Degree Of Neutralization Research Articles

Chain dynamics and intermolecular association in dilute aqueous solutions of isotactic and atactic Poly(Methacrylic acid): Effect of NaCl concentration

Dynamic and static light scattering measurements were performed on isotactic and atactic forms of poly (methacrylic acid), iPMA and aPMA, respectively, in order to perform a wide survey of their molecular properties and chain dynamics in water as functions of tacticity, degree of neutralization, αN, and salt concentration, cs. The molecular parameters of PMA chains were analyzed at low αN and chain dynamics (diffusion coefficients and in this connection the polyelectrolyte slow mode behavior) at higher αN. The data revealed that both PMAs form microgel-like aggregates with a core-shell structure at low αN (= 0 and 0.25 for aPMA and iPMA, respectively). The distribution of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups within the aggregates and their compactness depended considerably on chain tacticity and for aPMA also on cs. Further, the effect of cs on the polyelectrolyte slow diffusion coefficient, Ds, of partly (0.25 ≤ αN < 1) or completely charged PMA polyions (αN = 1) was studied. In iPMA solutions, Ds was detected up to cs = 0.1 M, regardless of αN, whereas in aPMA solutions this cs value gradually decreased with decreasing αN. These differences were also related to tacticity and through that to rigidity of the studied forms of PMA. It is argued that the segregation of uncharged and charged carboxyl groups is operative over the entire αN region in iPMA solutions.

Degree of electric current neutralization and the activity in solar active regions

Abstract Using time-sequence vector magnetic field observation from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, we examined the connection of non-neutralized currents and the observed activity in 20 solar active regions (ARs). The net current in a given magnetic polarity is algebraic sum of direct current (DC) and return current (RC) and the ratio |DC/RC| is a measure of degree of net current neutralization (NCN). In the emerging ARs, the non-neutrality of these currents builds with the onset of flux emergence, following the relaxation to neutrality during the separation motion of bipolar regions. Accordingly, some emerging ARs are source regions of CMEs occurring at the time of higher level non-neutrality. ARs in the post-emergence phase can be CME productive provided they have interacting bipolar regions with converging and shearing motions. In these cases, the net current evolves with higher level (&amp;gt;1.3) of non-neutrality. Differently, the |DC/RC| in flaring and quiet ARs vary near unity. In all the AR samples, the |DC/RC| is higher for chiral current density than that for vertical current density. Owing to the fact that the non-neutralized currents arise in the vicinity of sheared polarity-inversion-lines (SPILs), the profiles of the total length of SPIL segments and the degree of NCN follow each other with a positive correlation. We find that the SPIL is localized as small segments in flaring-ARs, whereas it is long continuous in CME-producing ARs. These observations demonstrate the dividing line between the CMEs and flares with the difference being in global or local nature of magnetic shear in the AR that reflected in non-neutralized currents.

A method to multi-attribute decision making with picture fuzzy information based on Muirhead mean

The recently proposed picture fuzzy set (PFS) is a powerful tool for handling fuzziness and uncertainty. PFS is character-ized by a positive membership degree, a neutral membership degree, and a negative membership degree, making it more suitable and useful than the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) when dealing with multi-attribute decision making (MADM). The aim of this paper is to develop some aggregation operators for fusing picture fuzzy information. Considering the Muirhead mean (MM) is an aggregation technology which can consider the interrelationship among all aggregated ar-guments, we extend MM to picture fuzzy context and propose a family of picture fuzzy Muirhead mean operators. In addition, we investigate some properties and special cases of the proposed operators. Further, we develop a novel meth-od to MADM in which the attribute values take the form of picture fuzzy numbers (PFNs). Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the validity of the proposed method.

