Department Of Defense Research Articles

The Impact of Provider Productivity on Suicide-Related Events Among Veterans.

To examine the relationship between mental health provider productivity, staffing levels, and suicide-related events (SREs) among U.S. Veterans receiving care within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), focusing on therapy and medication management providers. We analyzed administrative data from the Department of Defense and VHA (2014-2018), encompassing 109,376 Veterans who separated from active duty between 2010 and 2017. A longitudinal design estimated the effects of facility-level provider work rate and staffing on SREs, adjusting for patient and facility characteristics. An instrumental variables (IV) approach addressed potential endogeneity. Data were obtained from the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse and the VHA Survey of Enrollees. A 1% increase in therapy provider work rate led to a 12.1% increase in SRE probability, regardless of staffing levels. Conversely, a 1% increase in staffing levels led to a 1.6% reduction in SREs, with the largest effect in low-staffed facilities. For medication management providers, work rate had no overall impact on SREs, except in medium-staffed facilities. A 1% increase in staffing levels for medication management providers led to a 1.7% reduction in SREs. Increased work rates, particularly in low-staffed VHA facilities, may elevate suicide-related risks. In contrast, staffing increases simultaneously improve access and reduce adverse outcomes. Where possible, policymakers should prioritize staffing growth over productivity gains to improve access to mental health clinics and ensure Veteran safety and care quality.

Golden Dome and arms control: Impediment or opportunity?

ABSTRACT The Trump administration identified arms control talks with Russia and China as an early priority. At the same time, the US President directed the Defense Department to develop a comprehensive air and missile defense system for the United States, and potentially for forward-deployed forces and allies as well. The interrelationship between strategic offensive and defensive arms will complicate, but not necessarily derail, the administration’s strategic arms control agenda.

Impact of International Department of Defense Surgical Missions on Readiness: Perspectives from Military Surgeons.

Declining surgical case volumes in the Military Healthcare System have raised concerns about the readiness of Department of Defense (DoD) surgeons for deployment. Reduced opportunities for major surgeries at Military Treatment Facilities correlate with declines in surgical Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities metrics, which measures deployment preparedness. This challenge, termed the "Walker Dip," is exacerbated during peacetime. International surgical missions and military Global Health Engagement (GHE) have been proposed to bridge this gap by offering military surgeons the chance to manage complex cases in low-resource settings. Although GHE missions aim to strengthen global partnerships and improve interoperability, their direct impact on readiness remains unclear. This study evaluates military surgeons' perceptions of readiness following participation in DoD surgical missions to better inform future mission planning. An anonymous, voluntary survey was developed by medical students and military surgeons with GHE experience. Eligible participants were military surgeons with experience in DoD international surgical missions, excluding combat deployments and disaster response missions. The survey collected demographic data, mission characteristics, and participants' perceived readiness using Likert scales. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and Spearman's rank correlations. A total of 47 respondents met the inclusion criteria. The majority were general surgeons (72%), with 57% serving in the Navy. Fifty-five percent of participants rated the missions helpful to their readiness, while 44.7% were neutral or found them unhelpful. Key factors associated with mission helpfulness included managing complex cases, treating critically ill patients, and performing blood transfusions (P < .05). Although case complexity significantly correlated with perceived readiness (P = .002), case volume did not (P = .109). Navy surgeons were less likely to rate missions as helpful compared to Army and Air Force surgeons (P = .002). This study highlights the critical role of case complexity and exposure to high-acuity patients in enhancing surgical readiness. International surgical mission planning for readiness should prioritize complexity and operational relevance over procedural volume. Further, optimizing mission design will ensure readiness and preparedness for future deployments while balancing global health and military objectives. Future research should explore standardized metrics to evaluate readiness and the long-term impact and ethical implications of these missions.

