Definition Of Types Research Articles

The spectrum of inter-organizational relationships and social capital mobilization of MNEs

Propósitolas Empresas Multinacionales (MNEs) establecen una amplia gama de alianzas para acceder a los recursos críticos externos que puedan necesitar en cualquier memento. Las MNEs deben considerar qué mecanismos o características de las relaciones facilitan su movilización real.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueuna definición de los tipos de alianza produjo los parámetros para una regresión de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios de una muestra de las principales MNEs de alcance global de la industria de las aerolíneas.ResultadosLos resultados mostraron que ciertos tipos de alianzas favorecieron la movilización real del capital social.Originalidad/valorAnalizar los factores que influyen en el grado de movilización del capital social y cómo las MNEs utilizan en la práctica los recursos de sus socios, requiere del establecimiento de un marco teórico y el desarrollo de evidencia empírica.

Modelling and testing forest ecosystems condition account

We developed an application model based on the System of Environmental Economic Accounting-Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EA) framework, endorsed by the United Nations Statistical Commission in 2021. This model enables mapping condition accounts for forest ecosystems using automated computation. We applied the model nationally in Spain between 2000 and 2015 to test its effectiveness. Our model follows five methodological steps to generate forest condition accounts: (i) definition and spatial delimitation of forest ecosystem types; (ii) selection of variables using the ecosystem condition typology encompassing physical, chemical, compositional, structural, functional, and landscape characteristics; (iii) establishment of reference levels, including lower (collapse) and upper (high ecosystem integrity) thresholds; (iv) aggregation of variables into condition index; and (v) calculation of a single condition index by rescaling the aggregated indicators between 0 and 1. The results obtained from the model provide valuable insights into the status and trends of individual condition indicators, as well as aggregated condition index values for forest ecosystems, in a spatially explicit manner. Overall, the condition of the forest ecosystems in Spain showed a slight increase, from 0.56 in 2000 to 0.58 in 2015. However, distinct trends were observed for each ecosystem type. For example, mixed Alpine and Macaronesia forests exhibited a significant improvement, while the continental Mediterranean coniferous forests did not show any change. This innovative approach to monitoring forest condition accounts has important potential applications in policy and decision-making processes. It can contribute to effective evidence-based nature conservation, ecosystem service management, and identifying restoration areas.

Legislative Stabilization Condition and its role in Oil Contracts Arbitration

Oil contracts are the key contracts that raised broad controversy in the legal, juristic and economic spheres, respectively, and this controversy comes from several sides, primarily the matter of those contracts, which is petroleum, which is an economic commodity that was economically discovered from the end of 19th century to date.
 Importance of this commodity drove diversity and multiplicity of the conditions contained in those contracts. The key and most controversial condition is that of legislative stabilization which was widely debated and discussed in juristic media of all approaches. We have discussed the condition in the research titled "condition of legislative stabilization and its role in oil contracts arbitration" in three sections. The first section concerns definition of legislative stabilization condition and types in two topics. The first topic defines the legislative stabilization condition and the second for definition of its types. In the second section, we handled the stance of jurisprudence and the consequences thereof in three topics the first of which is that of the stance of jurisprudence and the second in its legal framing and consequences. In the third section, we handled the role of legislative stabilization condition in the terms of oil contracts arbitration and handled the key arbitral awards in the contracts the matter of investigation which contained condition of legislative stabilization in four topics the first of which is Texaco Arbitral Award of 1977, the second is Liamco Arbitral Award of 1977, the third is Agip Arbitral Award of 1979, and the fourth and last one is Aminoil Arbitral Award. We concluded by investigation set of conclusions and recommendations that we noted in place.

