Comparing terror management and time management: The effects of mortality awareness on time perception, delay discounting, and monetary allocation.

Immediate reward bias in adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: Evidence from delay and probability discounting tasks.

Frailty among older adults is a critical determinant of economic choices and individual behavior. While risk and time preferences are key factors in decision-making, their relationship with frailty remains unexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining how frailty influences attitudes toward risk and intertemporal choices. We collected data from older adults in two regions of Côte d'Ivoire, using a gambling-based method to measure risk and time preferences, along with a 30-item frailty questionnaire. A copula-based endogenous treatment effect model is employed to account for potential endogeneity between frailty and behavioral outcomes. Our findings show that frailty makes older adults less risk-averse and more focused on immediate rewards. These results suggest that reducing frailty could also influence economic choices and improve long-term well-being for aging populations.

Written or drawn episodic future thinking cues improves delay discounting in children.

Understanding how people assign subjective value to outcomes with multiple attributes, such as risk and delay, is central to understanding the structure and manifestation of economic preferences. However, multiattribute preference has been primarily studied through binary choices. The price at which a person would buy, sell, or equate each prospect offers another measure of subjective value that may diverge from multiattribute choice. In both risky and intertemporal domains, choice and price preferences exhibit systematic preference reversals, where a smaller, sooner, or safer option is chosen while a larger, later, or riskier alternative is assigned a higher price. The present study takes a deep dive into how subjective value is assigned in each case in an attempt to reconcile these diverging measurements and methods of assessing value. To explain how and why preferences change across choice and price, the domains of gains and losses, price frames of buying and selling, and varying levels of time pressure, we develop a two-step neural network-based modeling approach. First, we tested cognitive mechanisms underlying value-based judgments and decisions using a switchboard model comparison. Next, we fit and evaluated individualized joint models, where all data from an individual are modeled using parameters and mechanisms that are specific to their best fitting model structure. While mechanisms like delay discounting and risk aversion are common to both models, our results suggest that anchoring and payoff sensitivity diverged between pricing and choice. Extensive differences across elicitation procedures indicate that a common representation of value may remain elusive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Upfront management of brain metastases in oncogene‑addicted NSCLC - An EORTC survey.

Adolescence involves pronounced changes in sleep timing and duration that have been linked to executive functioning, impulsivity, and risk behaviors, yet evidence for generalizable sleep - self-regulation associations remains limited. We used regularized canonical correlation analysis to examine multivariate relationships between sleep and self-regulation across two independent cohorts. In the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 11,143), later chronotype and shorter sleep duration were associated with higher impulsivity, particularly urgency and deficits in planning and perseverance (r = 0.21, permutation p < 0.001), with minimal contribution from delay discounting. Social jetlag showed weak loadings. In the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence cohort (n = 831), only one canonical function was statistically significant (r = 0.15, p = 0.011), characterized by later chronotype and greater social jetlag, with minimal contribution from sleep duration and primary loadings on impulsivity-related measures. Applying the ABCD-derived sleep - self-regulation pattern to NCANDA produced a small but nonzero association, driven primarily by social jetlag and delayed sleep timing, with minimal influence of sleep duration. These findings provide multivariate evidence linking delayed sleep timing and circadian misalignment to adolescent self-regulation, though effect sizes attenuate across cohorts. Longitudinal work is needed to clarify predictive pathways and inform sleep-focused interventions during this vulnerable developmental period.