Reducing U.S. military spending could lead to substantial decreases in energy consumption

The U.S. military is a significant contributor to the climate crisis and other sustainability concerns. However, there is very limited research on how changes in U.S. military spending directly impact Department of Defense energy consumption and thereby greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we conduct a time series analysis of the relationship between U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) direct energy consumption and U.S. military expenditures from 1975 to 2022, and we test for directional asymmetry in the effect of expenditures on energy consumption. We estimate error correction models, which we ensure are free from residual autocorrelation and structural breaks. We find that a decrease in expenditures has a larger effect on decreasing energy consumption than an increase in expenditures does on increasing consumption. Further analyses reveal that this is due to cuts in DOD energy consumption from facilities and vehicles and equipment, and jet fuel in particular. We also illustrate the potential impacts of different spending decisions on DOD energy consumption and present a forecast from 2023 to 2032 for seven different scenarios. We show that sustained cuts to U.S. military expenditures could result in annual energy savings on par with what the nation of Slovenia or the U.S. state of Delaware consumes annually by 2032.

Impact of Y chromosome loss on the risk of Parkinson's disease and progression.

Impact of Y chromosome loss on the risk of Parkinson's disease and progression.

A Collaborative Approach to Optimize Participation in an Education Environment for Students With Bilateral Limb Loss: Case Report

Purpose: This case study highlights team collaboration, individualized interventions, and an inclusive environment to optimize participation in school-aged children with bilateral congenital transfemoral limb loss. Summary of Key Points: Two students with bilateral transfemoral limb loss diagnosed with fibular aplasia, tibial campomelia, and oligosyndactyly (FATCO) achieve independence in mobility through collaborative goals and strategies following the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health Model and a clinical practice guideline published by the US Department of Veterans Affairs and the US Department of Defense. The educational team, including the physical therapist, supports students’ mobility and participation using individualized interventions. Conclusion: The collaborative approach supports the students’ complexities and participation with framework-guided strategies. An inclusive school creates a community for students to develop autonomy, self-reliance, and independence. Recommendations for Clinical Practice: These cases serve as a model for integrating clinical practice guidelines into best practices for physical therapy in the school setting. What This Adds to Evidence: This is the first documented case study of children with FATCO and school-based practices.

Cybersecurity Challenges and Mitigations for LLMs in DoD Applications

Great power competition has escalated globally, making it increasingly important for the Department of Defense (DoD) to adopt artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that are advanced and secure. Large language models (LLMs), which generate text, code, images, and other digital content based on data sets used in training have gained attention for their potential in DoD applications such as data analysis, intelligence processing, and communication. However, due to the complex architecture and extensive data dependency of LLMs, integrating LLMs into defense operations presents unique cybersecurity challenges. These risks, if not properly managed, could pose severe threats to national security and mission integrity. This survey paper categorizes these challenges into vulnerability-centric risks, such as data leakage, and misinformation, and threat-centric risks, including prompt manipulation and data poisoning, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the potential risks of LLMs in DoD settings. Each category is reviewed to identify the primary risks, current mitigation strategies, and potential gaps, ultimately identifying where further research is needed. By summarizing the state of the art in LLM cybersecurity, this paper offers a foundational understanding of LLM security within the DoD. By advocating for a dual approach that considers both the evolving nature of cyber threats and the operational needs of the DoD, it aims to provide actionable recommendations to guide ongoing research in the integration of LLMs to DoD operations.

AI in Social Engineering-the Next Generation of Offensive Cyber Operations

Few can argue that Social Engineering is the most effective way to gain access to a system. From an offensive cyber perspective, Social Engineering reduces the need to identify a new vulnerability within a system to gain access by praying on psychological factors like emotion and fear. Social engineering has an effective rate of ranges between 80% and 90%. When AI is added to the picture, the likelihood of a successful social engineering scheme increases because AI can add a layer of realism and personalization that gets past a person’s barriers. When AI-influenced social engineering attacks are added to an offensive cyber operation, the attack surface grows increasingly more significant. The larger the attack surface, the higher the likelihood of a successful cyber operation. These targets can attack governmental agencies, the military, critical infrastructure, the healthcare system, and more. Understanding how AI in Social Engineering is impacting Offensive Cyber Operations is important. This case study looks at how AI is impacting Social Engineering and how AI influenced Social Engineering is being used by Nation State Threat Actors in Offensive Cyber Operations. The U.S. Department of Defence

Should Military Aircrew Members be Allowed to Use Food and Drug Administration Approved Weight Loss Medications? A Review of the Literature and Recommendations.

