Degree Of Saturation Research Articles

Effect of apparent pore-fluid compressibility and degree of saturation with atmospheric pressure on wave-induced transient pore pressure response

Abstract Improvement of concrete pavements in cold regions is a major issue as durability is impacted by frost action and freeze-thaw cycles. In this study, thermal responsive composites were developed to improve freeze-thaw durability of concrete via incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) using two methods: (i) inclusion of PCM in porous network of lightweight aggregates, and (ii) micro-encapsulated PCM. The experimental program consisted of: (i) evaluation of fresh properties of PCM incorporated concrete mixes, (ii) mechanical and water absorption properties assessment of hardened PCM-concrete mixes, and (iii) assessment of thermal performance of PCM concrete slabs at real-time outdoor and environmental simulated conditions. It was found that the inclusion of micro-encapsulated PCM in concrete during wet mixing forms agglomerates and degrades fresh properties, requiring higher volume fraction of cement paste and superplasticizers to achieve desirable flowability and air entrainment. Incorporation methods have a significant influence on strength and durability factors. An estimation using predictive model showed concrete that has PCM stored in lightweight aggregates as storage agents will take 53.68 ~ 61.45 years until it reaches critical degree of saturation, only if. Thermal assessment results of PCM concrete slabs in outdoor conditions and simulated environmental conditions demonstrated that lightweight aggregate infusion of PCM was more suitable for freeze-thaw resilience concrete infrastructure applications. At outdoor scale, PCM-infused concrete reduced the number of freeze-thaw cycles by an average of 39.62 % in comparison to reference concrete with no PCM during two cold seasons.

The Duta Berlian intersection near IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor experiences severe traffic congestion due to traffic volumes exceeding its capacity, high roadside friction, and the absence of traffic light. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the existing intersection and assess several improvement scenarios to improve intersection’s capacity and level of service (LOS). Traffic volume surveys were carried out using the Classified Turning Movement Counting (CTMC) method during morning and evening peak hours, followed by analysis of capacity, degree of saturation (DS), delay, and queue probability calculations. The 2023 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (PKJI 2023) and Ministry of Transportation Regulation No. 96/2015 were used as the analysis method and LOS classification. The analysis showed that the existing condition has DS of 1.08, average delay of 23.3 sec/PCU, queue probability of 93.23%, and LOS C. Four scenarios were tested: approach widening, conversion to a signalized intersection, application of a four-phase signal with right-turn separation, and addition of a left turn on red (LTOR) lane. The optimal scenario combined a minimum widening of 2 m with a four-phase signal and LTOR, reducing DS to 0.70, delay to 12–15 sec/PCU (LOS B), and potentially decreasing accident rates by 20–50%. In conclusion, conversion to a signalized intersection with geometric redesign and traffic flow management significantly improves intersection performance and is recommended to be equipped with yellow box junctions, markings, and signage as a medium-term solution. For a long-term solution, a grade-separated intersection is recommended.

Abstract This paper is concerned with reflection and refraction of an acoustic wave at the interface between a fluid and a partially saturated porous material filled by two immiscible fluids. The governing equations of the displacement potentials for wave propagation under the plane strain conditions are presented based on the Berryman-Thigpen-Chin model which predicts two compressional waves (the fast P1 and the slow P2 waves) as in the classical Biot's poroelastodynamics theory for fluid saturated porous media. The reflection and refraction coefficients of a harmonic acoustic wave incident on the surface of a partially saturated medium are determined. Numerical analyses are conducted for wave reflection and refraction at the surface of a soil of loamy sand texture to examine the effect of soil moisture on the wave behavior. The results show that for given incident frequency and angle, the reflection coefficient slightly increases with an increase in the degree of water saturation. At a given water saturation, the reflection coefficient decreases with an increase in the incident frequency. The refraction coefficients for the fast P1 and shear waves monotonically decrease with increasing water saturation. For the slow P2 wave, the refraction coefficient first increases slightly with an increase in water saturation, reaches a peak value, and then decreases rapidly when the water saturation approaches the critical value corresponding to the saturated water content.