Extensive research with rodent models has shown detrimental effects of early-life adversity (ELA) on behavioral (e.g., impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression) and neurobiological processes (e.g., alterations of neuroendocrine processes and maturation of brain areas). However, heterogeneous methodologies, including types and variations of ELA manipulations could have contributed to inconsistent findings across studies. Recent research indicates that the combination of the two most widely implemented rodent ELA protocols, Maternal Separation (MS) and Limited Bedding/Nesting (LBN), produces consistent and robust behavioral effects. We assessed the effects of combined MS-LBN on four processes linked to both ELA and behavioral disorders in later stages of life: incentive salience of reward cues, and impulsive choice, action, and persistence/perseverance. Sixteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided in groups of combined MS-LBN during postnatal days 2-21 and without ELA. They were exposed to an Autoshaping Pavlovian conditioning task (AUT), a delay-discounting task (DDT), and acquisition and extinction of a multiple schedule of reinforcement with long and short Variable Intervals (VI) across a span of 18 weeks. Compared to the No-ELA group, ELA rats displayed higher goal-tracking during the AUT (higher nose-poking in the food-delivery location), higher impulsive choice during test and 7-week re-test of the DDT (preference for the smaller-sooner reinforcer over the larger-later), and less efficient responding during the long-interval schedule of reinforcement (more unnecessary responses per pellet). Associations between autoshaping and reinforcement-schedule performance were identified, with ELA moderating the relationship between sign tracking and efficiency during training and persistence/perseverance during extinction. Combined MS-LBN was associated with task-specific changes in reward-related and impulsive behavior in male rats. These complex patterns of disruptions across behavioral processes adds further support to the notion that combined ELA protocols are promising robust models of adverse rearing in humans, which often entails multiple stressors. Not applicable.

Returning citizens with substance use disorders (SUD) make numerous decisions that involve engaging in behaviors with short-term, immediate rewards (i.e. the pleasurable effects of returning to use) relative to those with longer-term, but delayed, benefits (i.e. engaging in treatment), often in the context of resource-poor and unstable environments. Successful navigation of the reentry period may require making future-oriented decisions; yet previous research suggests that incarcerated individuals and those with SUD evidence steeper rates of delay discounting, or tendency to devalue something as a function of the delay of its receipt. Episodic future thinking has been shown to reduce delay discounting and improve decision-making, suggesting it may be particularly well-suited to support healthy decision-making among justice-involved populations. The current study evaluated the implementation potential and preliminary effectiveness of an episodic future thinking intervention adapted for individuals during the reentry period to reduce delay discounting and improve related clinical outcomes. Returning citizens (n = 40) who identified as in recovery from SUD and had experienced incarceration within 12months prior to enrollment were recruited to participate in a randomized controlled trial. Participants received either a brief (60-min) adapted episodic future thinking intervention or a control intervention that did not activate future thinking. Both interventions were administered by a peer recovery coach in a community setting. Participants then completed weekly check-ins for up to four weeks and were assessed one month after the intervention. Findings suggest that peer-delivered episodic future thinking was feasible and acceptable, and could be delivered with fidelity. Additionally, participants in the active condition experienced significant decreases in delay discounting, significant increases in considerations of future consequences, and increases in the presence of protective factors that may support longer-term recovery. Participants in the control condition did not experience changes in clinically-relevant outcomes. Results of this study provide preliminary support for the implementation potential and effectiveness of brief, peer-delivered intervention focused on improving decision-making during the reentry period.

The global prevalence of problematic use of the internet (PUI) has increased over time, particularly among youth. To enhance the efficacy of treatments and identify personalized intervention targets, it is important to classify subtypes based on differences in underlying mechanisms rather than solely on symptom severity. This study aimed to identify reliable subtypes of PUI among youth by examining three neurofunctional domains commonly implicated in addictive behaviors-reward processing, negative emotionality, and executive function - and to assess how the identified subtypes differed regarding clinical characteristics and resting-state functional connectivity. Data were drawn from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) study, comprising 484 children and adolescents (ages 6-21; 37.4% female), including 242 individuals with PUI and 242 matched controls. Latent profile analysis, along with sensitivity analyses, was conducted on phenotypic data reflecting the three addiction-related domains. The resulting subtypes were then evaluated for clinical characteristics and resting-state brain functional connectivity to consider their clinical and biological relevance. Three stable PUI subtypes were identified: a 'High approach with low executive function' subtype characterized by steeper delay discounting and poorer executive function, frequently co-occurring with learning disorders (n = 20); a 'Negative emotionality' subtype with elevated negative affect, frequently co-occurring with affective disorders (n = 37); an 'Emotional stress' subtype that only exhibited higher negative affect compared to matched controls and showed no marked dysfunction across other domains (n = 185). Furthermore, each subtype demonstrated distinct patterns of resting-state functional connectivity. The findings provide empirical evidence that youth with PUI are heterogeneous across three core neurofunctional domains, offering insights for the development of more tailored, subtype-specific interventions.