Obesity has become a world-wide epidemic, affecting both children and adults. Not only has it had a global impact, but it has had concomitant deleterious effects on recruitment and retention. In 2018, the Department of Defense permitted the use of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved weight loss medications by service members. However, aircrew members are not authorized to access these medications because of concerns over physiologic effects and the risk of incapacitation. To date, there has been limited research on the impacts of anti-obesity medications and military members on flight status. This review examines current literature regarding FDA-approved weight loss medications and their potential benefit for the aviation community. Recommendations for future research are proposed. N-of-1 case report with detailed literature review. This review examines current literature regarding FDA approved weight loss medications and the potential benefit for the aviation community. Recommendations for future research are proposed.

Pharmacological and Somatic Treatments for First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia: Synopsis of the US Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guidelines.

The Departments of Veterans Affairs (VA) and Defense (DOD) provide care each year for approximately 75,000 people with first-episode psychoses or schizophrenia, but neither has formal, evidence-based guidance for treating these conditions. Recognition of this gap, together with guidance from Congress, led the Departments to develop clinical practice guidelines for first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia. This synopsis summarizes the psychopharmacological and other somatic treatment recommendations. An interdisciplinary panel of VA and DOD mental health and primary care providers was created following methods specified by the VA/DOD Evidence-Based Practice Guideline Work Group. The panel formulated key questions that guided a comprehensive search of the intervention literature from November 2011 to December 2021, with evidence limited to findings from randomized clinical trials. Recommendations were based on evaluation of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methods. The VA/DOD guideline panel developed 15 pharmacological and somatic treatment recommendations, including those on antipsychotic medication use for the treatment of first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia, use of clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, treatment of clozapine non-responders, and side effect management. There was insufficient evidence to provide recommendations for or against the use of non-antipsychotic medications or somatic treatments to treat negative or cognitive symptoms. The VA/DOD guideline panel developed 15 pharmacological and somatic treatment recommendations to promote optimal, evidence-based care for active service members and Veterans. However, there remain multiple treatment planning decision points for which there is a lack of data and/or effective treatments.

1878-LB: Specialized Lipogenic Nerve-Associated Cells Expand in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Introduction and Objective: Inflammation is a key component in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We previously identified a nerve-associated macrophage population that responds to neuroinflammatory signaling and expresses the brown adipocyte-related factors beta 3-adrenergic receptor (ADRβ3) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) during tissue regeneration. These studies investigate the role of these cells in DPN. Methods: We used an established mouse model of pre-DPN. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce neuropathy and compared to age-matched mice on a standard diet (SD). Metabolic and neuropathy phenotypes were confirmed by glucose tolerance and von Frey testing. Sciatic nerve segments were isolated, digested and analyzed for ADRβ3 expression by flow cytometry from 10-16 weeks on the HFD. Blood nerve barrier (BNB) integrity was assessed by Evans Blue permeability. ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test was used for statistical analyses. Results: The percentage of ADRβ3+ cells gradually increased in nerves of HFD-fed mice. Mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and mechanical allodynia at this time. This also correlated with enhanced dye extravasation into the nerve indicative of BNB compromise. Sorted ADRβ3+ cells expressed UCP1. Immunohistochemical analysis of human nerves suggests expansion of ADRβ3/UCP1+ cells in type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: ADRβ3+ nerve-associated cells expand during DPN and may impact BNB integrity. Further studies will confirm the phenotype and functional role of these cells in DPN. These cells represent a new target in DPN pathogenesis. Disclosure M. White: None. S.N. Vodnala: None. Z. Gugala: None. E.A. Salisbury: None. Funding U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-22-1-0004)

