Degradation Of Tetracycline Antibiotics Research Articles

Activities of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3@C core-shell composites in piezo-photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic

The Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 and Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3@C core-shell catalysts were synthesized successfully using the solvothermal method. A few of Ti4+ was reduced to Ti3+ with the help of glucose in the solvothermal process, which results in the formation of oxygen vacancies in the NBT@C catalysts. Meanwhile, the excessive glucose was carbonized, which accumulated on the surface of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 and formed Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3@C core-shell composites. The phase, microstructure, optical and piezoelectric properties, as well as the catalytic activities of the synthesized catalysts were characterized. The Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3@C core-shell composites show higher photocatalytic activity that of pure Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 on account of more visible light absorbance. And the piezo-photocatalytic activities to tetracycline of the synthesized catalysts are highest due to the synergetic effects of photocatalysis and piezocatalysis.

Enhanced photocatalysis activity of Co0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4/rGO nanocomposites for tetracycline antibiotic degradation

This study investigated cobalt-magnesium ferrite (Co0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as a dominant photocatalyst for the photo-degradation of tetracycline. Co0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4/rGO nanocomposite degraded 93 % of the tetracycline (TC-HCL) after 120 min of visible radiation, which can be attributed to the improved adsorption capacity and the significantly better transfer and separation of photoexcited (e-h+) pairs.Additionally, the Co0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4/rGO nanocomposite had higher stability and recyclability. Based on observed intermediates, possible processes of tetracycline degradation were proposed, where the •OH and •O2- played a major part. Photodegradation of TC-HCL was also provided using the LC-MS approach. The Co0.5Mg0.5Fe2O4/rGO nanocomposite was found to have a new potential for enhanced photocatalytic performance, making it a suitable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.

Synthesis of ZnO/NiO/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Antibiotic

In this study, an approach was utilized to improve the photocatalytic efficacy of g-C3N4 by creating a composite photocatalyst through co-precipitation. This process involved incorporating NiO and ZnO into the structure, resulting in enhanced photocatalytic activity. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showcases interesting aggregation behavior, revealing extensive arrays of ZnO/NiO/g-C3N4 particles. Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) confirms the composite's strong light absorption, especially in the visible spectrum. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis provides conclusive evidence of successful material synthesis. The degradation of tetracycline antibiotics under visible light exposure demonstrates an impressive photochemical degradation efficiency of 78.43%. Additionally, the composite exhibits impressive cycles of reuse, retaining its high photocatalytic activity even after four reaction cycles. This performance surpasses that of comparison samples. The synergistic integration of NiO and g-C3N4 within ZnO proves to be crucial in enhancing photocatalytic activity by enhancing electron-hole separation and mitigating recombination processes. This composite photocatalyst shows a wide potential for efficiently eliminating tetracycline antibiotics from water systems. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Novel Z-scheme Nb2O5/C3N5 photocatalyst for boosted degradation of tetracycline antibiotics by visible light-assisted activation of persulfate system

Photocatalytic-assisted activation of persulfate (PDS) is regarded as a promising method for the rapid and efficient degradation of refractory pollutants in the water environment. In this study, a novel Nb2O5/C3N5 (NOCN) p-n heterojunctions composite was created by loading n-type Nb2O5 onto p-type C3N5 via an in-situ facile one-step calcination method. The NOCN/PDS system exhibited excellent performance in degrading tetracycline (TC) antibiotics under visible light and had great cyclic stability. The degradation efficiency of the coupled system reached 95 %, surpassing the pure C3N5 and PDS systems by 3.5 times and 2.4 times, respectively. The degradation rate of target pollutants was improved by the coupled system with the photocatalytic activation of PDS. The photogenerated electrons (e-) in NOCN were able to activate PDS effectively, which facilitated the creation of more reactive species. The Photoluminescence (PL) and other photoelectrochemical data demonstrated that the interfacial charge separation and photoresponsivity were remarkably enhanced in the coupled system. According to Mott-Schooky and electron spin resonance (ESR) characterization, it was confirmed that the reaction mechanism was the Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism based on p-n heterojunctions in the NOCN/PDS system. In addition, LC-MS analyses, TOC monitoring and biotoxicity analyses detected that the target pollutants were degraded to weakly bio-toxic micromolecules. In conclusion, this work provides valuable insights into the application of visible light-activated PDS technology in the degradation of organic pollutants, highlighting its potential for practical implementation.

