Logical Definition Research Articles

All-optical photonic-crystal encoder capable of operating at multiple wavelengths

An all-optical photonic-crystal-based encoder is proposed. The device is composed of two ring resonator waveguides with three input-port waveguides and two output-port waveguides in triangular-lattice photonic crystals. Transmission behaviors of the proposed device are verified by two-dimensional finite difference time domain method. The encoder can operate at various wavelengths such as 1.31, 1.49 and 1.55μm, considering definitions of logic 0 and 1 being the normalized transmission as less than 5% and greater than 80%, respectively.

The Definition of Intrinsic Logic of TV-cultural Production and Consumption in Digital Era

With Traditional research methods, television is treated as a media or remained in cultural studies. And TV-cultural production and consumption in digital era has been qualitative changed, it’s rooted in the intrinsic logic of development of TV culture. This article based on TV art ontology, the "formula" theory of television, looked into the new features of TV-cultural production and consumption. To illustrate the inner rules of TV-cultural production and consumption in digital era, the article is divided into three parts: the discipline of "formula" in the communication of TV-culture, the negotiation between the consumers of TV culture and the "formula", the new changes of "formula" in digital era.

A organização do streaming no Brasil: Telmex, Globo e a associação entre telecomunicações e audiovisual

O artigo investiga a estruturação do streaming no
 Brasil, analisando as interações entre dois dos
 principais agentes neste processo: Telmex e Globo.
 Analisa-se uma dimensão particular da renovação
 do audiovisual, com atenção à sua progressiva
 associação com tecnologias da informação. A
 institucionalização desta forma de acesso a conteúdo
 implica o uso de software, técnica para difundir
 material através de dispositivos dos mais diversos.
 Com ênfase na arqueologia da mídia, observa-se esta
 transição como parte de um cenário mais amplo. Na
 expectativa de compreender a lógica de definição
 deste objeto, relaciona-se este audiovisual dependente
 de software à trajetória pregressa da televisão. Como
 questão empírica, observa-se a dimensão histórica
 do vínculo entre Telmex e Globo, com atenção às
 múltiplas contradições contidas na rede instituída
 por ambas, no interesse de compreender como estes
 processos tomam parte na formulação dos sistemas
 contemporâneos de comunicação.

REVISIÓN DE LAS DEFINICIONES DE PROPOSICIÓN Y ENUNCIADO EN SU RELACIÓN CON LAS MATEMÁTICAS

En matemáticas trabajamos con proposiciones. El término proposición es tomado de la lógica y suele ser definido como un enunciado que puede ser calificado de verdadero o falso. Se considera la proposición como un enunciado y este último como una frase u oración. Según lo anterior, por ejemplo, la expresión 3 < 7, que es claramente una proposición verdadera del campo matemático, no lo sería si atendemos a lo dicho líneas arriba. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de las definiciones de lógica, proposición y enunciado tomadas en una muestra de textos de secundaria y universitarios que tratan el tema y, a partir de ello, se analiza la coherencia de las definiciones de proposición y enunciado, así como su pertinencia en relación con las matemáticas.

Development of a Haptic Device with Wire-Driven Parallel Structure

This study focuses on the specific problems that may arise in the development of a parallel, cable-driven device designed for teleoperations systems utilizing force-reflection feedback. A redundant six degrees-of-freedom structure, actuated by nine wires, is described as a convenient layout for a haptic master for telemanipulation. A methodology for the kinematic and static analysis and the evaluation of the device workspace is described. The condition of force closure is used to find all available poses of the end-effector, thereby defining the workspace, whose characteristics are assessed by opportunely conceived indexes. Typical characteristics of cable and implementations thereof in the device are considered. Regarding the realization of the device, relevant attention is given to the definition of the control logic, which can be complex for parallel devices. The selection of the actuators, crucial in realizing force feedback, is discussed. In particular, pneumatic actuation is considered, verified as the most appropriate method for implementation and force control of the cylinders.

Logics of Common Ground

According to Clark's seminal work on common ground and grounding, participants collaborating in a joint activity rely on their shared information, known as common ground, to perform that activity successfully, and continually align and augment this information during their collaboration. Similarly, teams of human and artificial agents require common ground to successfully participate in joint activities. Indeed, without appropriate information being shared, using agent autonomy to reduce the workload on humans may actually increase workload as the humans seek to understand why the agents are behaving as they are. While many researchers have identified the importance of common ground in artificial intelligence, there is no precise definition of common ground on which to build the foundational aspects of multi-agent collaboration. In this paper, building on previously-defined modal logics of belief, we present logic definitions for four different types of common ground. We define modal logics for three existing notions of common ground and introduce a new notion of common ground, called salient common ground. Salient common ground captures the common ground of a group participating in an activity and is based on the common ground that arises from that activity as well as on the common ground they shared prior to the activity. We show that the four definitions share some properties, and our analysis suggests possible refinements of the existing informal and semi-formal definitions.