A Novel Description on Edge-Regular q-Rung Picture Fuzzy Graphs with Application

Picture fuzzy model is a generalized structure of intuitionistic fuzzy model in the sense that it not only assigns the membership and nonmembership values in the form of orthopair ( μ , ν ) to an element, but it assigns a triplet ( μ , η , ν ) , where η denotes the neutral degree and the difference π = 1 - ( μ + η + ν ) indicates the degree of refusal. The q-rung picture fuzzy set( q -RPFS) provides a wide formal mathematical sketch in which uncertain and vague conceptual phenomenon can be precisely and rigorously studied because of its distinctive quality of vast representation space of acceptable triplets. This paper discusses some properties including edge regularity, total edge regularity and perfect edge regularity of q-rung picture fuzzy graphs (q-RPFGs). The work introduces and investigates these properties for square q-RPFGs and q-RPF line graphs. Furthermore, this study characterizes how regularity and edge regularity of q-RPFGs structurally relate. In addition, it presents the concept of ego-networks to extract knowledge from large social networks under q-rung picture fuzzy environment with algorithm.

Effect of Multivalent Cations on Intermolecular Association of Isotactic and Atactic Poly(Methacrylic Acid) Chains in Aqueous Solutions.

The formation of nanoparticles of two poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) isomers, atactic (aPMA) and isotactic (iPMA), was investigated in aqueous solutions in the presence of mono- (Na+) and multivalent cations (Mg2+ and La3+). Using dynamic (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS), we show that PMA nanoparticles have characteristics of microgel-like particles with a denser core and a swollen corona. iPMA aggregates are stable at a much higher degree of neutralization (αN) than the aPMA ones, indicating a much stronger association between iPMA chains. This is explained by proposing segregation of ionized and unionized carboxyl groups within the iPMA aggregates and subsequent cooperative hydrogen-bonding between COOH groups. The calculated shape parameter (ρ) suggests different behavior of both isomers in the presence of Mg2+ ions on one hand and Na+ and La3+ on the other. The microgel-like particles formed in the presence of Mg2+ ions have a more even mass distribution (possibly a no core-shell structure) in comparison with those in the presence of Na+ and La3+ ions. Differences between the aggregate structures in the presence of different ions are reflected also in calorimetric experiments and supported by pH and fluorimetric measurements. Reasons for different behavior in the presence of Mg2+ ions lie in specific properties of this cation, in particular in its strong hydration and preference towards monodentate binding to carboxylate groups.

The whiteness of lighting and colour preference, Part 2: A meta-analysis of psychophysical data

In this work, the correlation between the perceived whiteness of lighting and the corresponding colour preference of observers was comprehensively investigated based on the data of 19 groups of experiments collected from 14 studies. The dataset included 13 experiments with constant correlated colour temperature and 6 experiments with multiple correlated colour temperatures, with illuminance levels ranging from 200 lx to 500 lx. For the five studies implemented by the authors, the subjective ratings of colour preference and the whiteness of lighting were acquired. For other cases, only the preference ratings were collected while the whiteness of lighting was quantified by a measure named degree of neutrality ( Sneutral), which has been validated in our previous work. The meta-analysis results confirm our former statement that people prefer whiter illumination and further specify its prerequisite. That is, the whiteness of lighting generally correlates well with colour preference under the conditions where the candidate lights differed to a certain extent in white. In addition, it was further demonstrated that for the scenarios with multiple correlated colour temperatures ranging from 2500 K to 5500 K people indeed preferred perceptually whiter light chromaticities, while for correlated colour temperatures higher than 5500 K it seemed that they appeared too cold to be preferred.

Стабілізація кислотно-лужного балансу слабокислих ґрунтів за біологізації вирощування буряків цукрових в умовах Лісостепу України