Hydrothermal synthesis of Z-scheme photocatalyst Zn2SnO4-g-C3N4 for efficient tetracycline antibiotic removal

Photocatalysis is a promising green technique to eliminate pollutants for environmental remediation so that the design of proficient photocatalyst stands on the cutting edge of material science. In this work, the visible light-responsive Zn2SnO4-g-C3N4 (ZSC) photocatalyst is synthesized using a simple one-step hydrothermal method without any surfactant. The physical and chemical characteristics of the synthesized composites are investigated. The ZSC composites demonstrate significant improvement in visible-light driven photocatalytic performance towards the degradation of tetracycline antibiotics. The formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction plays a crucial role in enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the composites. This work provides the design and preparation of direct Z-scheme photocatalysts using a simple hydrothermal method for environmental remediation.

Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of ZrO2/gCN composite by introducing nitrogen vacancies with H2 plasma treatment

The abuse of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) has caused serious environmental pollution problems in recent years due to excessive use of biomedicine, healthcare, animal husbandry and other fields. How to effectively remove TCs contaminants from water has been one of research emphasis on environment protection. In this work, we have successfully prepared a composite photocatalyst (P16-ZrO2/gCN) by physical mixing method and H2 plasma treatment at room temperature. The ZrO2 nanoparticles and H2 plasma treatment have synergetic effects on photocatalytic performance of gCN for degradation of TCs, and the highest degradation rate is achieved with 16 mins plasma treatment. According to BET, XPS and EPR results, more mesopores and nitrogen vacancies (NVs) are introduced by H2 plasma treatment. Furthermore, In-situ TRPL spectra illustrate that ZrO2 nanoparticles and H2 plasma treatment facilitate charge transfer process of catalysts. Overall, this work firstly reports utilizing ZrO2 nanoparticles/H2 plasma treatment together to boost photocatalytic performance of gCN and provides a low-cost approach for preparation of other photocatalysts.

Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics by RGO-CdTe composite with enhanced apparent quantum efficiency

RGO-CdTe composite was synthesized using a straightforward, easy-to-realize, one-pot solvothermal technique. The synthesized composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET), Raman spectra, UV-Vis absorption, and photoluminescence measurement. The RGO-CdTe composite exhibited 83.6% photocatalytic degradation efficiency for the aqueous tetracycline (TC) antibiotic solution and the apparent quantum yield (AQY) for the same was as high as 22.29% which is 2.63 times higher than that of CdTe. The scavenger investigation demonstrated that although hole acts as the leading active species, despite that, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals have also played crucial roles. The initial pH-dependent photocatalytic performance was measured. The zeta potential of the composite at different pH values was evaluated to establish the photocatalytic performance of the RGO-CdTe towards TC degradation at different pH. The recycling experiment depicts that only a 10% degradation performance declines after 5 times recycle use of the RGO-CdTe photocatalyst. An efficient photocurrent generation in RGO-CdTe thin film device has also been observed. Our study establishes as-synthesized composite of RGO-CdTe as a highly potential, and stable photocatalyst for the degradation of antibiotics from the polluted aqueous environment with a very good photoinduced charge generation efficiency in its solid phase.

