With the accelerating convergence of artificial intelligence and brain computer interface technologies, the focal point of ethical risk is shifting from system security and technical accuracy toward deeper questions of subjectivity, namely who counts as a human being and who ought to be recognized as a rights bearing subject. Drawing on the science fiction game SOMA on Steam as a high-density vehicle of ethical imagination, this study conducts a systematic analysis of the governance dilemmas that may arise from AI empowered brain computer interfaces. The findings are threefold. First, when a mind is replicated with high fidelity as a digital copy, institutional grey zones emerge in identity continuity and in the definition of rights bearing subjecthood, which can readily trigger identity appropriation and the drifting of responsibility attribution. Second, once readout-oriented interfaces are combined with AI inference capabilities, neural data may be continuously reinterpreted as expandable cues of the mind, exposing mental privacy over the long term. In such contexts, one time consent mechanisms are unable to cover downstream and future uses, thereby generating risks of latent discrimination and distorted opportunity allocation. Third, if closed loop writes in systems operate persistently under an intervention rationale framed as being for the individual’s own good, they directly implicate autonomy and psychological integrity. Where exit options and enforceable accountability designs are absent, the legitimacy of governance and societal trust will be severely undermined. Building on these analyses, the article proposes three actionable governance mechanisms. First, it calls for clear regimes of identity designation, authorization, and revocation for mind copies. Second, it recommends a high sensitivity tiered governance approach for neural inference, clarifying inference boundaries and introducing dynamic consent mechanisms. Third, it argues for institutionalizing meaningful human final control over closed loop interventions, establishing red line scenario constraints, and constructing an auditable chain of responsibility, thereby providing an institutional pathway for responsible innovation in AI empowered brain computer interfaces.

With the continuous technological evolution of the digital age, data privacy has become an integral part of citizens' basic rights and a key component. The continued expansion of data privacy rights on internet platforms poses new challenges to the traditional judicial adjudication framework. This article, approaching data privacy cases from a fundamental rights perspective, draws on the Civil Code and the Personal Information Protection Law as normative support, and draws on a sample of 576 judicial cases to systematically analyze the adjudication logic of data privacy cases. Regarding the definition of rights, it clarifies the fundamental right nature and dual validity of data privacy. Regarding infringement determination, it establishes a system of elements encompassing "illegality of conduct - consequences of damage - causation - subjective fault." Regarding procedural rules, it refines the tiered distribution standard for the burden of proof. Furthermore, in the process of balancing interests, it applies the principle of proportionality to reconcile the contradiction between rights protection and data utilization. This research reveals that current adjudication practice suffers from problems such as "different judgments in similar cases" and insufficient regulation of data privacy rights. Guiding cases are needed to unify adjudication standards and improve the path to rights redress. The conclusion is that only by integrating fundamental rights protection throughout the entire adjudication process can substantive justice in the judicial protection of data privacy be achieved while ensuring the orderly development of the digital industry.

The purpose of the research. The article discusses the characteristics of the legal basis of civil service in the Russian Empire during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. The author reviews such problems as the governmental service and the elective service. The purpose of the research is to reveal the key aspects of civil service during this historic period in accordance with the legislative norms of the Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832 and 1857. It is necessary for further expansion and deepening of scientific knowledge about the history of the state and law of Russia in the 19th century. Results. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the legislation on civil service received an extremely intensive development during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. The Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire regulated in detail and comprehensively all the activities of civil servants, starting from their entry into service and ending with retirement benefits. The law reflected such issues as the conditions of entry into the civil service, the procedure for recruitment, promotion to the ranks, the definition of rights, privileges, duties, restrictions and prohibitions applied to civil servants, their dismissal from service and pension provision. In addition to the governmental civil service the legislation paid due attention to various aspects of elective service, that is service for the election of nobles, urban and rural inhabitants.