ABSTRACT This study addresses the challenge of estimating traffic delays at unsignalized intersections under mixed traffic conditions. Service delay models are developed for the two least-priority movements at these junctions, namely through and right-turning movements from minor streets (considering left-hand drive conditions). Data from thirty-one unsignalized intersections across India, representing diverse configurations, are analysed. Key factors influencing delays in these movements are identified, including the degree of saturation, proportion of heavy vehicles in conflicting traffic, and crossing pedestrian volumes. Novel techniques such as Gene-Expression Programming (GEP) and Multi-Gene Genetic Programming (MGGP) are employed to develop the delay models. These models demonstrate high accuracy (coefficient of determination, R 2-values > 0.93), with MGGP marginally outperforming GEP. Sensitivity analyses reveal that delay mitigation primarily depends on the degree of saturation of the respective movements. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of delay dynamics at unsignalized intersections in mixed traffic conditions.

Elucidating the differential oxidation of proteins and lipids is crucial for targeted flavor modulation in thermally processed fish products. This study constructed a mixed thermo-oxidation model to investigate the effects of fatty acids with different degrees of saturation (stearic acid: SA, oleic acid: OA, linoleic acid: LA) and myofibrillar proteins (MPs) on the oxidation mechanism and flavor changes of fish oil. MPs inhibited key lipid flavor precursors and double-bond volatile compounds. Co-addition of MPs with SA or LA promoted specific lipid accumulation and generated (Z)-2-decenal or (E, E)-2,4-nonadienal, respectively. Fatty acids and MPs, as free radical donors, significantly reduced triacylglycerols and sphingolipids in mackerel oil, with unsaturated fatty acids showing greater degradation. Aldehydes and ketones decreased, while alcohols and esters increased, suggesting the further oxidation of secondary flavor compounds. This study elucidated the regulatory mechanisms of fatty acids and MPs on fish oil oxidation, providing insights into flavor control in thermal processing.

Abstract Loma Galena is the deposit with the highest Ag (6,410.8 t) and Pb (997,130 t) endowment in the world-class polymetallic Navidad district. Previous investigations show that Ag and other elements are hosted mainly by pyrite and marcasite but are invisible by conventional microscopy methods. By coupling laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) spot analysis with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) observations, we investigate the relationship between invisible Ag and associated elements in the sulfide hosts. Pyrite occurs as framboids and polyframboidal clusters, is massive, and occurs in association with marcasite, forming colloform aggregates. The size of framboids (>10 μm) suggests that their formation environment was suboxic. The dominance of colloform textures—composed by multiple and alternating micrometer-scale bands of fine-grained pyrite and coarser marcasite—indicates fluctuations in the pH and degree of saturation of the fluid during sulfide formation. This environment facilitated the incorporation of significant, albeit highly variable, trace element contents in the pyrite-marcasite bands, most importantly Pb, Ag, Mn, As, Zn, Co, Ni, Sb, Tl, and Cu, with minor Cd, Hg, Mo, Ge, and V. When the solid solubility limits for these elements in pyrite-marcasite were exceeded during sulfide growth from the hydrothermal fluid, micro- to nanosized mineral particles of key metals nucleated on the sulfide surfaces and were incorporated within the bulk sulfides. TEM data confirmed that Ag occurs as fine (<150 nm) Ag-bearing particles within the pyrite-marcasite bands. Distinctive Pb-rich and Cu-rich bands that texturally overprint the pyrite-marcasite suggest late-stage replacement processes. Rapid supersaturation during fluid mixing likely facilitated the incorporation of Ag and other metals both as micro- to nanoparticles and in solid solution within the sulfides. Our results help understand the trace element incorporation in pyrite and marcasite and may support strategies to improve Ag recovery across ore types.