Facile construction of Z-scheme g-C3N4/BiOI heterojunction for improving degradation of tetracycline antibiotics

Tubular g-C3N4 derived from melamine and trithiocyanuric acid was coupled with flower-like BiOI microspheres to form Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC). The structure, morphology, and optical properties of the prepared g-C3N4/BiOI were characterized. When the mass fractions of g-C3N4 in the composites was 5 wt%, g-C3N4/BiOI exhibited the highest removal efficiency of 84.2 % within 60 min. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4/BiOI could be ascribed to stronger absorption in the visible region and faster charge transfer rate. Trapping experiments revealed that h+ and ·O2− radicals were the main active species. Based on the band structure and trapping experiments, the Z-scheme pathway was proposed to clarify the photocatalytic mechanism.

Photo-Fenton degradation of tetracycline antibiotic over MIL-101(Cr)/FeOOH nanocomposite as stable and efficient visible light responsive photocatalyst.

Designing an inexpensive, easily synthesized, stable and efficient photocatalyst is a major challenge in photocatalysis area, especially when photo-reaction is performed in aquatic medium to degrade organic pollutants. To this aim, nano-sized MIL-101(Cr) (MIL = Materials Institute Lavoisier), as chemically tolerant metal-organic framework (MOF), was simply prepared via HF-free hydrothermal synthesis procedure. In order to decorate amorphous FeOOH quantum dots (QDs) on the surface of this MOF, various amounts of FeOOH QDs (i.e., 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) were synthesized in the presence of MIL-101(Cr) to prepare MIL-101(Cr)/FeOOH(x%) nanocomposites. Decoration of such iron oxide quantum dots on the surface of MIL-101(Cr) and investigation of its activity in photo-Fenton degradation of tetracycline (TC) antibiotic is reported here for the first time. Among the synthesized nanocomposites, MIL-101(Cr)/FeOOH(15%) demonstrated superior photo-Fenton activity in degradation of TC (80%) at short reaction time under optimum reaction condition using the energy-efficient white LED lamps as visible light source. It was observed that the synergy between any component of this photo-Fenton system such as nanocomposite, hydrogen peroxide and visible light is the main reason for enhancement of TC removal over time. Also, neither MIL-101(Cr) nor FeOOH QDs exhibited poor degradation efficiency, which implies the positive role of the coupling of these materials. Furthermore, the stability and recoverability of MIL-101(Cr)/FeOOH(15%) nanocomposite was investigated in four photo-Fenton cycles, which no significant decrease in TC degradation performance was observed.

Assessing the biodegradation efficiency and underlying molecular pathway of strain AEPI 0–0: A newly isolated tetracycline-degrading Serratia marcescens

With the development of aquaculture and animal husbandry, the use of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) has increased, thereby leading to negative impacts on naturally-occurring microbial communities. Microbial degradation is an effective and environmental friendly method to degrade TCs, but so far, very few cultured strains are suitable for this purpose. In this study, a bacterial strain, AEPI 0–0, with the potential to degrade TCs was isolated, with phylogenetic analysis subsequently classifying it as Serratia marcescens. The single factors that affected the strain’s degradation efficiency on TC-HCl were then studied using an orthogonal experimental design. The results showed that the biodegradation efficiency could reach about 85% on the 4th day, with the process following the degradation kinetic equation. Subsequently, RNA-seq was used and the differentially expressed genes（DEGs）were annotated and analyzed. The results showed that more genes were enriched in biological processes such as amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell membrane transport metabolism pathway. In addition, TetR family transcription factors may play an important role in the physiological process of AEPI 0–0 tolerance and degradation of tetracycline. In conclusion, a Serratia marcescens strain with high potential for TCs degradation was obtained, with the conditions for maximum degradation efficiency subsequently optimized, changes in the metabolic pathways were also preliminarily discussed. This strain could potentially be applied for the bioremediation of soil and water contaminated by TCs antibiotics. At the same time, this study also provides strains as well as theoretical support for microbial-based remediation of the environment.