The Key Tenets of a Hydrogen Strategy: An Analysis and Comparison of the Hydrogen Strategies of the EU, Germany and Spain

The article examines the hydrogen strategies of Spain and Germany, juxtaposing each with one another under the umbrella of the EU Strategy. Both Spain and Germany have positioned themselves at the forefront of creating hydrogen economies. Hence, looking at their hydrogen strategies provides an opportunity to ascertain how these nations set out the plans guiding their hydrogen ambitions. The article examines the similarities and differences between the strategies to ascertain a hydrogen strategy's core requirements and provides recommendations for further revisions. Through this analysis, it can be established that a hydrogen strategy requires: (i) capitalising on local and geographic strengths and cooperation with other nations; (ii) a focus on a type of hydrogen and definitions which are uniform with those of other nations; (iii) clear timelines and targets; as well as (iv) fiscal and other measures to achieve targets. These key pillars must be set out within the broader context of a nation’s climate change targets. Hydrogen is experiencing a renewed interest, and it appears as if its time has finally arrived; these strategies show the enthusiasm of governments to ensure that hydrogen is a pivotal player in the energy landscape.

Electric Vehicle Advancements, Barriers, and Potential: A Comprehensive Review

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution to address environmental concerns and transform the transportation sector. This paper examines the state-of-the-art EVs, encompassing their history, definition, and different types. The advantages and limitations of each type are compared and contrasted, providing insights into their unique characteristics and potential applications. Critical components of EVs are thoroughly analyzed. The paper explores various types of batteries, emphasizing their features and potential for improving energy density, range, and charging capabilities. Charging infrastructure is discussed, highlighting the importance of establishing a robust network of charging stations. The impact of EVs on power grids is examined, emphasizing grid integration, load management, capacity upgrades, and power quality. Challenges and barriers hindering the wide adoption of EVs are identified, including technological limitations, infrastructure constraints, economic considerations, consumer perception, and policies. The paper delves into the environmental and economic impacts of EVs, including lifecycle analysis, air pollution reduction, and cost-effectiveness. Thus, the paper provides valuable insights into the current state of EVs and their potential to shape the future. The findings highlight the need for collaborative efforts from industry stakeholders, governments, researchers, and consumers to overcome challenges and accelerate the transition to a sustainable transportation system.

New hypotheses of cell type diversity and novelty from orthology-driven comparative single cell and nuclei transcriptomics in echinoderms.

Cell types are the building blocks of metazoan biodiversity and offer a powerful perspective for inferring evolutionary phenomena. With the development of single-cell transcriptomic techniques, new definitions of cell types are emerging. This allows a conceptual reassessment of traditional definitions of novel cell types and their evolution. Research in echinoderms, particularly sea star and sea urchin embryos has contributed significantly to understanding the evolution of novel cell types, through the examination of skeletogenic mesenchyme and pigment cells, which are found in sea urchin larvae, but not sea star larvae. This paper outlines the development of a gene expression atlas for the bat sea star, Patiria miniata, using single nuclear RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of embryonic stages. The atlas revealed 23 cell clusters covering all expected cell types from the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm germ layers. In particular, four distinct neural clusters, an immune-like cluster, and distinct right and left coelom clusters were revealed as distinct cell states. A comparison with Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryo single-cell transcriptomes was performed using 1:1 orthologs to anchor and then compare gene expression patterns. The equivalent of S. purpuratus piwil3+ Cells were not detected in P. miniata, while the Left Coelom of P. miniata has no equivalent cell cluster in S. purpuratus. These differences may reflect changes in developmental timing between these species. While considered novel morphologically, the Pigment Cells of S. purpuratus map to clusters containing Immune-like Mesenchyme and Neural cells of P. miniata, while the Skeletogenic Mesenchyme of S. purpuratus are revealed as orthologous to the Right Coelom cluster of P. miniata. These results suggest a new interpretation of the evolution of these well-studied cell types and a reflection on the definition of novel cell types.

A Kaleidoscope of play: a new approach to play analysis in childhood

ABSTRACT Play is a frequent and relevant activity during childhood, and developmental psychologists agree that it offers a unique window on development. Play, however, remains a fuzzy concept, and difficulties persist in its definition, often leading to obstacles in building and comparing experimental studies. This may be due to widespread tendencies to define play by referring to non-observable inner states, to consider playing something that occurs in the head rather than in-the-world and to overreliance on developmental stages. Enactive approaches to child play have instead recently stressed the importance of play contexts, considering child play an activity in-the-world rather than a mental state, thereby de-intellectualizing play and pretense. Along these lines, in this paper the authors propose a novel approach to the definition of play types by considering the roles of organism, environment, and task constraints, within the framework of Material Engagement Theory. Focusing on the material world surrounding the child and the interactions which characterize play, we critically review the strategy of resorting to non-observable categories in the study of play, and we propose a new model (the Kaleidoscope Model) for play analysis.