Bekasi City is one of the hinterland areas of DKI Jakarta Province. As a result, residential land use causes a lot of traffic congestion, greatly affecting the level of service on Jalan Raya Pekayon as an adaptive traffic road. An increase in the number of vehicles, if not matched by an increase in road infrastructure, will result in congestion problems caused by the attraction of housing around Jalan Raya. This study aims to determine how Jalan Raya Pekayon's housing growth has affected the area's traffic issues. The coefficient of determination (R square) is 0.470, or 47%, based on the trip generation calculation and existing road section results. The result is Y Loan = 0.737 Y + 0.079 X1 + 0.013 X2 + 0.271 X3 + 0.124 X4. More and more travel movements generated from housing cause loading on the Pekayon Highway section. As a result, the degree of saturation on Monday in the afternoon peak hour reaches 0.75. With a 10-year projection, the degree of saturation in the section will reach 1.02 in 2033, which means that the section has exceeded the safe limit.

The rapid growth of motorized vehicles in Palembang City has significantly impacted traffic congestion, particularly at the U-Turn facility in front of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital (RSMH) on Jendral Sudirman Street. This study aims to analyze the performance of the U-Turn at this location through field surveys and secondary data analysis. Primary data include traffic volume, vehicle speed, queue length, and side friction, while secondary data were obtained from relevant institutions. The analysis results show that the degree of saturation (DS) reached 1.32 for the RSMH direction and 1.27 for the LIA direction, both exceeding the PKJI 2023 recommended limit (DS ≤ 1.0). The level of service (LOS) was classified as F, with the lowest average speed of12.11 km/h and a queue length of up to 78 meters during the Monday morning peak hour. The main factors contributing to the performance decline include high vehicle volumes, side friction from illegal parking and drop-off activities, and limited median width. These findings highlight the need for traffic management interventions such as controlling side friction, widening the median, or implementing signalized U-Turns to improve traffic flow efficiency.Keywords: traffic performance, U-Turn, degree of saturation, queue length, level of service

The high volume of vehicles on Jalan Kolonel Haji Burlian in Palembang causes congestion, particularly at conflict points facilitated by median openings. The presence of Superindo Sukarami, located at the median opening at KM 9 of Jalan Kolonel Haji Burlian, has created a new congestion problem on this road segment. This issue arises due to many Superindo Sukarami visitors parking their vehicles on the roadway, as well as visitors exiting the parking area and making an immediate U-turn. This study aims to analyze traffic volume, road capacity, level of service (LOS), and provide solutions to improve U-turn performance. The research was conducted through field surveys to collect primary data from both road directions, as well as secondary data collection, which were then analyzed based on the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (PKJI, 2023). The analysis results show that the highest traffic volume from the Fly Over Bandara – JM Sukarami direction was 1,943.3 pcu/hour, and from the JM Sukarami – Fly Over Bandara direction was 2,214.4 pcu/hour. The calculated road capacity was 2,924 pcu/hour, resulting in a degree of saturation of 0.66 (LOS C) from Fly Over Bandara – JM Sukarami and 0.76 (LOS D) from JM Sukarami – Fly Over Bandara. By implementing proper parking arrangements and traffic management, the road segment’s performance is expected to improve. Keywords : U-Turn, Traffic Performance, Capacity, Level of Servive (LOS)

Wireless sensor networks play a vital role in a wide range of modern applications, from environmental monitoring to industrial automation. A key challenge in maintaining the long-term functionality of these networks lies in effective energy management, where recharging sensors is often more practical and economical than frequent battery replacement. One critical aspect of this process is the optimal placement of chargers to ensure maximum sensor coverage while minimizing deployment costs. This paper presents a hybrid optimization framework that combines graph-theoretical concepts–specifically the Degree of Saturation approach–with the Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm to solve the charger placement problem in WSNs. The Degree of Saturation method identifies independent groups of sensors to reduce the number of chargers required, while Enhanced Grey Wolf Algorithm determines their optimal spatial positions to ensure efficient energy replenishment. Extensive simulations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over conventional techniques. Compared to wavelet-based approaches such as Haar (83%), Daubechies 2 (85%), Biorthogonal (86%), and Symlets 8 (85%), as well as evolutionary algorithms like Raindrop (87%) and Blackhole (91%), the proposed Enhanced Grey Wolf Optimization-based method achieves a significantly higher efficiency of 97%. These results highlight the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach for real-world Wireless sensor networks deployment.