Sunburns, Tanning, and Social Media: A Descriptive Study Among Spanish University Students.

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors (STB) frequently co-occur. Their association could be explained by a causal pathway and/or a shared liability related to mechanisms involved in aberrant decision-making. These pathways of risk remain to be tested and characterized. We introduce here the Cognition, Alcohol, Genes, and Environment (CAGE) study, a data collection project aiming to combine neurocognitive (cognitive and affective processes related to decision-making) and genetic data to study mechanisms contributing to the comorbidity of AUD and STB in persons recruited for a lifetime history of severe AUD. In this report, we conducted an interim analysis with the first 1,267 participants (68% females) to explore their alcohol use and the associations among AUD, STB, and neurocognitive mechanisms using correlation and regression analyses. The average alcohol consumption in the sample was high (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test [AUDIT] total score = 9.55 [SD = 8.16]), though some participants reported alcohol abstinence (N = 230). The prevalence of STB-related items was elevated relative to previously published population-based estimates, from ~65% reporting thoughts of death to ~24% reporting a prior suicide attempt. We investigated the roles of neurocognitive variables and found that alcohol problems (AUDIT-P) were associated with inhibition and delay discounting, while the co-occurrence of AUD and suicide attempt was related to inhibition and shifting abilities. These preliminary findings open research avenues to study the mechanisms related to the co-occurrence of AUD and STB, with the hope of reducing STB risk in this population.

A persistent challenge in implementation science is the gap between the pace and priorities of academic research and the needs of decision-makers. While traditional research emphasizes methodological rigor, policymakers often require timely, relevant, and stakeholder-engaged evidence to inform decisions. We conducted a real-time discrete choice experiment (DCE) with participants at an implementation science conference in Washington, D.C. during a 75-minute session on rapid implementation science. At the midpoint of the panel, the audience were invited to participate in a 10-minute DCE based on a vignette describing a hypothetical study on implementing a new vaccine facing public hesitancy. Choice sets included six attributes: rapidity of study, study design, primary outcome, level of community engagement, leadership, and costs. We used a mixed logit model to analyze preferences in real time and presented results back to the audience at the end of the session. Ninety-four participants completed the DCE; all reported working in research and 83% reported working in program implementation. Respondents placed high value on timing of results, with strong preferences for receiving results in 6 months compared 12 months (β=-1.1, 95% CI: - 1.6- - 0.6; p < 0.001) and 18 months (β=-1.7,-2.3- - 1.0; p < 0.001). Participants preferred the primary outcome to be vaccine uptake rather than vaccine acceptability (β = 1.7, 1.1-2.2; p < 0.001) and the study to be community-engaged rather than expert-led (β = 1.6, 1.0-2.2; p < 0.001). We found no preference for randomization compared to before and after (p = 0.88), nor leadership by the ministry of health versus academic institutions (p = 0.12). Respondents were willing to wait 11.3 (95% CI 7.0-15.5) additional months for a program developed with engaged stakeholders compared to expert-driven (p < 0.001) and 11.9 months (95% CI 8.1-15.8) for results on vaccine uptake rather than acceptability (p < 0.001). This real-time DCE demonstrated that with adequate preparation, it is feasible-to generate robust, interpretable, and actionable results within an hour. Findings challenge the assumption that randomization is the highest priority in research design, highlighting instead the importance of outcome and community engagement. By aligning more closely with the values of decision-makers, rapid science approaches such as real-time DCEs may help bridge the research-policy gap.