Поняття злочинів у сфері земельних відносин.

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of «crimes in the field of land relations». In order to achieve the aims of the article, not only are the scientific approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «land crimes» analyzed, but also the legislative definition and doctrinal interpretations of the terminology of «land relations» associated with the last terminology. As a result of writing the article, a scientifically grounded definition of the concept of «crimes in the field of land relations» is proposed.In particular, after analyzing the criminal crimes described in the criminal-law doctrine, it is argued that the main reason for the imperfection of the latter is that their authors either did not fully take into account the diversity of the content of the concept of «land relations» or did not observe the logical and methodological definition of the procedure, mainly using only the generalization method, and vice versa – in a certain way ignoring such a logical operation as differentiation. It is stated that in the end this led to the fact that the relevant definitions of «crimes in the field of land relations» do not correspond to their main purpose – do not outline those distinctive, essential features that allow distinguishing land crimes among other groups of crimes.Taking into account the aforesaid, the article is substantiated that the definition of land crimes must necessarily contain a reference not only to relations that are violated as a result of their commission, but also to the subject of appropriate encroachments – land, land and soils, which serves as the distinctive, most significant a feature that clearly focuses on the fact that as a result of committing any crime of the group is always violated land relations, and thus will allow to distinguish between these socially dangerous attacks from other crimes In only related to land relations.At the end of the article it is concluded that crimes in the field of land relations should be understood as crimes that encroach on land rights and legitimate interests of the Ukrainian people, legal entities or individuals, state or territorial communities, as well as the established order of protection, rational use and reproduction land resources, and objects of which are the objects of land relations (land, land plots and soils), which can only be objects.

Step by step learning using the I diagram in the systematic qualitative analyses of cations within a guided inquiry learning approach

The current study examines the performance and achievement of students in the Systematic Qualitative Analyses of Cations (SQACs). We sought answers to questions such as, ‘What are the students’ levels of performance?’ and ‘What is the relation between the average scores for performance and achievement?’. This was done by using the I diagram as a tool within a Guided Inquiry Learning Approach (GILA), which is based on the constructivist theory. The sample consisted of sophomore students (N = 31) taking the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory-I course and attending the Chemistry Teaching Program of the Faculty of Education of a state university in the Aegean region of Turkey. During the analyses, the students attempted to solve specific problems and find the results of their qualitative analyses as they followed the sections of I diagram step by step under the guidance of researchers. They also tried to find solutions to problems through logical reasoning and discussions with each other. A positive correlation was found between the achievement and performance of the students. During the experimental process based on the GILA, the students were able to structure their knowledge more clearly by carrying out cation analysis in a systematic manner, inquiring and suggesting scientific explanations. Although they had difficulties in some sections of the I diagram, including logical argument, data transformation and variable definition, they were able to establish a link between theory and practice by using their cognitive and meta-cognitive skills.

인허가관련 설계품질검토 자동화를 위한 건축법규 문장 관계논리에 관한 연구

인허가관련 설계품질검토 자동화를 위한 건축법규 문장 관계논리에 관한 연구

Freedom of Conscience and Freedom of Religion: Essence and Subject Field

The problem of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion for many years surely occupies an important place in the system of religious knowledge. There is reason to talk about the emergence of a new branch of the law of religion. The acuteness of discourse gives rise to skepticism about the logic of definitions, generalizations and conclusions, which, in general, does not deny the possibility of new research on the substantive characteristics of this religious discipline.

The Cell Ontology 2016: enhanced content, modularization, and ontology interoperability.

BackgroundThe Cell Ontology (CL) is an OBO Foundry candidate ontology covering the domain of canonical, natural biological cell types. Since its inception in 2005, the CL has undergone multiple rounds of revision and expansion, most notably in its representation of hematopoietic cells. For in vivo cells, the CL focuses on vertebrates but provides general classes that can be used for other metazoans, which can be subtyped in species-specific ontologies.Construction and contentRecent work on the CL has focused on extending the representation of various cell types, and developing new modules in the CL itself, and in related ontologies in coordination with the CL. For example, the Kidney and Urinary Pathway Ontology was used as a template to populate the CL with additional cell types. In addition, subtypes of the class ‘cell in vitro’ have received improved definitions and labels to provide for modularity with the representation of cells in the Cell Line Ontology and Reagent Ontology. Recent changes in the ontology development methodology for CL include a switch from OBO to OWL for the primary encoding of the ontology, and an increasing reliance on logical definitions for improved reasoning.Utility and discussionThe CL is now mandated as a metadata standard for large functional genomics and transcriptomics projects, and is used extensively for annotation, querying, and analyses of cell type specific data in sequencing consortia such as FANTOM5 and ENCODE, as well as for the NIAID ImmPort database and the Cell Image Library. The CL is also a vital component used in the modular construction of other biomedical ontologies—for example, the Gene Ontology and the cross-species anatomy ontology, Uberon, use CL to support the consistent representation of cell types across different levels of anatomical granularity, such as tissues and organs.ConclusionsThe ongoing improvements to the CL make it a valuable resource to both the OBO Foundry community and the wider scientific community, and we continue to experience increased interest in the CL both among developers and within the user community.