Significance analysis for clustering with single-cell RNA-sequencing data.

Unsupervised clustering of single-cell RNA-sequencing data enables the identification of distinct cell populations. However, the most widely used clustering algorithms are heuristic and do not formally account for statistical uncertainty. We find that not addressing known sources of variability in a statistically rigorous manner can lead to overconfidence in the discovery of novel cell types. Here we extend a previous method, significance of hierarchical clustering, to propose a model-based hypothesis testing approach that incorporates significance analysis into the clustering algorithm and permits statistical evaluation of clusters as distinct cell populations. We also adapt this approach to permit statistical assessment on the clusters reported by any algorithm. Finally, we extend these approaches to account for batch structure. We benchmarked our approach against popular clustering workflows, demonstrating improved performance. To show practical utility, we applied our approach to the Human Lung Cell Atlas and an atlas of the mouse cerebellar cortex, identifying several cases of over-clustering and recapitulating experimentally validated cell type definitions.

A multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium DT104 complex lineage circulating among humans and cattle in the USA lost the ability to produce pertussis-like toxin ArtAB.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104) can infect both humans and animals and is often multidrug-resistant (MDR). Previous studies have indicated that, unlike most S. Typhimurium, the overwhelming majority of DT104 strains produce pertussis-like toxin ArtAB via prophage-encoded genes artAB. However, DT104 that lack artAB have been described on occasion. Here, we identify an MDR DT104 complex lineage circulating among humans and cattle in the USA, which lacks artAB (i.e. the ‘U.S. artAB-negative major clade’; n=42 genomes). Unlike most other bovine- and human-associated DT104 complex strains from the USA (n=230 total genomes), which harbour artAB on prophage Gifsy-1 (n=177), members of the U.S. artAB-negative major clade lack Gifsy-1, as well as anti-inflammatory effector gogB. The U.S. artAB-negative major clade encompasses human- and cattle-associated strains isolated from ≥11 USA states over a 20-year period. The clade was predicted to have lost artAB, Gifsy-1 and gogB circa 1985–1987 (95 % highest posterior density interval 1979.0–1992.1). When compared to DT104 genomes from other regions of the world (n=752 total genomes), several additional, sporadic artAB, Gifsy-1 and/or gogB loss events among clades encompassing five or fewer genomes were observed. Using phenotypic assays that simulate conditions encountered during human and/or bovine digestion, members of the U.S. artAB-negative major clade did not differ from closely related Gifsy-1/artAB/gogB-harbouring U.S. DT104 complex strains (ANOVA raw P>0.05); thus, future research is needed to elucidate the roles that artAB, gogB and Gifsy-1 play in DT104 virulence in humans and animals.

Problematic definitions of Mobitz type II second degree AV block: Historical aspects.

Problems with the definition of type II second degree AV block are best understood by reviewing the historical aspects that include Mobitz's original description, the contributions of the Chicago Arrhythmia School and the growing importance of excluding slowing of the sinus rhythm.

Habitats Directive in northern Italy: a series of proposals for habitat definition improvement

Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) is the cornerstone of nature conservation in Europe and is at the core of the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. There is room, however, for its improvement, at least for northern Italy, where ambiguities in the definition of habitat types of Annex I of the Habitats Directive are not novel and interpretation difficulties have been highlighted. Sharpening the characterization of habitat types represents an opportunity for lowering classification uncertainties and improving conservation success. With the aim to refine the definitions of habitat types and associated typical species of the Habitats Directive, a group of vegetation scientists of the Italian Society of Vegetation Science based in northern Italy made the exercise of finding viable proposals for those habitat types having a problematic interpretation in the Alpine biogeographical region of Italy. Such proposals arise from group discussions among scientists, and professionals, thus offering a shared view. We prepared 9 habitat proposals important for this geographic area. They include new habitat types at the European level, new subtypes within pre-existing habitat types, including some adjustments of the recently proposed subtypes with respect to northern Italy, and recognition of priority criteria for a pre-existing habitat type. With a vision of tailored conservation, our proposals represent a starting point in view of a future update of Annex I. Furthermore, the list of typical species could be useful for preparing expert systems for automatic classification. Irrespective of legally binding solutions in place, we caution these proposals represent relevant baseline conservation indications that local and regional administrations of the Alpine Arch should consider.

CELL CROSS TALK IN DISEASES: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN STEM CELLS AND SOME INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THERAPEUTIC PROSPECTS IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES

Particularly in low-income nations, infectious illnesses continue to be a significant global health burden. The interaction of stem cells with infectious diseases has become a fascinating field of study with bright therapeutic potential. This review article seeks to give readers an overview of how cells interact with one another in disease, with a particular focus on how stem cells interact with a few specific infectious diseases and their therapeutic potential in low-income nations. The definition and several types of stem cells are introduced at the outset of the review, with a focus on their capacity for regeneration and immunomodulation. The significance of stem cells in tissue repair and regeneration is next discussed, emphasizing their potential to lessen the damaging effects of infectious illnesses on host tissues.The article also examines the behaviour and function of stem cells as well as the direct and indirect effects of pathogens on stem cells. Examining the immune systems function in controlling the interaction between infections and stem cells helps to understand the intricate cellular cross-talk involved. The review examines the therapeutic potential of stem cell-based therapies for infectious diseases in the context of low-income nations. It addresses the potential of stem cell treatments for conditions like HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases while highlighting the developments and difficulties associated with applying these treatments in settings with limited resources.Overall, this review demonstrates the complex relationship between stem cells and infectious diseases and offers insights into the potential therapeutic applications of stem cell-based therapies in low-income nations. It emphasizes the requirement for additional study, teamwork, and the creation of affordable and widely available stem cell therapies to effectively combat infectious diseases and enhance healthcare outcomes in settings with limited resources.

Genomic analysis of Anderson typing phages of Salmonella Typhimrium: towards understanding the basis of bacteria-phage interaction

The Anderson phage typing scheme has been successfully used worldwide for epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Although the scheme is being replaced by whole genome sequence subtyping methods, it can provide a valuable model system for study of phage-host interaction. The phage typing scheme distinguishes more than 300 definitive types of Salmonella Typhimurium based on their patterns of lysis to a unique collection of 30 specific Salmonella phages. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of 28 Anderson typing phages of Salmonella Typhimurium to begin to characterize the genetic determinants that are responsible for the differences in these phage type profiles. Genomic analysis of typing phages reveals that Anderson phages can be classified into three different groups, the P22-like, ES18-like and SETP3-like clusters. Most Anderson phages are short tailed P22-like viruses (genus Lederbergvirus); but phages STMP8 and STMP18 are very closely related to the lambdoid long tailed phage ES18, and phages STMP12 and STMP13 are related to the long noncontractile tailed, virulent phage SETP3. Most of these typing phages have complex genome relationships, but interestingly, two phage pairs STMP5 and STMP16 as well as STMP12 and STMP13 differ by a single nucleotide. The former affects a P22-like protein involved in DNA passage through the periplasm during its injection, and the latter affects a gene whose function is unknown. Using the Anderson phage typing scheme would provide insights into phage biology and the development of phage therapy for the treatment of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections.