Dopamine D4 receptors (D4Rs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), yet their precise role and therapeutic relevance remain underexplored. Highly selective D4R compounds may provide a valuable tool to elucidate D4R function and assess their potential as non-stimulant ADHD treatments. This study examined the behavioral effects of two novel D4R drugs, namely, FMJ-01-38 (high-efficacy partial agonist) and FMJ-01-54 (full antagonist) in adolescent spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NCrl), a validated ADHD animal model, and Wistar (control) rats. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of FMJ-01-38 or FMJ-01-54 (5-10mg/kg), or vehicle prior to behavioral assays assessing locomotor activity (open field tests), recognition memory (novel object preference test), spatial working memory (Y-maze test), and impulsivity (delay discounting task). FMJ-01-38 dose-dependently reduced locomotor hyperactivity and improved spontaneous alternation in SHR/NCrl; at 5mg/kg, it also enhanced novel object preference and reduced impulsive choice and action, indicating attenuation of ADHD-like behaviors and improved cognitive function. FMJ-01-54 produced similar improvements in Y-maze and novel-object performance without altering locomotor activity or impulsivity of SHR/NCrl, suggesting selective cognitive improvement. In Wistar rats, FMJ-01-38 increased novel object preference only at the 5mg/kg dose, while FMJ-01-54 treatment did not produce any significant behavioral effects. These findings demonstrate that D4R modulation, through either partial agonism or antagonism, differentially ameliorates ADHD-related behaviors and improves cognitive performance. Both FMJ-01-38 and FMJ-01-54 produced minimal effects in control animals, suggesting pathology-specific efficacy and highlighting D4R ligands as promising non-stimulant therapeutic candidates for ADHD.

IntroductionHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine prevents over 90% of cervical cancers. In October 2023, Nigeria launched a free HPV vaccination campaign targeting girls aged 9–14 years. Despite removing cost barriers, misinformation about fertility impacts and population control contributed to variable uptake across states. Understanding caregiver decision-making is crucial for improving coverage. This study aimed to explore factors influencing caregivers’ HPV vaccination decisions during Nigeria’s 2023 campaign in Ilorin East Local Government Area, Kwara State.MethodsA qualitative study using focus group discussions (FGDs) was conducted using purposive and snowball sampling. We recruited 41 caregivers (mean age 47 years; 71% female) of eligible girls from urban and rural communities. Five FGDs were conducted: four with vaccine acceptors (n = 35) and one with decliners (n = 6). Discussions were conducted in Yoruba, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from two institutional review boards.ResultsFour themes emerged from the analysis. Trust operated at multiple levels: institutional (government programmes), interpersonal (healthcare worker competence), and community (religious/traditional leader endorsement). Historical medical mistrust, intensified by COVID-19 experiences, may have manifested as fertility and population control fears. Personal cancer experiences strongly motivated acceptance, whilst concerns about childhood sexuality influenced timing preferences. Despite free provision, barriers included geographic inequities (remote Fulani-Hausa communities were excluded), language barriers (no Hausa translators), school-based delivery gaps, and indirect costs (transport, time). Caregivers recommended house-to-house campaigns, multilingual services, traditional leader engagement, and permanent vaccination centres.ConclusionFree vaccine provision is necessary but not sufficient to ensure uptake. Successful HPV vaccination requires rebuilding trust through community engagement, addressing historical medical exploitation concerns, and ensuring equitable access. Integrating these findings into Nigeria’s National Programme on Immunisation could improve coverage from current estimates of 54% to targeted 90%, protecting more girls from cervical cancer whilst respecting community values.

Aims This study examined physical activity levels, video gaming habits, and interest in using exergames among adolescents with probable developmental coordination disorder (p-DCD). It also explored relationships between physical activity, sedentary video gaming time, and preferences between sedentary video games and exergames. Methods 103 adolescents with p-DCD (17 girls, 86 boys; M = 12.48 years, SD = 1.25) from the Netherlands (n = 61) and Czech Republic (n = 42) completed a questionnaire. Results 58.3% of participants reported low physical activity. On weekdays, 46.5% sat for 4–8 h; on weekends, 37.3% sat for 8–12 h. Motivations for sedentary video gaming included entertainment and social interaction. On weekdays, 39.8% played sedentary video games for 1–2 h; on weekends, 43.7% played for 3–5 h. While 43.7% believed exergames could increase their activity, 52.9% preferred sedentary video games. No significant relationship was found between physical activity levels and sedentary video gaming time or video game type preferences. Conclusion Participants reported high sedentary behavior and sedentary video gaming engagement. Although many expressed interest in exergames, sedentary video games were preferred, suggesting the need to enhance exergames’ entertainment value. Game choice may be influenced more by appeal and engagement than by physical activity levels.