Toward a Perfection of Nuclear Strategy: China’s Adoption of Limited Nuclear Deterrence in the Xi Jinping Era

ABSTRACT According to the US Department of Defense and the Federation of American Scientists, China had procured 500 nuclear warheads by 2023 and improved its nuclear weapon systems and equipment. What does this indicate about China’s nuclear strategy? The most influential understanding of China’s nuclear strategy has been minimum deterrence, characterized by threatening the lowest level of damage for assured retaliation with the fewest nuclear weapons of lower accuracy. However, this article argues for a shift in strategy towards a limited deterrence, under which China emphasizes warfighting, nuclear-conventional integration, offensive capability, counterforce targeting, and flexible responses. This shift to limited deterrence is first observable in Xi Jinping’s statements in China’s nuclear doctrine. Second, the recent rapid changes in China’s nuclear force structure, particularly in the improvements in ICBM, submarine, and nuclear warhead technologies, are indicative of China’s interests in counterforce operations with higher offensiveness. The strategic shift implies that the nuclear security dilemma between China and the US will likely deepen, and the possibility of miscalculation and difficulties in escalation control will be exacerbated.

Abstract P3-04-03: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water and Breast Cancer Risk among Women in the Military

Abstract For several decades, breast cancer rates have increased among younger women under age 50. Previous studies indicated women serving in the U.S. Military had higher incidence of early onset breast cancer than expected based on the U.S. population, but the reasons remain unclear. High levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) ), known endocrine disrupting chemicals, have been found in drinking water on a number of US military bases. PFAS are in many industrial and consumer products, but the use of Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) for firefighting since the 1970’s is considered the major source of contamination on military installations. We assessed the association of duration assigned to a military installation reported to have high drinking water PFAS levels with breast cancer rates using data from a nested case-control study among active duty women in the military. Through the Department of Defense (DoD) Cancer Registry, we identified 832 women diagnosed with (711) invasive breast cancer (BC) or with (121) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), who joined the military since 1990 and were diagnosed between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2022, while on active duty. We selected 856 matched controls from active duty women who had no reported breast cancer diagnosis at the time of the cases’ diagnosis, joined the military in the same year, were born in the same year, and of the same race/ethnicity. In this unique study sample 85% of cases are under the age of 45 and 56% are non-White. In a 2020 report to Congress, the DoD identified 22 military installations where the drinking water PFAS levels were above the 2016 EPA guidelines of 70 ppt. Among the women in this study, 46.8% of the cases and 43.7% of the controls were assigned to one of these 22 installations at some time prior to the cases’ year of diagnosis. To estimate the rate ratio for breast cancer associated with time assigned to the identified installations, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a logistic regression model that controlled for the matching factors. Compared to women never assigned to any of the identified 22 installations, those assigned for three or more years had an OR = 1.45 (95% CI: 1.09-1.96) for invasive BC or DCIS. The increase in the rate was slightly higher for invasive BC only (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.11-2.07), for those diagnosed with invasive BC before the age of 45 (OR= 1.79; 95% CI:1.27-2.53), and for those diagnosed with invasive BC before 2016, when PFAS contamination was likely higher (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.27-3,21). While assignment to a base with high levels of PFAS in drinking water does not necessarily determine individual exposure levels, these findings might in part provide an explanation for the previously reported higher rates of breast cancer among women serving in the U.S. Military. Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences or the Department of Defense. Citation Format: Celia Byrne, Michelle S. Mellers, Lynsey L. Lewis, Barbara J. Fuhrman. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water and Breast Cancer Risk among Women in the Military [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-03.

Ultrasound-Guided Foreign Body Removal: Simulation Training and Clinical Implementation Outcomes.