The purpose. To determine optimum dozes and ways of use of defecate which provide stabilization of acid-alkaline balance of grey forest sub-acidic soil and leached sub-acidic chernozem at biologization of cultivation of sugar beet in conditions of Right-bank and Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Physical-and-chemical, agrochemical analysis of soil and plants. Results. The most efficient for soil-absorbing complex of grey forest sub-acidic soil were 1,5 dose of CaCO3 on hydrolytic acidity (CaCO3 (9,0 t/hectare in physical weight) with the background of level-by-level entering of organic-mineral fertilizers. Thus it was achieved the maximal neutralization of acidity of soil: parameter pHsalt of soil solution has increased up to 7,2, hydrolytic acidity of soil lowered to 0,42 mg-eq/kg of soil with simultaneous increase of the sum of absorbed bases up to 25,7 mg-eq/kg of soil and degree of saturation with bases to 95,3%. At entering ameliorant under plowing on leached typical sub-acidic chernozem in 1,5 dose of CaCO3 (7,5 t / hectare in physical weight) they fixed increase of pHsalt up to 6,9, that corresponded to neutral degree of acidity of soil. At that dose of ameliorant hydrolytic acidity of soil dropped to 1,50 mg-eq/kg of soil with simultaneous increase of the sum of absorbed bases up to 28,5 mg-eq/kg of soil. Content of mobile links of calcium (CaO) increased up to 175 mg-eq/kg of soil with simultaneous increase of mobile magnesium (MgO) up to 24 mg-eq/kg of soil. Conclusions. Use of defecate on sub-acidic grey forest soil and leached sub-acidic typical chernozem at biologization of cultivation of sugar beet promotes stabilization of acid-alkaline balance of soils.

Polymer conformation in supramolecular complexes with wedge-shaped ligands: Exploring the impact of the liquid-crystalline organization

The chain conformation of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) complexed by 4-((4-((3,4,5-tris(dodecyloxy)benzoyl)oxy)phenyl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonic acid at different degrees of neutralization (DN) was addressed by small- and wide-angle neutron scattering technique. To get information on the conformation of P2VP chains spatially confined within lamellar and columnar mesophases at different DNs, the complexes were prepared from a blend of protonated and deuterated P2VP. The 2D scattering patterns of extruded fibers show that at low DN the complex self-organizes in a lamellar phase. The inertial mean distances in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis reveal the formation of compact disc-like globules of individual P2VP chains at DN = 25 and 33%. With the increase of DN the interaction between the neighboring side groups along the backbone increases. This results in formation of hexagonal columnar phase at DN = 50%, in which the P2VP macromolecules are confined within cylindrical channels forming most probably a disordered helical conformation. At DN = 1.0, the enhanced rigidity of the complex hinders the accommodation of the ligands at the interface with polymer chain. This results in appearance of non-bonded side groups in the columns giving rise to a poorly-ordered structure. In contrast to more rigid chains of poly(4-vinylpyridine), the transition from lamellar to columnar mesophase in P2VP occurs at lower DNs, indicating a significant role of the chain flexibility in the formation of ordered structures.

Preparation and Applications of Salt-Resistant Superabsorbent Poly (Acrylic Acid-Acrylamide/Fly Ash) Composite.

Solution polymerization synthesized alt-resistant superabsorbent poly (acrylic acid-acrylamide/fly ash) composites. The mass ratio of acrylic acid (AA) to acrylamide (AM), the concentration of crosslinker, the neutralization degree (ND) of AA, and the polymerization temperature were investigated by single-factor method. Optimized conditions for the synthesis of poly (acrylic acid-acrylamide/fly ash) (PAA-AM/FA) are, as following: m (AA)/m (AM) is 1.5, the content of crosslinker N, N-methylenebisacrylamide. (MBA) is 0.7%, neutralization degree of AA is 70%, polymerization temperature is 70 °C, and fly ash (FA) content is 50%. The prepared PAA-AM/FA demonstrated superior water absorption performance. The absorption capacities of PAA-AM/FA for pure water and 0.9% NaCl solution were found to be 976 g·g−1 and 81 g·g−1, respectively. Furthermore, PAA-AM/FA was found to have excellent adsorption capacity (148 mg·g−1) for Rhodamine B in water. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characterized the prepared materials. Results showed that fly ash was incorporated into the macromolecular polymer matrix and played a key role in improving the performance of the polymer composites.