Traffic congestion remains a major challenge in Indonesian cities, where limited enforcement capacity has led to the emergence of Volunteer Traffic Regulators (Supeltas) as community-based traffic managers. This study evaluates the impact of Supeltas on traffic performance at a U-turn on Jl. Soekarno Hatta, Pekanbaru City. A mixed-method approach combining qualitative observation and quantitative road performance analysis was employed, following the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI) and U-turn Planning Guidelines (PPPB). Traffic data were collected over two weeks under conditions with and without Supeltas. The results show that Supeltas increase vehicle volume at the U-turn (from 2,131 to 2,168 pcu/hour) but also reduce average speed (from 42 km/h to 37 km/h) and raise the degree of saturation from 0.36 to 0.49, shifting the Level of Service from B to C. These findings indicate that while Supeltas help manage driver behavior and encourage U-turn utilization, their presence also contributes to higher congestion levels due to inconsistent manual signaling. Improved Supeltas training and dedicated U-turn lanes are recommended to enhance operational efficiency and safety.

Increase in the rate of generation of household waste (i.e Municipal Solid waste, MSW) in Nigeria necessitated the growing demand for a safe way to dispose MSW. When MSW comes in contact with water, it generates leachates, a poisonous fluid, that are harmful to humans. The use of landfill system for disposal of MSW has been a good approach for waste disposal. This study evaluated the effect of some hydraulic conductivity (H) parameters (i.e void ratio, degree of saturation and microbial suspension) and permeating fluids on the interaction of lateritic soil subjected to varying steps of treatments with Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) and subject to leachate environment for landfill application. Soil was mixed with 0 to 2.4 × 109 cells/ml of B. coagulans. After mixing and compaction, Calcium solution was introduced by gravity on the compacted soil samples and were permeated to percolate to a point of partial saturation. After application of Calcium solution, compacted samples were saturated in water for 24 to 48 hours up until fully saturated, thereafter subjected to H test using water as well as leachate as permeating fluids for a period of 91 days. Results show that void ratio values varied in the ranges 0.550-0.471 and 0.481- 0.485 for specimens where water and leachate were used as permeation fluids. Degree of saturation varied meaningfully with permeation fluids. H values varied in the ranges 1.51 x 10-9 -1.71 x 10-9 m/s and 6.84 x 10-10 - 8.27 x 10-10 m/s for specimens where water and leachates were used as permeation fluids. Soil-leachate interaction study and micro structural investigations revealed that the modified soil is well-matched with leachate and met the regulatory H value of 1.0 × 10-9 m/s for used in landfill applications.

Abstract Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a nonconservative tracer of interactions at the air–sea interface, respiration and photosynthesis, and advection. In this manuscript, we study extremes in the degree of oxygen saturation (SO), the ratio of DO to the maximum concentration given the water’s temperature, salinity, and depth with SO = 1 critically saturated. We perform the analysis with the California Underwater Glider Network (CUGN), which operates gliders on four lines that extend from the California coast to several hundred kilometers offshore, profiling to 500-m depth every 3 km. Since ∼2017, the gliders have been equipped with a Sea-Bird 63 optode sensor to measure the DO content. We find that parcels with SO > 1.1, hyperoxic extrema, occur primarily nearshore in the upper 50 m of the water column and during nonwinter months. Along Line 90 which originates in San Diego, these hyperoxic events occur primarily in stratified waters with shallow mixed layers. We hypothesize that photosynthesis elevates DO in subsurface water that cannot rapidly ventilate with the surface. Along the three other lines, hyperoxic extrema occur almost exclusively closest to the surface and are correlated with elevated Chl-a fluorescence suggesting they are primarily driven by blooms of photosynthesis. We also examine hypoxic extrema, finding that parcels with SO < 0.9 and z < 50 m occur most frequently along the northernmost line where upwelling has the greatest impact.