The Criminal Justice System in Soviet Russia and the USSR (1917–1953): Emergence, Development and Transfer to the Lithuanian SSR

The aim of the article is to analyse the Soviet definition of crime, the structure and logic of Soviet criminal law, and the system of criminal prosecution developed by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution of 1917, consolidated during the NEP and collectivisation, and reformed by Stalin and Andrey Vyshinsky in the mid-1930s. The research also examines the impact that these concepts, ideas, institutions, legal norms and practices had on newly occupied Soviet colonies, focusing on the case of the LSSR. First of all, the research demonstrates that the main laws, institutions and actors in the Soviet criminal justice system which functioned until the mid-1950s without radical changes were invented and defined just after the Revolution, Civil War and NEP. Impacted by Marxist philosophy, by the traditional Russian peasant mentality and pre-revolutionary Bolshevik experiences, the early Bolshevik criminal justice system already had features which became crucial to the implementation of Stalinist mass repressions. For instance, the criminal code of the RSFSR defined a crime as any act or omission dangerous to the Soviet order and state, but not as an act or omission prohibited by law – this was possible due to the ‘principle of analogy’. The criminal code of 1926, based on Bolshevik legal norms from the period of the Revolution and the Russian Civil War, was not replaced during the legal reform of the mid-1930s. The very same system was transferred to the Lithuanian SSR after the occupation. Despite some institutional differences, the main features did not vary from that of the RSFSR, and the two were linked in the common system, the Russian one having hierarchical superiority. ‘Union’ laws prevailed over republican ones. But in the LSSR, the process of colonisation in the field of the criminal justice system was difficult, due to the strong armed anti-Soviet resistance, and the lack of well-educated and loyal Soviet legal personnel.

On the Deductive System of the Order of an Equationally Orderable Quasivariety

We consider the equationally orderable quasivarieties and associate with them deductive systems defined using the order. The method of definition of these deductive systems encompasses the definition of logics preserving degrees of truth we find in the research areas of substructural logics and mathematical fuzzy logic. We prove several general results, for example that the deductive systems so defined are finitary and that the ones associated with equationally orderable varieties are congruential.

Definitions and Explication of the "Social Pediatrics" Concept: Results of the Terminological Analysis

Objective : Our aim was to clarify and standardize the definitions of the term "social pediatrics." Methods : Terminological analysis, functional interpretative content analysis and method of expert assessments. Results : We found 86 definitions of the term "social pediatrics" in the Russian and foreign scientific sources (1939 to 2015). The earliest publication (1945) on social pediatrics was found in the PubMed database. After excluding duplicate and similar definitions, 24 logical definitions were included in the final analysis. Between 1970 and 1979, the highest number of foreign publications related to social pediatrics (PubMed) was found giving the grounds for considering this period the time of the official development of social pediatrics as a branch of science and practice abroad. Discussion: The definitions under the study compose a picture of a broader interpretation of the term "social pediatrics" in Europe, including different children healthcare levels (state, public, individual), while, for example, in Canada, the emphasis shifts towards a purely practical sphere — primary medical care with social pediatrics applied to vulnerable groups of children. Content analysis identified the main categories of social pediatrics in the presented definitions that were recorded in the developed matrix table. Conclusion: Based on the conceptual and categorical apparatus of social pediatrics, including a "holistic approach to healthcare," "social determinants of children's health," "preventive component," "children in difficult circumstances of life," "multidisciplinary approach/interagency cooperation," "system approach (to the organization of healthcare)," "health support," "psychosocial support," and "rights of the child," we introduced our own definition of social pediatrics. Preventive component of social pediatrics is recognized as one of the most important features according to both the content analysis and experts.

