This study aims to examine the strategies of public universities to strengthen religious moderation on campuses to foster religious tolerance and nationalism among campus communities. Qualitative methods were used to obtain data for analysis. The subject of the study was Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), a large state university in East Java that offers various religious moderation programs, including Griya Moderasi Beragama dan Bela Negara (GMBBN, House of Religious Moderation and State Defense). The study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 using observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. The data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive analysis: data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion/verification. The research revealed nine strategies to strengthen religious moderation in campus, namely: establishing institutions of religious moderation, inserting religious moderation values into lectures, conducting research and community service on religious moderation, religious mentoring, establishing and guiding religious student activity units, scientific studies on religious moderation, non-academic activities on religious moderation, dissemination of media and content of religious moderation, and places of worship to promote religious moderation.

Abstract Since their publication in the 1950s and 1980s respectively, the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 have become a major reference for the application and interpretation of those treaties. The International Committee of the Red Cross, together with a team of renowned experts, is currently updating these Commentaries in order to document developments and provide up-to-date interpretations of the treaty texts. This article provides an introduction to the updated Commentary on Geneva Convention IV (GC IV), published online in 2025. It describes the methodology behind the updated Commentaries before explaining the historical background of bringing civilian protection into the framework of the Geneva Conventions. It then discusses how the structure of GC IV impacts its application and explains GC IV’s personal, geographic and temporal scope of application. The article summarizes key substantive protections provided in the Convention for civilians and their property during armed conflicts, including in situations of occupation, and points to where these are addressed in the updated Commentary.

Masonry buildings lacking box-like behaviour are highly susceptible to out-of-plane (OOP) failure during earthquakes, threatening both occupants and surrounding structures. To address this issue, this paper presents FaiMec (Failure Mechanisms), a rapid-assessment tool developed for the large-scale seismic evaluation of multi-storey masonry buildings. It considers both isolated and aggregate configurations, accounting for their direct influence on the activation of potential failure mechanisms. FaiMec integrates an advanced macro-block model with the established FaMIVE procedure, introducing three key innovations: (i) refined analytical formulations for activating load factors; (ii) explicit evaluation of seismic demand via floor response spectra; and (iii) a minimization procedure based on the capacity-to-demand ratio, enabling robust identification of governing OOP mechanisms. Using data from the CARTIS Building Form, developed by the ReLUIS Consortium and Italian Civil Protection Department since 2014, FaiMec computes load factors for multiple OOP mechanisms and classifies each building’s seismic risk under the Italian "Sismabonus" system, issued in Italy by a Ministerial Decree. The tool was first applied, tested, and validated on buildings affected by bradyseismic activity in Campi Flegrei (Italy), within a framework agreement with the ReLUIS Consortium coordinated by the Civil Protection Department. The paper presents a qualitative description of the procedure and the purpose-built IT application, supported by six case studies highlighting typological features that influence the activation of specific failure mechanisms. Overall, the tool offers an innovative framework for rapid, large-scale assessment of OOP vulnerability in masonry aggregates, overcoming limitations of existing approaches and supporting prevention and civil protection strategies.

ABSTRACT This article examines the activation of the European Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) during the 2024 floods in Spain, situating its operations within the framework of Europeanisation and multi-level disaster governance. Using Europeanisation theory, it explores crisis integration through three dimensions: (1) the influence of national administrative and political cultures on the activation and reception of EU assistance; (2) interactions between domestic and EU institutional logics and (3) top-down and bottom-up dynamics of multi-level governance affecting coordination during large-scale emergencies. The study is a qualitative single-case analysis, combining eleven semi-structured interviews with EU civil protection actors, local responders and partner agencies, along with documentary and digital sources. Findings show that the UCPM enabled rapid cross-border mobilisation and enhanced operational coordination. Nevertheless, delayed activation, complex domestic governance structures and political constraints limited efficiency. The Spanish case demonstrates how national administrative cultures and organisational arrangements shape the embedding of supranational capacities. Adopting a confirmatory empirical approach, the study clarifies how multi-level governance, integration and coordination function within the UCPM. Rather than generalising, it highlights the interaction between EU institutions and national authorities, showing how institutional strengths and domestic contexts combine to produce concrete operational outcomes.