In recent years, with the vigorous rise of the electronic economy, e-commerce platforms have sprung up like mushrooms, and their types are increasingly rich and diverse, covering B2B (business to business), B2C (business to consumer), C2C (consumer to consumer) and o2o (online to offline). The coexistence and competition of these models have greatly promoted the rapid development of e-commerce. However, it is worth noting that the laws and regulations in the field of e-commerce are not perfect, which to a certain extent has triggered a game between merchants and buyers in Internet consumption behavior, and the two sides often have disputes due to the vague definition of rights and interests. In addition, the rise of e-commerce has also had a far-reaching impact on the logistics and transportation industry, and promoted the transformation and upgrading of the industry. From the perspective of game theory, this paper attempts to deeply analyze the behavioral logic of buyers and sellers in e-commerce, tap the key factors affecting their decision-making, and build a model to judge the mixed strategy of buyers and sellers. At the same time, combined with the characteristics of e-commerce, the article also discusses its specific impact on the development of logistics industry in detail.

This study aims to analyze the role, dilemmas, and improvement paths of home-school cooperation in college students’ mental health education, so as to provide support for enhancing educational effectiveness. It is found that the current home-school cooperation faces three core problems: first, conceptual deviations—colleges and universities mostly focus on students with existing mental health issues, ignoring the needs of comprehensive education for all students; parents, however, prioritize their children’s academic performance, underestimate mental health, and often question the psychological problems reported by schools. Second, an imperfect cooperation system—there is a lack of stable organizational structures such as parent committees, the definition of rights and responsibilities between families and schools is ambiguous, and there is a shortage of relevant training and assessment mechanisms for teachers. Third, insufficient cooperation channels—information transmission is mostly one-way from schools to families, and there is no regular interactive platform, which affects the efficiency of psychological crisis response. The research conclusions point out that it is necessary to update the concept of home-school cooperation, optimize the cooperation mechanism, and build interactive platforms to improve the home-school collaborative model, effectively enhance the quality of college students’ mental health education, and help students smoothly adapt to the needs of growth and development.

Abstract: With the in-depth advancement of ecological civilization construction, industrial parks, as the core carriers of industrial economic agglomeration, are facing multiple challenges such as the complexity of pollution sources, insufficient technical support for environmental management, and the increasing pressure of environmental compliance. As an innovative business model of third-party governance services for environmental pollution, environmental stewards have become a key path to solve the dilemma of environmental governance in parks. Based on the dual perspectives of policy evolution and practical cases, this paper systematically analyzes the core application scenarios and practical effects of environmental stewards in industrial parks, and deeply dissects the bottlenecks existing in the current promotion process, including the lack of standardization, cognitive bias of relevant subjects, and vague definition of rights and responsibilities. Combined with cutting-edge development trends such as artificial intelligence empowerment and strengthened policy coordination, this study proposes targeted promotion and optimization paths, aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of industrial parks and improving the modernization level of the environmental governance system.

The definition of rights according to KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia) is as authority, power to do (because it has been determined by certain laws or rules), and the right power to do something or demand something. The definition of rights in general is everything that is given to certain parties in certain situations... While according to the KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia) obligation is (something) that must be done; must. These two concepts are very important for the life of the community, nation and state. The constitution in every country, including Indonesia, functions as a positive legal basis that regulates the rights and obligations of its citizens. The state grants rights to its citizens and citizens carry out and fulfill their obligations in the state. This journal will discuss the rights and obligations of citizens in the constitutional law system, as well as how they relate to and impact on society.

The Treaty of St. Wenceslas, established in 1517, settled a long-running dispute over the definition of rights between the Bohemian nobility and the royal towns. The treaty was published twice after its adoption, but one of these editions has been missing since at least the 1860s. Consequently, research on the Treaty has long relied solely on the edition printed by Mikuláš Konáč of Hodíškov. The present study provides a detailed account of the discovery of the missing edition, which facilitated the verification of its presumed attribution. A comparison with Konáč’s presumably later edition enabled the identification of a more original inscription. Typographical analysis confirmed the attribution of the discovered printed document to the Printer of the Prague Bible, while analysis of the watermarks suggested a publication date shortly after the Treaty’s acceptance. However, the analysis proved inconclusive for Konáč’s print. A textual comparison of the two editions revealed a surprising finding: the recently discovered document contains an additional article dealing with the payment of costs associated with the judgements annulled by the Treaty of St. Wenceslas. This article is also present in the earliest surviving manuscript text of the Treaty in a Latin translation. It is therefore evident that Konáč’s edition is slightly abbreviated and was likely published later, albeit not significantly. This study expands the bibliography of the Printer of the Prague Bible and demonstrates that his edition presents the oldest surviving text of the St. Wenceslas Treaty. Consequently, it must be considered in further research, even if it does not substantially alter the overall historiographical assessment of the treaty.