Effect of degree of saturation on the electrical conductivity of soils: role of surface conduction

The development of urban traffic in the city of Cirebon poses challenges to the performance of signalized intersections, particularly at the Gunung Sari intersection, which connects four main corridors: Jl. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jl. Wahidin, Jl. Tuparev, and Jl. Kartini. This study aims to evaluate the existing performance of the intersection using a manual approach based on the 2023 Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI) and microscopic modeling with PTV VISSIM software. The survey was conducted by recording traffic volume for 5 days between 06:00 and 18:00 WIB, with peak conditions occurring on Saturday between 13:00 and 14:00 WIB at 8,082 vehicles/hour. The traffic composition was dominated by motorcycles (59.54%) and passenger cars (39.03%). The results of the 2023 PKJI analysis showed that all intersection arms in the existing condition were at service level F with an average delay of 92.24–98.24 seconds and a queue length of 76.63–204.84 meters. The 10-year projection shows an increase in the degree of saturation to >1.80 with the highest delay on the Kartini arm of 436.33 seconds. Validation of the VISSIM model using the GEH test produced a value of <5 with a conformity level above 95%, so the model is reliable. The simulation results show that Scenario 1 (simplifying the cycle to 3 phases by combining Wahidin and Cipto) is the most effective alternative because it can reduce the average delay and queue length evenly compared to other scenarios. This study emphasizes the importance of periodic evaluation and the application of simulation-based scenarios in supporting urban traffic management.

One of the disturbances to road performance that can cause traffic flow conflicts is the entry and exit of vehicles on the roadway, vehicles stopping and parking, as well as vehicles decelerating. The main objective of this study is to determine the extent to which side friction affects the performance of the Boulevard lane. Observations were conducted on Saturday, Sunday, and Monday. Data collection was carried out through direct field observation to obtain data on side friction, traffic flow, and the average vehicle speed, with a 15-minute interval. The data were then analyzed using the PKJI 2014 method. After going through several stages of data analysis, it can be concluded that traffic flow has the highest correlation value (R²), with vehicle entry and exit on the roadway showing a value of 0.5122. Meanwhile, the relationship between side friction and the degree of saturation has a correlation (R²) of 0.947. The results of the analysis indicate that 94.7% of the changes in side friction significantly affect the degree of saturation.

The project area in RDMP RU V Balikpapan includes a T-junction at Gate 3, which is an un-signalized intersection frequently experiencing traffic congestion due to project worker activities and area traffic. This congestion reduces vehicle speeds and impacts road performance, especially at the un-signalized intersection on Yos Sudarso Street, Gate 3. This study aims to identify congestion causes and assess the level of service (LOS) at this T-junction within the RDMP RU V Balikpapan area. Data analysis and intersection performance calculations follow the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2014). Observational surveys were conducted over three days: Saturday (October 26, 2024), Monday (October 28, 2024), and Tuesday (October 29, 2024), with data collected every 15 minutes over 12 hours. Results show the highest peak flow occurred on Monday, October 28, 2024, during the evening peak hour (17:30–17:45), with a traffic volume of 1,354.9 passenger car units (PCU) per hour. The capacity (c) of the un-signalized T-junction at Gate 3 is 2,637.5 PCU per hour, with a Degree of Saturation (DS) of 0.5. This corresponds to LOS category C, indicating stable but not free-flowing traffic. The intersection delay (DT) averages 5.8 seconds per vehicle. Queue probability is low, with an upper bound at 0.247% and a lower bound at 0.0065%, indicating manageable congestion levels at this intersection.

Zein-based oleogels: Oil type impact on functionality in plant-based fat alternatives in 3D printing.

Electrical evaluation of cement-based materials: Critical degree of saturation for freeze-thaw damage and unsaturated conductivity model