High-resolution ultrasound can be utilized for the detection, localization, and characterization of both radiopaque and non-radiopaque soft tissue foreign bodies. However, ultrasonography as an intraoperative or percutaneous guidance method has not been systematically described in military-related wound management. The purpose of this study is to determine if ultrasound-guided foreign body removal (USFBR) taught in simulation improves radiologist technique and Foreign Body (FB) removal outcomes. Once the technique is mastered, the implementation of FB removals in Department of Defense (DoD) beneficiaries is studied. In this 2-phase study, USFBR simulation training was taught to 47 radiologists at 4 military treatment facilities over a 2-year period. Radiologists were assessed on FB removal techniques before and after 4 hours of individual hands-on training by a teaching team of 4 radiologists experienced in the technique. In the second phase of this study, clinical implementation of USFBR was documented on DoD beneficiaries. Institutional approval for each phase was obtained from the Internal Review Board of Nationwide Children's Hospital and National Navy Medical Center, Brooke Army Medical Center, Madigan Army Medical Center, and Tripler Army Medical Center review boards. Phase 1 training study demonstrated that the USFBR simulation training improved radiologists' scores from 21-52% pre-training to 90-100% post-training (P < .01 for each test component). Phase 2 clinical implementation demonstrated a 90% successful removal rate as defined by the complete removal of the FB from a DoD beneficiary under ultrasound guidance by a trained radiologist. This study confirms that radiologists who complete simulation training can remove embedded FBs employing ultrasound imaging. Implementation of focused hands-on simulation training programs has the potential to improve ultrasonographic FB management practice. Implementation by trained radiologists was successful in removing FBs from DoD beneficiaries.

Systematic analysis of federal funding for spinal cord injury research.

Federal agencies including the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Defense (DoD) Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program (CDMRP), and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provide the majority of funding for spinal cord injury (SCI) research in the United States. However, systematic evaluation of how this funding is distributed across research areas, therapeutic approaches, and translational stages has been limited. To address this, we curated and classified 1,589 federally funded SCI research awards from the NIH (2008-2023), the CDMRP Spinal Cord Injury Research Program (SCIRP; 2009-2023), and the VA (2017-2025). Each award was annotated based on the biological system or problem studied, the therapeutic intervention or approach utilized, and its placement along the translational continuum. Our analysis revealed that the NIH predominantly supports basic and early stage translational research, especially in areas of SCI pathology, regeneration, and motor functional recovery. In contrast, the CDMRP funding is more concentrated on applied and clinical research, particularly in the areas of pain, bladder dysfunction, and neuromodulatory device development. The VA predominantly invests in rehabilitation -focused studies and interventions aimed at improving musculoskeletal and functional health outcomes. While the complementary missions of these agencies collectively support a diverse SCI research ecosystem, we identified critical gaps in funding for high-priority areas such as bowel/gastrointestinal health, cardiovascular function, and mental health. Furthermore, the recent discontinuation of the CDMRP SCIRP and proposed NIH budget reductions are projected to lead to an approximate 50% decline in federal SCI research funding by 2026, posing a substantial risk to the field's progress and threatening the stability of this ecosystem. These findings underscore the urgent need for coordinated, data-driven funding strategies that align more closely with the needs and priorities of the SCI community. To that end, we propose the development of a publicly accessible living platform to enhance transparency, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and guide strategic investment in SCI research moving forward.

Forging the Force: Advancing Military Medical Education With Lifestyle and Performance Medicine.

