Speech Deficiencies Research Articles

Problems of speech deficiencies in learning Russian terminology

Problems of speech deficiencies in learning Russian terminology

How Early Can We Predict the Need for VPI Surgery?

This retrospective study reviewed documentation of children with moderate-to-severe VPI at age 3 years who did not undergo VPI surgery until age 5 years. Based on the national cleft register, 959 patients with syndromic and nonsyndromic CP were treated by the craniofacial team at Helsinki University Hospital, Finland between 2000 and 2014. Eighty-six patients fulfilled the study inclusion criteria. The speech pathologist evaluated velopharyngeal function at age 3, 5, and 8 years. Of the 86 children presenting with moderate-to-severe VPI at age 3 years, 94% still had moderate-to-severe VPI at age 5 years, even though speech therapy was offered to 77%. Of those whose velopharyngeal function improved by age 5 years, function regressed to incompetent over time. Overall, 93% underwent VPI surgery and 82% underwent VPI surgery between ages 5 and 8 years. Only 23% at age 8 years still had moderate-to-severe VPI. Speech therapy alone did not improve VPI speech characteristics. Moderate-to-severe VPI did not improve from 3 to 5 years or improved but subsequently relapsed. This suggests that the decision for VPI surgery can be made for children aged 3 years with moderate-to-severe VPI.

Prevalence of Hypodontia in Orthodontic Patients at Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar

Introduction: Hypodontia or tooth agenesis is the most common developmental anomaly in craniofacial region. The multitude of problems in patients with hypodontia includes aesthetic, periodontal damage, malocclusion, inarticulate speech and alveolar bone deficiency. This commonly encountered condition in orthodontic department has variable site of occurrence, sometimes associated with syndromes. Objective: To know the patterns and types of hypodontia in orthodontic patients attending orthodontic department at Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar. Methodology: Cross sectional study of 260 orthodontic patients’ pre-treatment records i.e., casts, orthopantomogram, lateral cephalometric radiographs and photographs were taken as study materials. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data and chi square test was used to find the level of significance among genders. Results: Congenital absence of one or more teeth was observed in 28 out of 260 patients, with a frequency of 10.8%. Among the hypodontia patients, 11 (4.23%) were males and 17 (6.54%) were females. Of all 69 missing teeth, the most (68%) was observed in class I group, and the least amount belonged to class III group (10%). Conclusions: The higher prevalence of hypodontia in Orthodontic patients in this region warrants careful inspection and investigation before embarking on the diagnosis and treatment planning.

Speech Disorders in Dysgnathic Adult Patients in the Field of Severity of Primary Dysfunction

The normative functioning of the stomatognathic system and masticatory apparatus requires specific coordination between several structures such as teeth with good occlusion, tongue without ankyloglossia or thrusting, and well-balanced facial muscles. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of non-normative primary functions such as breathing, swallowing, biting and chewing on the consonant pronunciation outcome in adults affected with facial skeletal deformities. Moreover, the authors would like to promote a new kind of speech therapy-orthognathic speech therapy. A total of 181 adults affected by skeletal class II and III malocclusion were included, along with the relationship between the malocclusion, speech deficiency (20 phonemes tested) and primary function disorders, in the subjects before and after surgical correction. The impact of surgery on pronunciation and primary function improvement and types of Polish phonemes most often misarticulated by Polish adults were also examined. Patients underwent combined treatment and received a full speech pathology examination. The treatment improved speech (p < 0.05), and primary functions (p < 0.05). Palatal, alveolar (p < 0.05), fricatives (p < 0.05), and labiodental consonant pronunciation (p < 0.05) improved. The surgical correction of malocclusion leads to better oral motor control and articulation of Polish consonants in adults.

Speech to Text System for Noisy and Quiet Speech

This paper examines one of the available and simple methods to develop speech recognition systems capable of recognizing speech from noisy or silent recordings. Such systems improve the automated operation of call centers, and also bring us closer to creating speech recognition models capable of ignoring the speech deficiencies of speakers.