The author discusses the issue of legal personality of artificial intelligence, highlighting different points of view and approaches to the assignment of rights and obligations. The problem of transparency of artificial intelligence work and the need for regulation is raised. The article also discusses different approaches to the definition of rights to the results of artificial intelligence. The importance of public trust in artificial intelligence is emphasized as a key factor in its implementation. The overall conclusion points to the relevance and complexity of issues related to the legal status of artificial intelligence and its impact on society.

According to modern anthropologists, the program of phylogenetic development ofmankind's and the ontogenetic development of the individual presupposes a certain necessaryadaptation, which is conditioned by virtual reality, the latest technology, high technologies, onlinecommunication models, virtual organization leisure time. Without the mentioned points thesocialization of the person is impossible. According to digital pedagogical anthropologists, it istime to talk about the computer socialization of the learner, as a component of the general humansocialization process, to review the object of study of pedagogical anthropology, and thecorresponding educational paradigm.The problem. The rapid development of the digital pedagogical anthropological field on thebasis of techno anthropology leads to the development of a new specialization of digitalpedagogical anthropologist. The professional must have appropriate professional competencies,ensure the computer socialization of the learners, developing the virtual individual developmentmaps of the learner.The novelty of the research. The research provision is substantiated, according to which therapid development of digital pedagogical anthropological direction presupposes the formation of anew specialization - digital pedagogical anthropologists, who, having relevant professionalcompetencies, will carry out computer socialization of students in the context of generalsocialization. Digital pedagogical anthropologists predict that the object of study of pedagogicalanthropology will be the cyber human, and the subject - computer socialization.180The professional activity of a digital pedagogical anthropologist should be developed in twomain directions: social-humanistic and free-humanistic. The activities should be based on twomain principles: 1․complete research 2․principles of recording changes and regular analysisduring the development process.The conditions for developing the professional competencies of a digital pedagogicalanthropologist are:1. Transition from non-formal practical activity to formal professional theoretical-practicalactivity2. With appropriate qualification: training of digital pedagogical anthropologists3. Specification of the fields of activity of digital pedagogical anthropologists,4. Clarification of the functions of professional activity,5. Definition of rights and responsibilities of digital pedagogical anthropologists on the basisof relevant normative documents6. Use by digital educators-anthropologists of a range of valid pedagogical tools,7. Certification of digital educators-anthropologists in accordance with the improvement ofprofessional competencies.

In the context of digital democracy, the use of social media for propaganda purposes causes control problems in terms of administrative units. Discussions on the control of social media, which is preferred due to advanced message transmission facilities, are stuck between democracy and security concerns. It can be said that the use of such channels by both legal and illegal organizations requires an audit. However, due to their foreign origin and global spread, the control of this field cannot be fully ensured. On the other hand, the fact that local law practices can suppress opposition blocks in favor of the governments makes this area problematic in terms of digital democracy. As a result of this qualitative analytical research conducted with the literature review method, it is seen that legal and illegal organizations use social media effectively to spread their messages within the framework of the concept of democratic rights. Meanwhile, acts incompatible with local law and social morality may occur. Since control mechanisms have a responsibility to establish and maintain social peace, these channels should be kept under control in terms of criminal acts. In a virtual environment where all geographies meet, where the definition of rights and crimes can change, it is inevitable that the supervisory bodies will be forced during the implementation of local legal rules. Despite this, it is essential to provide an audit that protects human rights within the criteria of democracy, justice and equity, encourages the formation of the public sphere, and guarantees organizational and individual freedoms.