Incidence and outcomes of AKI in postoperative patients admitted to ICU using full KDIGO criteria – a cohort study

Study objectiveAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication in postoperative ICU patients. The incidence of AKI varies substantially based on the type of surgery and definition used. This study focuses on the incidence of AKI in postoperative ICU patients using full KDIGO criteria and related outcomes regarding to different types of surgery. DesignRetrospective cohort study. SettingTertiary level university hospital, eight anaesthesiological/surgical ICUs, between 2016 and 2018. Patients6261 adult patients. MeasurementsPrimary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality in different stages of AKI according to complete KDIGO criteria. Main resultsWe found 3497 (55.9%) postoperative ICU patients with AKI. The severity distribution of AKI stage 1 to 3 was 19.7%, 28.4% and 7.8%, respectively, and 235 (4%) patients received RRT. The 28-day mortality was 3% (n = 205). Increasing AKI severity was associated with increased 28-day mortality when adjusted for other variables (AKI 2°: OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.55 to 5.24; p < 0.001 and AKI 3°: OR 11.37.; 95% CI 5.91 to 22.55; p < 0.001). Besides AKI stages 2 and 3, age (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04, p < 0.001), NYHA IV (OR 2.23; 95% CI 1.03 to 4.43, p = 0.042), need for surgical reintervention within 48 h (OR 2.92; 95% CI 1.76 to 4.72, p = 0.001), urgent surgery (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.71, p = 0.01), emergency surgery (OR 2.63; 95% CI 1.58 to 4.31, p = 0.001), vascular surgery (OR 2.01; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.98, p = 0.033), and orthopedic and trauma surgery (OR 3.79; 95% CI 1.98 to 7.09, p < 0.001) versus cardiac surgery was significantly associated with increased risk for 28-days mortality in multivariate analysis. ConclusionAKI based on full KDIGO criteria is very common in postoperative ICU patients and it is associated with stepwise increase in 28-days mortality.

Use of modern methods for diagnostics of diseases of the heptobiliary system

In modern clinical veterinary practice, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the diagnosis associated with pathologies of the hepatobiliary system is established on the basis of a combination of clinical, laboratory and instrumental data, which is a rather laborious and cost-intensive process, which makes it relevant to search for new methods with more relevant. Laboratory assessment of the hepatobiliary system has several goals, including: determining the presence of hepatobiliary pathology, determining the presence of liver disease, including primary or secondary hepatitis, determining the definitive type of liver disease, and monitoring response to therapy or disease progression. We have comprehensively analyzed existing studies in the field of using various methods for diagnosing pathologies of the hepatobiliary system, identifying the most promising approaches from the point of view of veterinary hepatology for their further possible introduction into industry practice. The search and processing of scientific publications was carried out according to the recommendations of H. Snyder [10] for writing review articles. An assessment is given to the positive and negative sides of each technique.Based on the analyzed literature, it can be concluded that, despite the knowledge of the issues of hepatology and the diagnosis of liver diseases, there are gaps and weaknesses in any diagnostic model. Thus, one potential diagnostic model that is promising but little studied is the use of clearance tests. Functional tests allow not only to diagnose and differentiate hepatopathologies, but also to visualize their course and liver recovery.Also, unlike statistical tests, clearance tests allow you to evaluate the work of the liver in dynamics.

The Legislative Text as a Legal Story: a Storytelling Approach to Contemporary Legislative Drafting

A recent approach to legislative drafting, seen in common law jurisdictions which particularly praise plain and accessible legal communication, includes the presentation of legislative provisions to readers in a storytelling format. The legislative story develops progressively, by introducing legal characters, and describing relations, activities, and events. The paper draws on a number of drafting techniques, namely narrative-style drafting, the location of legal definitions in the structure of a legislative act, new types of legal definitions, the formal identification of terms and their signposting, as well as directness and personal tone. Based on various Commonwealth drafting directions, a legislative text is perceived and analyzed as a legal story written by lawyers and legislative drafters. This is in line with the discursive approaches of text linguists, such as De Beaugrande and Dressler, or van Dijk and Kintsch, who looked at the text as a process. Thus, text linguistics might be an adequate methodological framework to describe a legislative narrative. To successfully tell a legislative story, the identified elements of the storytelling approach are needed, such as a coherent conceptual framework, clear formal identification of terms, their adequate location in the structure of a legislative act, and more. The storytelling approach in common law legislation may be worth considering in continental (civil law) jurisdictions to improve the readability, accessibility, and clarity of laws.