The Logopedic Evaluation of Adult Patients after Orthognathic Surgery

Orthodontists correct dental malocclusion, but major facial skeleton deformations (skeletal malocclusion) are often subject to surgical correction. Several speech pathologies are associated with both of the occlusal anomalies mentioned above. The majority of articulation disorders and primary functions cannot be improved without skeletal correction. This study aimed to investigate the outcome of the multimodal and logopaedics treatment of Polish adults affected by skeletal malocclusion and speech-language pathology. A total of 37 adults affected by skeletal Class II and III malocclusion were included, along with the relationship between the malocclusion and speech deficiency (20 phonemes tested) in the subjects before and after surgical correction. The impact of surgery on pronunciation improvement and types of Polish phonemes most often misarticulated by Polish adults were also examined. Patients underwent combined treatment and received a full speech pathology examination. The treatment improved speech (p < 0.05), but the study did not prove that a specific surgery type was associated with pronunciation improvement. Some patients were provided with speech therapy during childhood, yet most had some minor difficulties with lip and tongue movements. Palatal, alveolar (p < 0.05), fricatives (p < 0.05), and labiodental consonant pronunciation (p < 0.05) improved. The surgical correction of malocclusion leads to better articulation of Polish consonants in adults and improves some primary functions.

Case Study of Communication Issues Influence on Self-Esteem in Learners with ID

Nowadays, the lack of knowledge of bilingualism due to the changed volume ratio in the teaching of writing is becoming more and more obvious, especially to learners with intellectual disabilities. The emergence of complex processes marks this fact as interference and convergence of speech, which are better speaking and writing sources in bilingualism.
 The purpose of the study is to identify the specific difficulties of teaching writing to younger bilingual schoolchildren with ID and to develop a productive speech therapy system for the prevention and correction of violations of higher mental functions that they have.
 The object of research is the features of teaching children with speech deficiency and with ID to writing in bilingual conditions.
 The research subject is the process of preventing and overcoming problems in the bilingual conditions of teaching children with speech and ID function deficiency.

The relationship between speech and gestures in persons with aphasia: Evidence from the Czech perspective

Abstract In my research, I replicate two fundamental hypotheses established by Jakob et al. (2011): 1) Persons with aphasia (PWA) produce more gestures than healthy control persons (HCP) during interpretation of texts; 2) The more speech-restricted a person with aphasia is, the more gestures he/she produces during the interpretation of a text. I work with 6 persons with diagnosed aphasia and 10 healthy control persons (or persons with no evident speech deficiency). From a methodological point of view, I point out the necessity to include a description of non-verbal elements in language description and, at the same time, to describe the data of the damage in persons with aphasia. I also introduce some possible perspectives for exploring the categories and the extent of speech damage in persons with aphasia and various ways in which they compensate for verbal deficiency with the aid of gestures. From the viewpoint of data processing methods, on the one hand, I explore the speech parameters: among others, quantity of words, and, on the other hand, the gesture parameters: quantity of gestures, diversity of gestures, etc. I find that Czech aphasic persons do use gestures to support their restricted verbal production and to substitute for verbal production where they do not have access to any given lexical items. My data also correlate with the general assumptions on speech production when considering different types of aphasia.

A Clinical Approach to the Assessment of Selected Three-Year-Old Pupils’ Renditions

Sound perception is pivotal to language acquisition and usage, and it is the bedrock for the display of linguistic knowledge in every individual. However, misperception of sounds and sound production anomalies can be language-based or cognitive oriented. The aim of this study was to assess the utterances of selected three-year-old pupils from a clinical perspective. The study basically adopts a survey research approach. Using the purposive sampling technique and the participatory observation method, twenty utterances of kindergarten pupils were recorded, transcribed and analysed both perceptually and acoustically. This study adapted a blend of the clinical phonological and clinical psycholinguistic approaches for the analysis of the selected pupils’ utterances. The results of the assessment were that even though speech disturbance characterise the language of the pupils, gender difference plays a role in cognitive and linguistic development. The female pupils are found to be less deficient than their male counterparts as their word-realisations are more appropriate and correspond more with the superstrate transcriptions. Also, in spite of the differences in the cognitive abilities of the pupils, they unconsciously adopt simplification procedures to cover up their speech deficiencies. It has been recommended that teachers have a key role to play to facilitate learning by both genders of learners in the classroom by varying their teaching methods and selecting instructional materials carefully.