Force readiness and disease prevention are critical responsibilities for military physicians. The prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity and type II diabetes has been increasing among active duty service members. The Department of Defense spends over 3 billion dollars annually managing these conditions. Despite known links between lifestyle factors and disease, lifestyle and performance medicine (LPM) is not commonly integrated into medical education. This research aims to assess military medical students' knowledge, perceptions, and preparedness regarding LPM. An Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved survey among a select group of medical students participating in the Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP) or attending the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) was performed. The survey was distributed via the Student Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons email list and military social media pages. The survey intended to gather student perspectives and preparedness to incorporate LPM into future practice. Demographics data were also collected and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and R-studio. Of 107 students across 24 medical institutions, 95% felt LPM was relevant to their careers as military physicians. However, only 45% felt adequately prepared by their institutions, and only 30% felt they gained in-depth experience regarding LPM skills like nutrition and exercise prescriptions in medical school. Notably, 78% thought their medical institutions should dedicate more time to LPM in the medical school curriculum. Most students in this study do not feel adequately prepared to incorporate LPM interventions and think they would benefit from more LPM training in their medical school curriculum. These results are consistent with previous studies performed among civilian medical students. This study was conducted exclusively among military medical students, many indicated that they feel the principles of LPM are important to force readiness and missions preparedness. However, they also feel that they lack the skills necessary to adequately integrate LPM into their future practice. This study has several limitations. Responses were collected voluntarily in a non-randomized fashion leaving the possibility for selection bias. Additionally, the survey was available for 4 weeks in the summer of 2024. The methods in which the survey was collected makes so an exact response rate cannot be calculated. However, this study offers valuable insight into the demand for LPM education among current military medical students and the implications LPM can have on future force health and deployment readiness. Our findings underscore an expectation among military medical students to integrate more comprehensive LPM education within military medical training programs. By enhancing LPM education, military medical students may be better prepared to address noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes and obesity. This in turn may have broader implications as it pertains to improved force readiness and health outcomes.

Role of the Commission on Audit in a Landscape of Endemic Corruption: The Case of Six Government Agencies in the Philippines

Graft and Corruption hampered several aspects of development in many countries of the world. In the Philippines, lavish lifestyles, bribery, and fraudulent practices are prevalent in its government, as acknowledged by its own president, and even regarded as a daunting mission. Institutional arrangements are then in place to safeguard the public resources from misconduct among government officials and their instrumentalities. The Commission on Audit’s main role as a state auditing body is to examine, audit, and settle all accounts and expenditures of public funds and properties. With the increasing social injustices and other social issues, amelioration programs, projects, and activities demand higher financial resources year on year. In the 2019 national cash budget of the Philippines, the Departments of Education, Health, National Defense, Interior and Local Government, Social Welfare and Development, and Public Works and Highways constituted the majority of the fiscal tool. However, instead of rendered benefits, large counts and costs of findings and observations were noted by the state auditing firm, suggesting an unhealthy fiscal administration. These findings and observations are the basis for the public’s trust acuity and perception of good governance, but without proper checks and balances, these reports can do more damage than good to the state. The Commission on Audit shall then employ a Proactive Check and Balance auditing system to mandate the checking of the proper implementation of the national budget and the technical and operational appraisal of a project/program/activity before, during, and after its implementation, and consider integrating participatory development in their system.

Comparing the incidence of hypospadias across the United States: A contemporary analysis.

Comparing the incidence of hypospadias across the United States: A contemporary analysis.

An Analysis of the U.S. Department of Defense's Military Health Readiness Assessments.

Congress mandates that the Department of Defense (DoD) assess and monitor the health readiness of the armed forces. Accordingly, DoD implements a suite of health assessments to monitor service members' health readiness. One annual and four additional deployment-related health assessments screen for issues with physical and behavioral health at specified intervals throughout the deployment cycle to facilitate early intervention and any medical care required to maintain force readiness. The content of many of the items in these assessments overlap, and the required time frames for assessment completion can be very close to one another. In addition, administration of similar assessments can involve unnecessary monetary and other resource costs. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs asked the RAND National Defense Research Institute to evaluate DoD's suite of health readiness assessments against their stated objectives and identify potential opportunities for improvement, increased efficiencies, and cost savings. In this study, the authors review the policies behind these health assessments at both department and service branch levels and the assessments themselves for overlaps and gaps, comparing them with U.S. guidelines for health screenings and the use of similar health assessments among high-risk civilian professions. Drawing from this analysis and interviews with military stakeholders, they offer recommendations for improving the health assessments' efficiency and effectiveness.

Racial disparity in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Parallel survival analysis with data from the DoD central cancer registry and SEER.

Racial disparity in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Parallel survival analysis with data from the DoD central cancer registry and SEER.