In Shia jurisprudence, "ghasm" is one of the rights of the wife in marriage, which has been legislated to ensure fairness between wives in polygamy. There are three different definitions of "ghasm". The first definition of "ghasm" refers to an obligatory right of alimony for the wife. According to the second definition of "ghasm", it refers to "enforcing justice among Wives" and according to the third definition, it refers to "dividing the nights among Wives". The right to "ghasm" established by alimony is not comprehensive, and it is not exclusive. In addition, given that this right to "ghasm" has resulted in "the establishment of justice between the wives", it is permissible to define it in the context of "justice". According to the division of the night, the right to "ghasm" defines itself most accurately, as it corresponds to the nature of the "ghasm" and is free of the shortcomings of the other two definitions. While the definition of the "ghasm" right in Shia's jurisprudence and the special place of this right in stabilizing the relations between spouses in the case of polygamy are fully explained, the reflection of these provisions in family law has been neglected. The current study fills this gap by not only explaining this legal defect, but also proposing a precise definition of the term "ghasm" and several articles in family law to reflect this.

The article identifies two main approaches to clarifying the essence of the definition of rights, namely: that human rights are defined as a concept and as a system of principles that provide, guarantee the conditions of human existence, norms and traditions, and as a measure of freedom and determination. component of the legal status of the person; human rights are

The author of the article studies the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of the status of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activities in Ukraine. The correlation of the concepts of administrative and legal regulation and the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation is determined. The existence of the concept of administrative and legal regulation of the status of subjects of administrative and legal relations, in particular, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, is substantiated. Based on this, the peculiarities of the elemental composition of the mechanism of legal administrative and legal status of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activities in Ukraine are determined. Administrative and legal status in the system of administrative and legal regulation is considered as a structural element, an integral part of it. At the same time, it is part of the subject of legal regulation by the rules of administrative law. Its constituent elements (principles, goals, tasks and functions, the procedure of creation, reorganization, liquidation, procedures, the right to official symbols, linear and functional subordination, the rights and responsibilities of the subject) are determined by administrative law, through the definition of rights and the responsibilities of a subject is influenced by public relations, the participant of which is such a person. Thus, we can talk about the administrative and legal regulation of the legal status of the subjects of administrative and legal relations, and hence about the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of the status of such subjects. However, the administrative and legal status in this case will not be part of the elemental mechanism of administrative and legal regulation, because it is the subject to the influence of administrative norms in this case. Thus, the mechanism of administrative and legal regulation of the status of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activities in Ukraine can be presented as follows: – administrative and legal norms that determine the administrative and legal status of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activities in Ukraine, their sources; – principles of the activity of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the sphere of administrative relations in the field of science and technology in Ukraine; – interpretation of administrative and legal norms regulating the administrative and legal status of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific and scientific and technical activities in Ukraine; – the nature of administrative and legal relations in the field of scientific, research and technical activities, the participant of which is the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; – individual acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activity; – forms of activity of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activity as the participant of administrative and legal relations; – methods of administrative and legal regulation of the status of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activities in Ukraine; – administrative and legal regimes regulating the status of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activities in Ukraine; – administrative procedures of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activities; – efficiency of administrative and legal regulation of the status of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in the field of scientific, research and technical activity.

On the Status of Rights

The article is devoted to the analysis of procedural norms, which governing the procedure for initiating and concluding an agreementon reconciliation in the criminal process of Ukraine. The Institute of Agreements in the Criminal Procedure of Ukraine has beenused in practice for more than eight years, but it is premature to speak about the full realization and implementation of this institute inthe practical sphere. An analysis of the norms of the CPC of Ukraine indicates the existence of gaps and controversies that arise in theconduct of criminal proceedings on the basis of agreements. Focus on the controversial and conflict points that arise when concludingan agreement on reconciliation in the criminal process.Analyzing theoretical developments, practical recommendations, legislative projects on the implementation of the mediation procedurein Ukraine, international practice of introduction and functioning of the mediation institution, it can be argued that the properpractical implementation of the mediation procedure is relevant and important for criminal procedure law of Ukraine. It will providean opportunity to make more rational and economical use of budget expenditures allocated to the administration of justice and to relievethe burden on law enforcement and the judiciary. However, attention should be paid here to the phrase “proper practical implementationof the mediation procedure in the criminal procedural law of Ukraine.” In fact, the question immediately arises: “How often do the subjectsof criminal procedural law, in today’s conditions, use the services of mediators in criminal proceedings?”We tried to provide an answer to this question in this article and formulated conclusions and proposals aimed at improving thecriminal procedure legislation in this area. All the above indicates that the issue of legislative consolidation of the status of a mediatorin our country, a clear definition of rights and responsibilities, procedural and substantive aspects of the latter remains relevant.