A Clinical Approach to the Assessment of Selected Three-Year-Old Pupils’ Renditions

Sound perception is pivotal to language acquisition and usage, and it is the bedrock for the display of linguistic knowledge in every individual. However, misperception of sounds and sound production anomalies can be language-based or cognitive oriented. The aim of this study was to assess the utterances of selected three-year-old pupils from a clinical perspective. The study basically adopts a survey research approach. Using the purposive sampling technique and the participatory observation method, twenty utterances of kindergarten pupils were recorded, transcribed and analysed both perceptually and acoustically. This study adapted a blend of the clinical phonological and clinical psycholinguistic approaches for the analysis of the selected pupils’ utterances. The results of the assessment were that even though speech disturbance characterise the language of the pupils, gender difference plays a role in cognitive and linguistic development. The female pupils are found to be less deficient than their male counterparts as their word-realisations are more appropriate and correspond more with the superstrate transcriptions. Also, in spite of the differences in the cognitive abilities of the pupils, they unconsciously adopt simplification procedures to cover up their speech deficiencies. It has been recommended that teachers have a key role to play to facilitate learning by both genders of learners in the classroom by varying their teaching methods and selecting instructional materials carefully.

On the basis of games for children with speech deficiency literacy teaching

In this article, reveal dedactic games and methods, as well as the occupation of their conduct by specialists Speech therapist, they aim to develop thinking in children with a pronunciation defect. The speech therapist gives the child a picture and offers to make a sentence based on the pictures. For example, if a child has a rabbit in his hand, the rabbit jumps, like a rabbit is eating grass. To help children pronounce speech sounds correctly, use words appropriately and correctly, construct speech and independent speech correctly, and teach spelling skills based on them, a speech therapist should use a variety of fun games during the lesson.

Functional results after soft palate reconstruction in oropharyngeal cancer patients

Surgery of the soft palate in patients with oropharyngeal cancer can result in functional deficiencies of swallowing and speech. Reconstruction of the resected structures can contribute to regaining sufficient functionality after therapy. The current study used frequency analysis to evaluate the change in speech characteristics after resection and reconstruction of the soft palate during post-therapeutic follow-up. In 18patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma and involvement of the soft palate, resection and reconstruction by free radial forearm graft (FRFG) and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was conducted. The spoken German numbers "eins", "zwei", "drei", "vier", "fünf" were recorded during follow-up and objectively assessed by frequency analysis. Additionally, food intake status and the necessity of atracheostomy were evaluated. The maximum peak frequencies of the numbers analysed increased from 150-300 Hz before up to 1000 Hz after therapy. Two years post therapy, the peak frequencies again declined to levels comparable to those before tumour therapy. One year after therapy, complete oral nutrition was possible in two thirds of patients and the tracheostomy was closed in 80%. Reconstruction of the soft palate by FRFG during the course of oropharyngeal cancer treatment allows function to be regained with respect to speech and swallowing. In the majority of patients, it is possible to reach alevel of function comparable to the state before tumour treatment.

The problem of determining the criteria for speech disorders in modern preschoolers in the aspect of interdisciplinary interaction of specialists

Based on Russian and foreign sources in the field of medicine, psychology and speech therapy, an overview of the main approaches to the systematization of speech disorders in childhood is conducted. It is shown that despite the long and winding path of research, there are numerous descriptions of phenomenology, but there is no consensus about the nature and mechanisms of speech disorders in children. Currently, there are two main directions in the study of speech pathology in children: clinical and psycholinguistic. In a clinical approach, impaired speech is considered as a pathological condition with certain symptoms, etiology and pathogenesis. Psycholinguistic approach to speech pathology involves the correlation of the observed violation with the normal functioning of the processes of generation and perception of speech, as well as an assessment of the degree of formation of language ability. As a result, the analysis of clinical, psychological and psycholinguistic studies shows a lot of contradictions, pushing for an active search for more accurate nominations and differential diagnostic criteria for distinguishing between different states of a child’s speech deficiency. Thus, a tendency is shown to move to a new level of professional reflection from a narrowly focused (clinical, speech therapy, psychological) to a systemic one, in which the focus of scientists will be not only the problem of determining the disadaptive development, but also the prospects for the mental and speech development of the child.