Automated Delimitation of Rockfall Hazard Indication Zones Using High-Resolution Trajectory Modelling at Regional Scale

The aim of this study was to delimit potential rockfall propagation zones based on simulated 2 m resolution rockfall trajectories using Rockyfor3D for block volume scenarios ranging from 0.05–30 m3, with explicit inclusion of the barrier effect of standing trees, for an area of approx. 7200 km2 in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. For the determination of the start cells, as well as the slope surface characteristics, we used the terrain morphology derived from a 1 m resolution digital terrain model, as well as the topographic landscape model geodataset of swisstopo and information from geological maps. The forest structure was defined by individual trees with their coordinates, diameters, and tree type (coniferous or broadleaved). These were generated from detected individual trees combined with generated trees on the basis of statistical relationships between the detected trees, remote sensing-based forest structure type definitions, and stem numbers from field inventory data. From the simulated rockfall propagation zones we delimited rockfall hazard indication zones (HIZ), as called by the practitioners (because they serve as a basis for the Swiss hazard index map), on the basis of the simulated reach probability rasters. As validation, 1554 mapped past rockfall events were used. The results of the more than 89 billion simulated trajectories showed that 94% of the mapped silent witnesses could be reproduced by the simulations and at least 82% are included in the delimited HIZ.

PG-Schema: Schemas for Property Graphs

Property graphs have reached a high level of maturity, witnessed by multiple robust graph database systems as well as the ongoing ISO standardization effort aiming at creating a new standard Graph Query Language (GQL). Yet, despite documented demand, schema support is limited both in existing systems and in the first version of the GQL Standard. It is anticipated that the second version of the GQL Standard will include a rich DDL. Aiming to inspire the development of GQL and enhance the capabilities of graph database systems, we propose PG-Schema, a simple yet powerful formalism for specifying property graph schemas. It features PG-Schema with flexible type definitions supporting multi-inheritance, as well as expressive constraints based on the recently proposed PG-Keys formalism. We provide the formal syntax and semantics of PG-Schema, which meet principled design requirements grounded in contemporary property graph management scenarios, and offer a detailed comparison of its features with those of existing schema languages and graph database systems.

Parameterized Algebraic Protocols

We propose algebraic protocols that enable the definition of protocol templates and session types analogous to the definition of domain-specific types with algebraic datatypes. Parameterized algebraic protocols subsume all regular as well as most context-free and nested session types and, at the same time, replace the expensive superlinear algorithms for type checking by a nominal check that runs in linear time. Algebraic protocols in combination with polymorphism increase expressiveness and modularity by facilitating new ways of parameterizing and composing session types.

The essence of enterprise strategy and classification of its types

Metods. As a result of the conducted research, the modern concept of strategy was formulated using the methods of comparison and generalization; improvement of the strategy classification was carried out with the use of methods of analysis and synthesis; and also, thanks to the modeling method and the tabular-graphic method, the mechanism of forming the company’s strategy is proposed and the characteristics of its individual stages are given. Specific economic methods of research were also used – the method of observation and data collection and the method of grouping. Results. The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the company's strategy as an economic category and the main element of strategic management. A modern understanding of the concept of «enterprise strategy» has been formed. Disagreements were revealed regarding the definition and characteristics of types of enterprise strategy, methods of its classification. An updated modern interpretation of the concept of «enterprise strategy» was formed, the main types of strategy at different hierarchical levels were characterized according to the essence, functional features, expected outcomes, etc. A mechanism for forming the company’s strategic set is proposed, which involves implementation in a logical sequence of stages, which ensures the validity of the process of forming the company’s strategy. Novelty. In the process of scientific research, a modern understanding of the essence of the concept of «enterprise strategy» was proposed, which includes a combination of three approaches to clarifying its essence; the classification of strategies, which considers them according to the hierarchical level in the enterprise, has also been improved. Practical value. The owners and management of the enterprise are offered an easy-tounderstand scheme for choosing a certain strategy and a mechanism for its formation to ensure successful strategic management of production activities.