Scholarship on the interaction between Islamic law and international humanitarian law (IHL) has grown considerably, yet much of it remains confined to abstract doctrinal comparison and has yet to engage seriously with how these frameworks operate in real armed conflicts shaped by religious identity. This study addresses that lacuna through a focused examination of the 2023–2026 Gaza conflict, in which legal norms, religious identity, and military practice intersect. The analysis asks how the principles of distinction and proportionality are understood within fiqh al-jihād and IHL with respect to civilian protection, and how those interpretations shape application in asymmetric conflicts involving both state and non-state actors. Employing a qualitative, comparative, and socio-legal methodology, the study advances three principal findings. First, both legal traditions affirm an obligation to protect civilians through the principles of distinction, proportionality, and humanity, although they rest on distinct normative foundations. Second, divergences in practice arise less from doctrinal conflict than from political interest and the strategic deployment of legal narrative by the parties. Third, these dynamics sustain persistent gaps in civilian protection that are often entrenched by selective legal framing and weak accountability. Based on these findings, the study proposes a “Gaza Convergence Model” as a framework for more operational engagement between the two traditions. By aligning shared principles while acknowledging irreducible differences, the model seeks to strengthen both the legitimacy and the effectiveness of civilian protection in armed conflict. More broadly, the study argues for culturally grounded legal approaches and for sustained dialogue between religious and international legal orders.

Dog bite injuries pose a substantial public health burden worldwide. Environmental and acoustic stressors may contribute to dog behavioral dysregulation. However, there are as yet no population-level studies evaluating whether the incidence of dog bites increases during periods of armed conflict. The present study was conducted in Israel where the population is routinely exposed to an episodic pattern of high-intensity conflicts (escalation) alternating with periods of calm (de-escalation), providing a unique natural experiment to examine the effect of environmental stressors on population-level modifiers of injury risk. This nationwide retrospective observational study covered the decade from 2014 to 2025. Healthcare-encounter data were used to capture dog bite-related diagnoses in both hospital and community settings. Exposure to armed conflict-related environmental stress was operationalized using the number of civil defense sirens per month, categorized as none (0), low (< 500), or high (≥ 500) and aggregated by geographic region (North, Center, South). Monthly dog bite counts were modeled using negative binomial regression adjusted for region, seasonality, age group, sex, and socioeconomic status. Secondary outcomes were hospitalization within 7 days and surgical intervention within 30 days, reflecting injury severity. A total of 63,285 dog bite-related encounters were identified. Compared to months with no sirens, adjusted dog bite incidence increased by 15% during low-exposure months (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.15, 95% CI 1.13-1.18) and by 33% during high-exposure months (IRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.28-1.37), demonstrating a graded exposure-response association. High exposure was associated with increased odds of surgical intervention within 30 days (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16; P = 0.013). This study provides the first population-level evidence linking armed conflict-related environmental stressors to increased dog bite incidence, using a quantitative graded exposure measure rather than a binary conflict-period definition. Dog bite prevention and healthcare preparedness should be taken into consideration in civilian injury mitigation strategies during armed conflict.