Case Study of Teaching Meta Communicative Competence Issues in Learners with ID

Nowadays, the fact of lack of knowledge of bilingualism due to the changed volume ratio in the teaching of writing is becoming more and more apparent, especially to learners with intellectual disabilities. The emergence of complex processes marks this fact is interference and convergence of speech, which are sources of better speaking and writing in bilingualism. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific difficulties of teaching writing to younger bilingual schoolchildren with ID and to develop a productive speech therapy system for the prevention and correction of violations of higher mental functions that they have. The object of research is the features of teaching children with speech deficiency and with ID to writing in bilingual conditions. The subject of the research is the process of preventing and overcoming problems in the bilingual conditions of teaching children with speech and ID functions deficiency.

Inner Speech Modification and Young Offender Re-offence: Literature Review and Implications

Inner speech is the voice in our heads that serves a variety of functions, and impacts individuals’ thoughts and behaviours. It is thought that young offenders have misguiding inner voices, and there is hope that professionals can change this through inner speech modification. During treatment, practitioners attempt to teach young offenders to use skills and tools. Ideally, this will reduce recidivism rates and allow these youth to become contributing members of society. In this literature review, the relationship between inner speech and young offender reoffence is examined. The purpose of this research is to bridge literature on inner speech, cognitive behavioural therapy, and young offender research to provide a source of suggestions for reducing delinquent behaviours. I advocate for inner speech modification programs in young offender rehabilitation because the research presented in this review supports the use of innerspeech in behaviour modification. I argue that the programs designed for young offenders need continued flexibility, and that there needs to be an increase in program availability for young offenders, especially ones involving inner speech modification. I also suggest that researchers should examine more preventative, earlier intervention programs, and investigate the relationships between inner speech and language deficiencies in young offenders.

Altering Opioid Neuromodulation in the Songbird Basal Ganglia Modulates Vocalizations.

Although the interplay between endogenous opioids and dopamine (DA) in the basal ganglia (BG) is known to underlie diverse motor functions, few studies exist on their role in modulating speech and vocalization. Vocal impairment is a common symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), wherein DA depletion affects striosomes rich in μ-opioid receptors (μ-ORs). Symptoms of opioid addiction also include deficiencies in verbal functions and speech. To understand the interplay between the opioid system and BG in vocalization, we used adult male songbirds wherein high levels of μ-ORs are expressed in Area X, a BG region which is part of a circuit similar to the mammalian thalamocortical-basal ganglia loop. Changes in DA, glutamate and GABA levels were analyzed during the infusion of different doses of the μ-OR antagonist naloxone (50 and 100 ng/ml) specifically in Area X. Blocking μ-ORs in Area X with 100 ng/ml naloxone led to increased levels of DA in this region without altering the number of songs directed toward females (FD). Interestingly, this manipulation also led to changes in the spectro-temporal properties of FD songs, suggesting that altered opioid modulation in the thalamocortical-basal ganglia circuit can affect vocalization. Our study suggests that songbirds are excellent model systems to explore how the interplay between μ-ORs and DA modulation in the BG affects speech/vocalization.

PRZYGOTOWANIE DO PRACY Z UCZNIAMI O SPECJALNYCH POTRZEBACH EDUKACYJNYCH: JĘZYKOWE NARZĘDZIA DIAGNOSTYCZNE W PRAKTYCE NAUCZYCIELSKIEJ

Adapting foreign language teaching to the requirements of studentswith special educational needs requires prior diagnosis of the developmentalpotential of the pupils concerned. Because of the educationaland rehabilitative character of foreign language learning in studentswith language and speech deficiencies, the diagnosis addresses thepossibilities of using foreign language learning in developing generaland linguistic competencies in both languages (native and foreign). Thearticle presents the aims of diagnosing linguistic communicative competenciesin the context of foreign language teaching. The differencesbetween speech diagnosis and diagnosis performed for the needs of foreignlanguage teaching are discussed, based on cases of pupils with deficienciesin their native language (Polish). The evaluation of the students’competencies involved reformulation as an instrument of linguistic diagnosis;learning strategies were also considered in the assessment.