Casein-poly(methacrylic acid) hybrid soft networks with easy tunable properties

The design of complex polymeric materials with predefined task-specific properties meets challenging issues: to establish synthesis-structure-properties relationship, as well as to understand the arrangement and interactions of the involved components. Hybrid networks of protein (casein) and polyelectrolyte (poly(methacrylic acid)) were synthesized and their swelling, dynamic-mechanical and morphological properties were investigated as functions of the neutralization degree of methacrylic acid and the concentrations of caseinate and crosslinker. The domination of different interactions between components led to diverse forms of casein macromolecules- from micelles to unfold chains. That resulted in very different structures and thereby properties of derived hybrid networks: from porous unswellable to highly swellable and reinforced ones. A great opportunity to easily modulate the final characteristics of the reported hybrid system to fit the need of specific application just through the change of one synthesis parameter was thereby demonstrated.

Self-photoinitiating water-diluted polyurethane acrylates and their UV-curing kinetics

In order to find a novel solution to eliminate the photolysis residues and migration problems of organic photoinitiators, a new kind of self-photoinitiating oligomers of water-diluted polyurethane acrylate (WPUA) was synthesized. The UV-curable WPUAs were synthesized with toluene diisocyanate, polyether diols, 2, 2-dimethylol propionic acid, hydroxyl propyl acrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, and triethylamine. The UV-curable WPUAs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimeter, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. Effects of different neutralizers, neutralization degrees, hydroxyl acrylates, double bond contents, soft and hard segment ratios on UV-curing degrees and properties of UV-cured films were investigated. The real time UV-vis spectra during the UV-curing process were measured. The UV-curing kinetics of WPUA at low concentrations were conformed to be zero order reactions. The results showed that the UV-cured films had the best performance when triethylamine was used as the neutralizing agent, the neutralization degree was 100%, the initiation molar ratio of -OH and -NCO was 5, and the molar ratio of pentaerythritol triacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was 3:2. A novel self-photoinitiating mechanism with neutralized triethylamine in WPUA was proposed. Thus, the novel self-photoinitiating WPUAs were proved to be effective and sufficient to use in UV-curing coatings.

Synthesis of a starch–acrylic acid–chitosan copolymer as flocculant for dye removal

ABSTRACTFlocculants prepared with modified natural polymers have recently attracted extensive attention in the field of water treatment. In this work, acrylic acid was successfully grafted onto the backbones of starch and chitosan by free radical polymerization. The synthesis parameters of initiator concentration, reaction temperature, and neutralization degree of acrylic acid were optimized as 0.4 wt %, 50 °C, and 70%, respectively, according to the flocculation performance. The ternary copolymer starch–acrylic acid–chitosan (SAAC) could completely remove Acid Blue 113 from 100 mg/L of simulated wastewater (color removal efficiency 99.7%) at the flocculant dosage of 100 mg/L. The SAAC also had effective flocculation capability in a wide range of flocculant dosages and pH values of wastewater. The ternary copolymer based on two natural polymers has enormous potential as flocculant with its advantages of low price, ecofriendliness, and high performance. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47437.

Communication—Introduction of Polyurethane-Polyacrylic Acid as a Binder for Electrochemical Activation of Expanded Mesocarbon Microbeads in Organic Supercapacitors

The electrochemical activation is a common technique enhancing the capacitive performances of carbons in high-voltage supercapacitors while volume expansion during the activation process often makes the active materials detachment, dropping the capacitance. In this work, the KOH-neutralized polyurethane-crosslinked-polyacrylic acid (PUPAH10-xKx) polymers are proposed to replace the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder for expanded mesocarbon microbead (EMCMB) electrodes to buffer the volume expansion. The effects of binder rheology, morphology and neutralization degree on the capacitive performance of EMCMB are investigated. Introducing PUPAH6K4 with moderate viscoelasticity to EMCMB forms an expansion-buffering electrode and promotes the electrochemical activation process.