Development of an Engine Variable Geometry Intake System for a Formula SAE Application

The Formula SAE is an international competition for vehicle fully designed and built by students from worldwide Universities.The engine and vehicle design in the Formula SAE competition has to comply with a strict regulation. Regarding the engine intake line an air restrictor of circular cross-section no greater than 20mm must be fitted between the throttle valve and the engine inlet. The aim of the throat is to limit the engine air flow rate as it strongly influences the volumetric efficiency and then the maximum power.The present paper is focused on the design of the engine intake system of the Firenze Race Team vehicle in order to optimize its performance in terms of both the maximum power and the drivability of the vehicle.One of the typical solutions for limiting the air restrictor influence consists of a plenum chamber placed along the intake line downstream of the restrictor. However the plenum involves also a delay in the engine response during the transient phases. The greater is the plenum, the lower are the power losses but the greater is the engine response delay.Taking advantage of a calibrated 1D model of the engine and a simplified vehicle model, the authors numerically analyzed an innovative solution that is constituted by a variable length duct inside the plenum. When the duct is at the maximum extension, the plenum is excluded from the intake line improving the engine response time. The optimization of the plenum volume and the definition of a preliminary control logic of the innovative system were done in order to obtain the maximum advantages in terms of both performance and engine drivability.

A study on pentagonal fuzzy number and its corresponding matrices

In this article, the notion of pentagonal fuzzy number (PFN) is introduced in a generalized way. A few articles have been published based on this topic, but they have some ambiguities in defining this type of fuzzy number. Here, we proposed the logical definition in developing a pentagonal fuzzy number, along with its arithmetic operations. Based on PFN, the structure of pentagonal fuzzy matrices (PFMs) is studied, together with their basic properties. Some special type of PFMs and their algebraic natures (trace of PFM, adjoint of PFM, determinant of PFM, etc.) are discussed in this article. Finally, the notion of nilpotent PFM, comparable PFM, and constant PFMs, with their many properties, are highlighted in this article.

Why Instrumentalism Matters

Alon Harel argues that the acts of a public official acting with “fidelity of deference,” are “necessary,” “non-contingent,” “intrinsic,” “constitutive,” integrative,” “expressive,” or “inherent” features of legal punishment. Accordingly, he calls his argument “noninstrumental.” This can be taken as an argument for logical necessity, definition, extension, or modest or immodest conceptual necessity. Only the last interpretation fits Harel’s text, but such an argument fails because instrumentality is necessarily present in any event in the natural world, including punishment. Harel does not say which aspects of natural instrumentality he means to exclude from his argument, or how, or why.

The Acoustic Efforts of the Medieval Arab Philosophers: Brethren of Purity as a Model

<p><em>This study discusses the acoustic efforts of the Medieval Arab philosophers and thinkers, and explain specifically the efforts of Brethren of Purity (ikhwãn al</em><em>-</em><em>safã) also The Brethren of Sincerity). They were a famous </em><a title="Secret society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"><em>secret society</em></a><em> of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in 4th century HD/8th century CE. The structure of this mysterious organization and the identities of its members have never been clear. This study is an overview of the reality and the actuality of the vocal acoustic research which the Arab thinkers produced. It also will discusses the efforts of Al-Safa brothers community in the Arab Acoustic field, who presented a logical definition of the linguistic sound, then started to categorize the sound according to the meaning, quantity and quality, determined the sounds articulation and the ways of its production, then they made a great analysis on the ways of analyzing it based on all the qualitative and quantitative levels, and highlighted the semantic aspects and the ways of recognizing and perceiving the sounds.</em><em></em></p>

Mark Stickel: His Earliest Work

We consider Mark Stickel's activities and accomplishments while a graduate student, with a focus on several of the results for which he became known. We report on work we did together, addressing Mark's substantial contribution, then summarize his work on the unification problem, including the important associative-commutative unification algorithm. We close with Mark's definition of a fuzzy four-valued logic.

Web-centred end-user component modelling

This paper formally defines a web component model enabling end-user programmers to build component-based rich internet applications (RIAs) that are tailored to meet their particular needs. It is the product of a series of previously published papers. The formal definition in description logic verifies that the model is consistent and subsumes currently existing models. We demonstrate experimentally that it is more effective than the others.Current tools propose very disparate web component models, which are based on the appropriate invocation of service backends, overlooking user needs in order to exploit these services and resources in a friendly manner. We have proposed a web model based on a detailed study of existing tools, their pros and cons, limitations and key success factors that have enabled other web end-user development (WEUD) solutions to help end-user programmers to build software to support their needs. In this paper we have verified that the proposed model subsumes and is instantiated by the models of the other existing tools that we analysed, coming a step closer to the standardization of end-user centred RIAs and development environments. We have implemented a development tool, called EzWeb, to produce RIAs that implement the proposed model. This tool enables users to develop their application following the model’s component structure based on end-user programming success factors. We report a statistical experiment in which users develop increasingly complex web software using the EzWeb tool generating RIAs that conform to the proposed component model, and other WEUD tools generating RIAs that conform to other models. This experiment confirms the applicability of the proposed model and demonstrates that more end-user programmers (EUPs) (users concerned with programming primarily for personal rather public use) successfully develop web solutions for complex problems using the EzWeb tool that implements the model, which is more efficient than existing tools that implement other models.