Prosthetics and speech therapy in patients with a high-Arched palate

The prosthodontic rehabilitation of patients postcleft palate repair is an important part of the multidisciplinary approach to solving the many problems related to total health. One such problem is speech difficulties and articulation errors. High-arched palate associated with cleft palate repair affects phonation and articulation by affecting the approximation of its surface with the tongue. This results in unintelligible and hypernasal sound production. Palatogram is a fairly simple, yet highly efficacious clinical technique for the assessment of palatal contours, to improve the existent speech deficiencies of affected sounds. This case report demonstrates a multidisciplinary treatment approach to successfully improve the intelligibility of speech by fabrication of a speech appliance by making a palatogram and customizing the palatal contours.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLINICAL COURSE OF NON-TRAUMATIC SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE IN ACUTE PHASE OF THE DISEASE

The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical and statistical characteristics of the course of the disease, to assess the dynamics of the results according to the neurological scales, and to reveal the structure of complications in patients hospitalized for subarachnoid haemorrhage of non-traumatic aetiology. Materials and methods. 87 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage were examined, 38 of them (43.68%) had isolated subarachnoid haemorrhage, 14 (16.09%) had subarachnoid parenchymal, 29 (33.33%) had subarachnoid ventricular, and 6 (6.9%) had subarachnoid-parenchymal ventricular haemorrhage. The total number of mixed haemorrhages made up 56.32%. In the routine clinical examination the C.S. Ogilvy et B.S. Carter Scale and the GOSE Scale were additionally included. Results. The majority of patients, 33 patients (37.93%), had subarachnoid haemorrhage of a mild severity according to the classification of the World Federation of Neurosurgeons that corresponded to 15 scores by the Glasgow Coma Scale and the absence of motor and speech deficit. The second degree of the severity was diagnosed in 37 people (42.53%) that corresponded to 13-14 scores according to the Glasgow Coma Scale and no motor and speech deficit. The next small group of patients, 14 patients (16.09%), had the 3 degree of the severity, i.e. 13 - 14 scores according to the Glasgow Coma Scale and a certain degree of motor and / or speech deficiency. Two individuals (2.30%) were assessed as having the 4 degree that was 7–12 scores by the Glasgow Coma Scale and the presence / absence of motor and / or speech deficit. One patient (1.15%) belonged to the 5 category, whose condition was assessed as extremely severe, 3-6 scores by the Glasgow Coma Scale and the presence / absence of motor and / or speech deficit. 76 patients with the subarachnoid haemorrhage assessed as having from 0 to 2 scores had 78-80% likelihood of successful outcomes according to the generalizing classification scale for the assessment of the subarachnoid haemorrhage result forecast (CSU. Ogilvy ET B.S. Carter). 10 patients (11.49%) with 3 scores demonstrated a less successful outcome. One patient (1.15%) was found to have 25% risk of adverse outcome and a total of 4 scores. Conclusion. The following risk factors for the development of subarachnoid haemorrhage were identified: the presence in of subarachnoid haemorrhage among relatives in the family history; history of bad habits including smoking, alcohol abuse; history of hypertension, atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia; concomitant diseases, including coronary heart disease, peptic ulcer and diabetes mellitus.

ACE Inhibitor Reaction‐Induced Acute Angioedema Leading to Macroglossia: Two Case Studie

Macroglossia, either congenital or acquired enlargement of the tongue, is a rare condition that leads to functional deficiencies in speech, mastication/deglutition, and airway patency. Acute‐acquired cases of macroglossia are potentially life threatening and have myriad etiologies. Presented here are two cases of macroglossia in adults caused by acute angioedema resulting from reaction to angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The mechanism of ACE inhibitor‐induced angioedema is attributed to dysfunction in the kallikrien‐kinin system, a protease pathway converting high molecular weight kininogens to kinins such as bradykinin, which can lead to inflammation of the cardiovascular system. This condition, while rare in adults, is more easily diagnosed, monitored, and treated if detected early. However, many clinicians fail to educate patients on the warning signs of acute angioedema: swelling of the tongue, submandibular and pharyngeal spaces, and/or difficulty breathing. Furthermore, patients often do not recognize the symptoms of ACE inhibitor reactions, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. Management of acute angioedema and subsequent macroglossia includes hospitalization and intubation for airway maintenance, partial glossectomy, and subsequent glossal rehabilitation and speech therapy. Both cases presented here led to anoxic brain injury and necessitated intensive surgical intervention, demonstrating the need for better patient‐clinician communication for positive outcomes of ACE inhibitor use. Current research on the kinin system and its role in the cardiovascular system is limited, so baseline clinician‐patient education represents the best first‐line defense against life‐threatening cases of acute angioedema.Support or Funding InformationThis research is supported in part by funding from the Texas A&M University College of Dentistry and the Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.