strategy under the discount cash flow approach for perishable commodities with expiry dates, price-sensitive demand, and investment in preservation technology. In addition, this study examines the probable influence of price-increase on the replenishment strategy of the retailer where specific delivery units can be purchased. Furthermore, in this model, two circumstances are deliberated: (I) when the time of the specific delivery matches with the reordering time of the retailer or (II) when the time of the specific delivery emerges within the duration of the sale. Before the price increase, the supplier provides two payment policies to the retailer from which they can choose one. The policies are either: (1) a permissible delay in payment on regular orders or (2) a discount in payment for the specific delivery. The key goal is to optimize the overall profit for the retailer with respect to the sales price, investment in preservation technology, and cycle time during the depletion time of the specific delivery. In addition, an algorithm is created to optimize the results and seven numerical illustrations are discussed to explain the results along with the special case. Finally, to display the pertinence of this model, a sensitivity analysis of the main parameters is performed with important managerial implications. The key findings of this research are (1) before the price increase, the retailer gets the maximum profit if the retailer chooses a discount in payment policy on the specific delivery; (2) how much to order from the supplier and when to place a specific delivery to generate a maximum profit; and (3) the price-sensitive demand and assumption of future price increase negatively affect the retailer’s overall profit, and the retailer gets maximum benefits if the retailer initially orders the maximum number of units from the supplier before the price increase.

Exploring Causes of Delay in Payment from Parties involved in Road and Highway Projects in Thailand

Delay in payment is considered to be one of the most periodically arisen problems in the construction industry. It harms time, cost, and quality. This paper presented a result of a survey which investigated causes of delay in payment of road and highway construction projects in Thailand. Parties involved in construction-borne failure identified the causes of delay in payment and their severity through a questionnaire survey. The delay in payment causes were categorized into 4 main groups (owner, contractor, consultant and architect) which was based on parties-borne failure. The questionnaire listed of 41 factors and sought to identify the significance of major delay in payment factors and determine their impact on road and highway construction projects. The total of 120 responders was asked to weight the degree on seriousness via a questionnaire survey. The survey concluded that top five severity indexes in causing a delay in payment were delays in progress payment, the financial status of owners, poor qualification of the contractors' technical staff, delays in issue approval documents and failure in applying for claims.

Construction Projects Success: Time, Cost, Quality and Safety

The construction industry is complex, and its success depends on time, cost, and project quality. The study sought to investigate construction project success in relation to time, cost, quality, and safety on construction projects in the Ashanti Regions of Ghana. A structured questionnaire was administered among construction professionals (architects, contractors, engineers, and quantity surveyors) within the study area. The findings showed delays in payments of works executed, forceful layoff, and suspension of construction works adversely affected construction time. The construction project cost was attributed to delays in payment to contractors, poor client cash flow, and high cost of plant and equipment. Quality of work was ascribed to poor coordination among workers and frequent absenteeism of skilled workers. It was concluded that governments should provide financial support to construction companies to clear backlogs of unpaid debts to workers. Clients should liaise with contractors to reschedule uncompleted projects (payment plans and added time for the completion of works). Construction companies should provide adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimise on-site health-related hazards.

Inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with hybrid price and stock-dependent demand in the view of delay in payments, inflation, and customer returns

Inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with hybrid price and stock-dependent demand in the view of delay in payments, inflation, and customer returns