Plant tannin foam anchored iron nanoparticles: Efficient and recyclable degradation of tetracycline antibiotics under high salt conditions

The degradation of antibiotics in industrial wastewater with high salt concentrations is a critical challenge for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. We developed a salt-tolerant catalyst by anchoring FeNPs in an amphiphilic tannin foam, enabling high-performance catalytic degradation of tetracycline in high salt concentrations. The high-salt tolerant catalyst effectively stabilized and dispersed FeNPs due to abundant polyphenol hydroxyls and the steric hindrance of the aromatic backbone. The amphiphilic nature of the tannin foam facilitated the effective adsorption of tetracycline, even under high salt condition of 1.0 mol/L NaCl. The salt-tolerant catalyst was effective for tetracycline, chlorotetracycline, and minocycline degradation, with significantly alleviated toxicity observed in degradation intermediates. The catalyst was highly recyclable, with a 6th cycle removal rate of 86.3%.

A nonradical oxidation process initiated by Ti-peroxo complex showed high specificity toward the degradation of tetracycline antibiotics

Nonradical oxidation has received wide attention in advanced oxidation processes for environmental remediation. Understanding the relationship between material characteristics and their ability to initiate nonradical oxidation processes is the key to better material design and performance. Herein, a novel titanium-based metal-organic framework MIL-125-Ti/H2O2 system was established to show a highly selective degradation efficacy toward tetracycline antibiotics. MIL-125-Ti with the abundance of TiO6 octahedra units was found to effectively activate H2O2 under dark conditions by forming an oxidative Ti-peroxo complex. The presence of the Ti-peroxo complex, confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometer, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations, showed superior degradation (>95% removal rate) of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC), doxycycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, and tetracycline. Density functional theory calculations were performed to assist the elucidation on the mechanism of H2O2 activation and antibiotics degradation. The MIL-125-Ti/H2O2 system was highly resistant to halogens and background organics, and could well maintain its original catalytic activity in actual water matrices. It retained the ability to degrade 75% of OTC within ten test cycles. This study provides new insight into the nonradical oxidation process initiated by the unique Ti-peroxo complex of Ti-based MOF.

Preparation and characterizations of TiO2/ZnO nanohybrid and its application in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in wastewater

The photodegradation of tetracycline antibiotics (TC) in an aqueous solution, using the TiO2 nanoparticles, ZnO microparticles, and TiO2/ZnO composite under the UV lamp in a continuous reactor, was performed. The effects of different parameters, such as the initial TC concentration, medium pH, ratio of each photocatalyst, and the flow rate were comprehensively studied. SEM, EDX, and XRD characterization techniques were employed to study the morphology and structure features of the prepared composite. The results revealed that a more significant amount of TC is not easily removed from wastewater. Furthermore, by increasing the pH of the medium to 11, the efficiency of TC degradation was increased, while the amount of removal remained stable at higher pH values. As the flow rate increased up to 190 mL/min, the removal efficiency increased; however, at higher flow rates, lower efficiency was obtained. Moreover, using multivariate analysis and response surface methodology (RSM), a model for removing TC and the effect of experimental parameters on removal efficiency was proposed. The optimal conditions using the RSM method were found to be the reduction efficiency of 78.94 % in pH = 11 (flow rate of 132 mL/min, and TiO2 concentration of 323 mg) and reduction efficiency of 75.89% in pH = 9 (flow rate of 143.19 mL/min and TiO2 concentration of 312.73 mg).

Controllable preparation of semiconducting polymer microspheres and their application in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics

The side effects of antibiotics on humans and ambient environment have aroused huge attention from related researchers. In this article, the performances and mechanism of photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) were examined by employing semiconducting polymer microspheres obtained with an emulsion-solvent-evaporation approach. Under the excitation of visible-light, as-prepared semiconducting polymer microspheres show outstanding photocatalytic ability and excellent stability for TC-derived antibiotics. Compared with corresponding semiconducting polymer powders, the adsorption and photocatalytic rates of TC by polymer-based microspheres increased by 8.07 and 6.79 times, respectively. These performance improvements in photodegradation are mainly ascribed to the larger specific surface area and longer conjugation length of as-prepared spherical structure. Characterization of electron spin resonance demonstrates that the primary active species functioning for efficient photodegradations of TC are superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, and hole. These results indicated that semiconducting polymer microspheres can serve as efficient photocatalysts for removing destructive TC-derived antibiotics from wastewaters.

Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic by 0D/2D TiO2(B)/BiOCl Z-scheme heterojunction: Performance, reaction pathways, and mechanism investigation

The preparation of Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts with outstanding redox capability has become a promising development direction for environmental remediation. Thereby, zero-dimensional/two-dimensional (0D/2D) TiO2(B)/BiOCl Z-scheme heterojunctions were successfully prepared using a simple hydrothermal method. Numerous experiments have indicated that the photocatalytic performance of the composites (0.03671 min-1) for tetracycline (TC) was superior to that of either pristine BiOCl (0.01671 min-1) or TiO2(B) (0.00998 min−1) because of the internal electric field constructed at the heterogeneous interface. The cycling experiments showed that the optimized TiO2(B)/BiOCl heterostructure (TBC-50) remains capable of photodegrading over 80% of TC within 100 min after 4 rounds. Moreover, we thoroughly investigated the photo-induced electron transfer routes, photocatalytic degradation pathways and proposed a Z-scheme heterojunction pattern by utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). Finally, by virtue of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, we have proven that degradation intermediates are less toxic than TC, demonstrating the efficacy of the photocatalytic process. This work opens up new insights into the preparation of superior photocatalysts for ecological remediation.

High-Efficiency Photodynamic Control of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Wastewater Using Hydrogel-Decorated Porous Polyurethane Sponges with Metal Nanoparticles

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in hospitals and other healthcare settings can lead to the development and spread of multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria and water contaminants. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-loaded chitosan (CS)-alginate (AA) hydrogels were prepared to control wastewater MDR bacterial contaminants. CS-AA/AgNP composites strongly inhibited a wastewater MDR Enterobacter tabaci biofilm on membrane surfaces. The effect of AgNP-loaded CS-AA composite hydrogels on the gelation time, swelling ratio, in vitro degradation, and in vitro release properties was investigated. Furthermore, due to their outstanding environmentally friendly superhydrophobicity/superoleophilicity, sponges have proven compelling advantages in the area of water contaminants. Therefore, CS-AA/AgNP composites were coated on polyurethane sponges (PUSs) for disinfection applications in wastewater. CS-AA/AgNP composites and CS-AA/AgNP-coated (5 wt %) PUS exhibited higher photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of E. tabaci under blue LED light. In particular, modified PUS exhibited almost complete inactivation (5.1 log cfu/mL) at 40 min. Furthermore, tetracycline antibiotic degradation efficiency was observed to be 72.91% when the modified PUSs were added to antibiotic-polluted water in the designed reactor. In correlation with the degradation of resistance bacteria and antibiotics, the modified PUS in the designed reactor with PDI effect completely degraded tetracycline antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) tetA and tetB at 45 min and 60 min, respectively. Specifically, PDI action on the modified PUS effectively degraded ARGs such as sul1, tetA, and tetB by 4.2, 3.2, and 2.9 log reduction (copies/mL), respectively. Excellent removal of ARGs after blue LED treatment indicated that the release of MDR pathogens and free ARGs was effectively controlled by the modified PUS photodynamic reaction. Therefore, the modified PUS can be considered as an alternative approach to remove MDR bacteria and free ARGs in the large-scale photodynamic disinfection process.

Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Degradation of Tetracycline Antibiotics Treated by Cold Atmospheric Plasmas.