Reversal of Factor Xa Inhibitors by Andexanet Alfa May Increase Thrombogenesis Compared to Pretreatment Values

Recombinant coagulation factor Xa (FXa), inactivated Zh-zo, also known as andexanet alfa (AA), is a modified version of human FXa that has been developed to neutralize FXa inhibitors. We studied the reversal effect of AA for these inhibitors in various anticoagulant and thrombin generation (TG) assays. Individual aliquots of normal human plasma containing 1 µg/mL of apixaban, betrixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, were supplemented with saline or AA at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Clotting profiles include prothrombinase-induced clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time. Factor Xa activity was measured using an amidolytic method. Thrombin generation was measured using a calibrated automated thrombogram. Differential neutralization of all 4 anticoagulants was noted in the activated clotting time and other clotting tests. The FXa activity reversal profile varied with an observed decrease in apixaban (22%), betrixaban (56%), edoxaban (28%), and rivaroxaban (49%). Andexanet alfa also led to an increased TG in comparison to saline. The peak thrombin was higher (40%), area under the curve (AUC) increased (15%), whereas the lag time (LT) decreased (17%). Andexanet alfa added at 100 µg/mL to various FXa supplemented systems resulted in reversal of the inhibitory effects, restoring the TG profile; AUC, LT, and peak thrombin levels were comparable to those of unsupplemented samples. Andexanet alfa is capable of reversing anti-Xa activity of different oral FXa inhibitors but overshoots thrombogenesis in both the saline and FXa inhibitor supplemented systems. The degree of neutralization of Xa inhibitor is specific to each agent.

Responses of Secondary Inorganic PM2.5 to Precursor Gases in an Ammonia Abundant Area In North Carolina

ABSTRACT Secondary inorganic fine particulate matter (iPM2.5) constitutes a significant amount of the atmospheric PM2.5. The formation of secondary iPM2.5 is characterized by thermodynamic equilibrium gas-particle partitioning of gaseous ammonia (NH3) and aerosol ammonium (NH4+). To develop effective strategies for controlling atmospheric PM2.5, it is essential to understand the responses of secondary iPM2.5 to different precursor gases. In southeastern North Carolina, the amount of NH3 is in excess to fully neutralize acidic gases (i.e., NH3-rich conditions). NH3-rich conditions are mainly attributed to the significant NH3 emissions in the region, especially from the large amounts of animal feeding operation (AFO). To gain a better understanding of the impact of NH3 on the formation of secondary iPM2.5 in this area, the responses of iPM2.5 to precursor gases under different ambient conditions were investigated based upon three-year monitoring data of the chemical components in iPM2.5, gaseous pollutants, and meteorological conditions. The gas ratio (GR) was used to assess the degree of neutralization via NH3, and ISORROPIA II model simulation was used to examine the responses of iPM2.5 to changes in the total NH3, the total sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and the total nitric acid (HNO3). It was discovered that under different ambient temperature and humidity conditions, the responses of iPM2.5 to precursor gases vary. In general, iPM2.5 responds nonlinearly to the total NH3 but linearly to the total H2SO4 and the total HNO3. In NH3-rich regions, iPM2.5 is not sensitive to changes in the total NH3, but it is very sensitive to changes in the total H2SO4 and/or the total HNO3. Reducing the total H2SO4, as opposed to the total HNO3 or the total NH3, leads to a significant reduction in iPM2.5 and is thus a more effective strategy for decreasing the concentration of iPM2.5. This research provides insight into controlling and regulating PM2.5 in NH3-rich regions.

Ресурсосберегающая технология обезвреживания фенолсодержащих промышленных сточных вод

We have developed a resource-saving, low-waste technology for the disposal of highly toxic phenol-containing wastewater that enables to utilize phenol and formaldehyde as an organic binder. The technology involves the use of technogenic raw materials («overresin» water from the production of phenol-formaldehyde resins, soft wood waste, waste from the production and processing of laminated plastics) and processes of regeneration, recovery and conversion of phenol. The optimal technological parameters of phenol sorption on wood sorbent and secondary poly/condensation were experimentally established. This in turn provides a high degree of neutralization and extraction of resin-forming components from wastewater and subsequent production wood-polymer thermoplastic structural composite and sodium phenolate on their basis.