The article examines the development of legal regulation of consumer rights in the basic legislation of the USSR and modern Ukraine. This was achieved through the definition of basic consumer rights in the global sense given to Consumer International and acts of International Law, as well as in the Constitution of Ukraine. The list of basic acts in this area in the modern period was supplemented by the Economic Code of Ukraine. In the context of consumer protection, this is justified by the fact that in contrast to the rules of Civil Law aimed at legal regulation of the general rights of consumers without taking into account the individual characteristics of consumers in the market, economic legislation aims to take into account such features. Possible violation of consumer rights and settlement of issues not regulated by private law. There are four main periods of development of law in this area. The period of origin of legal regulation (from 1922 to 1963) can be described as a period in which the rules of law were mainly aimed at protecting the interests of the seller, his counterparty was actually determined by the buyer-enterprise, the consumer in such legal relations was almost not taken into account. In contracts of sale performed functions uncharacteristic of it of the act of the economic legislation. The period of improvement of legal regulation (from 1963 to 1991) is characterized as economic-civil. During this period, there are legal norms for buyers (organizations) and buyers (individuals). Consumer rights and mechanisms for their implementation in this period are expanded, improved and concretized (with some rules and definitions were better than modern counterparts). The period of legitimization and development of legal regulation (from 1991 to 2014) can be defined as the period in which the formation of the main basic regulations in the field of consumer protection of Ukraine. But in the legal field the boundaries and the order of their legal application and interaction were not properly regulated. The current period of legal regulation (since 2014) is characterized by the proclaimed European integration aspirations of Ukraine. Despite the incompleteness of the period, its main trends show that these aspirations in the field of consumer protection remain declarations. Much more often under the "mask" of adaptation to the norms of European Law there are directly opposite processes. Basically, it can be described as a period of stagnation. Also in the article, the shortcomings and advantages of regulating the basic rights of consumers in the basic acts of law at each historical stage were analyzed and the dynamics of transformation of certain legal norms was studied. In addition, the possibilities of im proving the definition of rights enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine were considered, the need to disclose the potential of the Economic Code of Ukraine in regulating consumer rights and their protection, as well as limited opportunities for regulation only within the Civil Code of Ukraine.

Embedding ethical principles in the development of any technology is becoming more paramount as new questions arise on security, accountability, fairness and more. In this paper, we explained why the case for AI is different and call for better principles and thoughtful design. We then outline a set of recommendations that stem from a definition of rights resulting from principles and ethical values, and conclude with some brief discussion on biases and technical frameworks.

Rights and health versus rights to health: Bringing Indigenous Peoples’ legal rights into the spaces of health care services

El propósito de este artículo, es analizar los conflictos sociales, políticos y ambientales por el acceso y distribución del agua en los andes suroccidentales de Colombia, específicamente en el municipio de Pasto. A partir del análisis de dos momentos históricos y haciendo uso de una perspectiva etnográfica, muestra cómo las élites políticas y económicas en el municipio, han tenido una posición hegemónica en la definición de los derechos para el acceso al agua, favoreciendo la acumulación y flujo de capital, excluyendo formas de apropiación, uso y distribución del líquido que responden a intereses colectivos, relacionados a la defensa de la autonomía territorial y la legitimación de identidades comunitarias. Esto ha confluido en escenarios de tensiones, que han involucrado pobladores rurales y urbanos, instituciones estatales, gremios económicos y productivos, entre otros.