The effects of episodic future thinking interventions on cardiovascular health behaviors: A meta-analysis.

This paper introduces an advanced Internet of Things (IoT)-driven smart furniture system designed to dynamically adapt to individual users by integrating deep reinforcement learning with federated meta-learning. Personalization is formulated as a Markov decision process, enabling the system to make optimized, sequential adjustments tailored to each user's behavior. To estimate hidden ergonomic preferences in real time, an adaptive Kalman filter is applied, while a sparse autoencoder reduces raw sensor signals by 82 %, preserving key temporal features essential for accurate modeling. In a comprehensive user study involving 48 participants and more than 160,000 time-series sensor samples, the framework significantly reduced cumulative user dissatisfaction by 43 % and cut energy consumption by 21 %, compared with conventional rule-based control systems. Real-time adaptations occur with an average latency of 280 ms, and constraints for ergonomics are upheld in 95 % of use cases, confirming the system operates swiftly and safely. Federated learning (FL) enables privacy-preserving collaboration across distributed furniture units. Training converges to 87 % of global performance within 30 global iterations, without any raw data exchange, reinforcing both scalability and data privacy. These empirical results strongly support the framework's suitability for deployment in health-aware workspaces, smart homes, and eldercare environments, delivering a robust, responsive, and interpretable solution for enriching human-furniture interaction.

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo compare the feasibility, image quality, acquisition time, and evaluator preference of four smartphone‐based fundus imaging (SBFI) systems in dogs and cats using a handheld fundus camera as a reference device.Animals StudiedTwenty client‐owned animals, including 10 dogs and 10 cats.ProceduresFundus images were obtained from 40 eyes (20 mydriatic and 20 non‐mydriatic) using four SBFI systems (iExaminer Panoptic, NUN WFE‐02S, OQVet, and VistaView) and a handheld infrared fundus camera (Aurora). Image acquisition success and acquisition time were recorded for each device. Image quality was independently graded using a 10‐point Likert scale by a masked panel of 32 veterinary ophthalmologists. Evaluators also selected their preferred image among the four SBFI systems.ResultsImage acquisition was successful in all animals for all devices under both mydriatic and non‐mydriatic conditions (100%). Image quality differed significantly between devices. Among SBFI systems, OQVet achieved the highest median score (7; interquartile range [IQR] 6–8), followed by VistaView (6; IQR 5–8), NUN (5; IQR 4–7), and iExaminer (4; IQR 3–5). OQVet received approximately 50% of evaluator preference votes. The reference camera achieved the highest image quality in 77.5% of imaging sets but was outperformed by OQVet (15%) and VistaView (7.5%) in some examinations. Pupil dilation did not significantly influence image quality or acquisition time.ConclusionsSmartphone‐based fundus imaging enables reliable retinal imaging in dogs and cats and represents an accessible option for retinal documentation and screening in veterinary practice.

In Marxian terms, exploitation is not merely the existence of profits or surplus capture, but a structural relation in which wage-labor systematically produces a surplus appropriated by owners or controllers of productive assets. Yet in modern political economy, measured profits can arise from many channels—competition-compatible returns, rents generated by market power, transfers, and risk premia—that are not isomorphic to the Marxian concept. We lay out a number of contingent factors that govern when surplus capture from labor becomes exploitation in the Marxian sense. We provide: (1) a clean conceptual decomposition separating labor-generated surplus from rents and transfers; (2) sufficient conditions for Marxian exploitation as a class relation; (3) a catalog of contingent amplifiers (labor-market power, product-market power, state distortion, organizational control, financialization, and social reproduction); and (4) a dynamic, finite-horizon selection framework in which time preference and trust determine which labor contracts and institutional “protocols” can persist without direct state control. The resulting view is compatible with Marx’s core structural insight while treating exploitation intensity as an equilibrium outcome of slow-moving social and institutional parameters.