Bacterial cellulose based superabsorbent production: A promising example for high value-added utilization of clay and biology resources

Superabsorbent was synthesized from bacterial cellulose (BC) generated by in situ fermentation on bentonite inorganic gel (BIG). For BIG preparation, the effect of sodium agent’s type and content, temperature and time of sodium-modification, and gelling agent’s type and content on the viscosity of BIG were learned to optimize the synthesis process. For polymerization, the effect of different factors including ratio of monomer to substrate (modified BC from in situ fermentation), content of initiator and crosslinker, monomer neutralization degree, reaction temperature and time on the performance of composite (superabsorbent) synthesized were analyzed. Under optimal condition, the composite showed good water absorption, salts absorption, and water retention capacity. The original bentonite, sodium-based bentonite, BIG and composite structure was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the characterization partly explained the performance of water absorption and thermal stability of the composite. Overall, this study provides one method for superabsorbent synthesis from low-cost and natural resources.

Identification of BVDV2b and 2c subgenotypes in the United States: Genetic and antigenic characterization

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a ubiquitous pathogen of cattle, causes subclinical to severe acute disease. Two species of BVDV are recognized, BVDV1 and BVDV2 with BVDV1 divided into at least 21 subgenotypes and BVDV2 into 3–4 subgenotypes, most commonly using sequences from the 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR). We report genomic sequencing of 8 BVDV2 isolates that did not segregate into the 2a subgenotype; but represented two additional BVDV2 subgenotypes. One BVDV2 subgenotype was previously recognized only in Asia. The other seven viruses fell into a second subgenotype that was first reported in Brazil and the U.S. in 2002. Neutralization assays using antiserum raised against vaccine strain BVDV2a 296c revealed varying degrees of neutralization of genetically diverse BVDV2 isolates. Neutralization titers decreased from 1.8 to more than a four log(2) decrease. This study illustrated the considerable genetic and antigenic diversity in BVDV2 circulating in the U.S.

Preparation and properties of hydroxyl‐terminated cationic waterborne polyurethanes for cathodic electrodeposition coatings

AbstractHydroxyl‐terminated cationic waterborne polyurethanes (HCWPUs) were synthesized using N‐methyldiethanolamine (N‐MDEA) as internal emulsifier and mixed with cross‐linker of nonionic waterborne blocked polyisocyanate (NWBI) to prepare cathodic electrodeposition (CED) coatings. The effects of N‐MDEA content, NCO/OH molar ratio, neutralization degree, and NWBI content on the performance of HCWPUs emulsion and relevant CED coatings were investigated. The results showed that 7.5 wt.% of N‐MDEA content, 0.9/1 of NCO/OH molar ratio, and 100% of neutralization degree were the optimal experimental parameter for synthesizing excellent performance HCWPUs. Incorporation of nonionic waterborne blocked isocyanate could significantly promote the hardness, adhesion, and solvent resistance of CED coatings without influencing the emulsion stability and coatings thermostability.

Dynamics of Sodium Ions and Water in Swollen Superabsorbent Hydrogels as Studied by 23Na‐ and 1H‐NMR

AbstractDynamics of sodium ions and water in swollen superabsorbent polymer (SAP) hydrogels are studied by 23Na‐ and 1H‐NMR, respectively. The apparent diffusion coefficients of water in swollen SAPs, probed by 1H pulsed field gradient NMR, decreases with increasing diffusion time. The degree of hindrance depends on structural and synthesis parameters. It is quantified within a tortuosity model. Based on the results, the swelling degree has the highest impact on the ion mobility, apart from synthesis parameters leading to different levels of physical and chemical crosslinks. 23Na‐NMR relaxation and diffusion reveal the 23Na+ mobility in swollen SAPs. A higher degree of neutralization leads to faster relaxation and to a smaller apparent diffusion coefficient. Surface crosslinking restricts water mobility, but has a smaller impact on the dynamics of sodium ions. The experimental results indicate an influence of SAP structure on the dynamics of ions and water molecules.