The abuse of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) has caused serious environmental pollution and risks to public health. Degradation of TCs by cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) is a high efficiency, low energy consumption and environmentally friendly method. In this study, a reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is applied to study the interactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in CAPs and TCs (including tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and demeclocycline (DMC)). As revealed by the simulation data at the atomic level, the main reaction sites on TCs are the C2 acylamino, the C4 dimethylamine, the C6 methyl group, the C8 site on the benzene ring and the C12a tertiary alcohol. The interaction between ROS and TCs is usually initiated by H-abstraction, followed by the breaking and formation of the crucial chemical bonds, such as the breaking of C-C bonds, C-N bonds and C-O bonds and the formation of C=C bonds and C=O bonds. Due to the different structures of TCs, when the ROS impact OTC, CTC and DMC, some specific reactions are observed, including carbonylation at the C5 site, dechlorination at the C7 site and carbonylation at the C6 site, respectively. Some degradation products obtained from the simulation data have been observed in the experimental measurements. In addition, the dose effects of CAP on TCs by adjusting the number of ROS in the simulation box are also investigated and are consistent with experimental observation. This study explains in detail the interaction mechanisms of degradation of TCs treated by CAPs with the final products after degradation, provides theoretical support for the experimental observation, then suggests optimization to further improve the efficiency of degradation of TCs by CAPs in applications.

Effective and highly sunlight response g-C3N4/CuS heterojunction photocatalyst for the degradation of tetracycline antibiotic

Effective and highly sunlight response g-C3N4/CuS heterojunction photocatalyst for the degradation of tetracycline antibiotic

Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) modified ZnS nanoparticles with enhanced sonocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotic in water

Sonocatalysis has attracted excellent research attention to eradicate hazardous pollutants from the environment effectively. This work synthesised an organic/inorganic hybrid composite catalyst by coupling Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) (FM) with ZnS nanoparticles using the solvothermal evaporation method. Remarkably, the composite material delivered significantly enhanced sonocatalytic efficiency for removing tetracycline (TC) antibiotics in the presence of H2O2 compared to bare ZnS nanoparticles. By adjusting different parameters such as TC concentration, catalyst dosage and H2O2 amount, the optimized composite (20 %Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe)/ZnS) removed 78.25% antibiotic in 20 min at the cost of 1 mL of H2O2. These much superior activities are attributed to the efficient interface contact, effective charge transfer, accelerated transport capabilities and strong redox potential for the superior acoustic catalytic performance of FM/ZnS composite systems. Based on various characterization, free radical capture experiments and energy band structures, we proposed a mechanism for the sonocatalytic degradation of tetracycline based on S-scheme heterojunctions and Fenton like reactions. This work will provide an important reference for developing ZnS-based nanomaterials to study sonodegradation of pollutants.

Anchoring Bi4O5I2 and CDs on brown TiO2−x: S-scheme heterojunction mechanism for impressive degradation of several antibiotics under visible light

Fully aware of the global water pollution caused by more consumption of antibiotics, we successfully prepared novel brown TiO2−x/Bi4O5I2/carbon dots (B-TiO2−x/Bi4O5I2/CDs) photocatalysts through a facile strategy. The as-prepared samples were specified via XRD, FESEM, UV–vis DRS, XPS, EDS, TEM, HRTEM, FTIR, BET, BJH, EIS, photocurrent, and PL analyses. The ternary photocatalysts were utilized for the degradation of several antibiotics, including cephalexin (CEX), metronidazole (MNZ), and tetracycline (TC), under visible-light exposure provided by a 50 W LED. The B-TiO2−x/Bi4O5I2/CDs (1 mL) nanocomposite presented impressive activity in the photodegradation of CEX, MNZ, and TC antibiotics, which was 14.4, 39.8, and 49.7-folds of TiO2, and 4.71, 11.1, and 12.3 times as high as B-TiO2−x, respectively. The enhanced photo-degradation proficiency of optimal nanocomposite was assigned to the higher visible-light absorbance, reduced recombination of photo-induced carriers, and higher redox capability owing to the construction of S-scheme heterojunction amongst the components. In particular, ∙O2− and h+ showed a major role in the degradation of TC antibiotic. Moreover, the TC degradation mechanism was studied using LC-MS analysis. Finally, the optimized B-TiO2−x/Bi4O5I2/CDs (1 mL) nanocomposite displayed significant stability after four cycles, and it was displayed that the resultant solution after the degradation process has considerable biocompatibility through the growth of wheat seeds.