The article presents a structural analysis of the procurement system of the domestic security and defense sector under martial law and the transformation of state governance mechanisms. It is substantiated that the effectiveness of the defense procurement system is of decisive importance for ensuring national security, the state's defense capability, and the proper use of budget resources. It is established that in modern conditions, the defense procurement system of Ukraine operates in an environment of high uncertainty, dynamic external and internal threats, which necessitates its adaptation to new security and management realities. The study reveals the essence of the defense procurement system as a complex institutional and legal mechanism that encompasses a set of subjects, objects, processes, legal norms, and control instruments aimed at meeting the needs of the security and defense sector. The structure of the system at the macro and micro levels is characterized, the political-strategic, executive and control-supervisory levels are highlighted, and the role of key actors is analyzed, in particular the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, the Defense Procurement Agency, state customers, suppliers and state control bodies. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of defense procurement under the influence of martial law, the simplification of procedures, the development of centralized and decentralized procurement models, as well as the implementation of digital management tools, in particular the DOT-Chain system and the Brave1 innovative platform. The main problems of the system's functioning are identified, including an insufficient level of transparency, limited competition, the presence of corruption risks, institutional difficulties in control and the need for further harmonization of legislation with NATO and EU standards. It was concluded that further improvement of Ukraine's defense procurement system requires a comprehensive approach, which includes strengthening the institutional capacity of management entities, developing digitalization, improving control mechanisms, supporting the domestic defense-industrial complex, and expanding international cooperation in the field of security and defense.

Kang Youwei (1858–1927) reimagined Confucius as the founding religious leader of Confucianism, a conceptual framework underpinning his entire ideological system of Confucian thought. Yet existing scholarship has largely overlooked systematic analysis of this theoretical reconstruction. Influenced by the impact–response paradigm, many studies have also neglected Kang’s core intention to pursue cross-civilizational dialogue and establish a universalist Confucianism through such interpretive innovation. Faced with the late-Qing predicament of the imbalance between a dominant Western world and a weakened China, Kang thoroughly redefined Confucius by shifting his image from a sage who transmitted rather than created ancient wisdom to a religious authority who reformed institutions through classical precedents. This paper argues that Kang’s reinterpretation was neither a simplistic religious adaptation nor a conservative defence of traditional culture. His fundamental aim was to correct Western-centric bias, facilitate equal Sino-Western civilizational dialogue, critique inherent structural dilemmas of modern Western civilization, and propose the Confucian Way as a viable solution to these deep-rooted crises.

This study searches at approaches to keep public money safe, which is an important part of achieving social justice and sustainable development. to stop manipulation, violations, and corruption that have to do with public money them goal of this research is to show how important it is to set up good systems for them. It operates key foundations of legal protection: Constitutional protection, which says that public funds are sacred and the government must protect them, Civil protection stops people from taking or getting rid of public money and stops people from getting public property through prescription (i.e., adverse possession over time). The study also made it clear that the government is responsible for keeping public property in good shape, fixing it when it breaks down, and replacing it when it gets out so that it can continue to be useful to the public. It also made it clear that the government must follow general rules when hiring public employees, such as standards of honesty, competence, and academic qualifications. It also made it clear that public servants must obey professional ethics, declare their assets, and put the public interest first. On the other hand, the study showed how important the ideas of honesty, justice, and free competition are in the context of government contracts and public procurement.It also talked about the administrative authority's power to keep an eye on and oversee the execution of contracts. This included the right to change contracts and punish contractors who break any of the terms of the contract. This was considered as an effective way to make sure that contracts are carried out correctly, that money is spent wisely, and that public funds are not misused.

Introduction. The reign of Elizabeth I demonstrates the successful maintenance of state stability in a situation of permanent internal tension caused by religious and political confrontation. In this context, the evolution of political control mechanisms, among which oaths of allegiance played a key role, is of particular interest. The oaths, approved through the adoption of the Act of Supremacy (1559) and the Union of London (1584), were central elements of state policy, forming its basis in the areas of religious sovereignty and the physical security of the crown. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a deep understanding of not only repressive but also integrative instruments of power capable of transforming the loyalty of diverse population groups into the basis of the regime’s legitimacy. Results. Studying this problem allows us to identify strategic models of governance in times of crisis, which has not only historical but also theoretical significance for political science and sociology. The aim of the study is to identify, on the basis of a comparative analysis of the oaths provided for in the Act of Supremacy (1559) and the Bond of Association (1584), how verbal confirmation of loyalty was used as an instrument of political control and perceived by the Catholic community in England. The methodological basis of the work consists of descriptive, essential-content and comparative-historical methods applied within the framework of a functional approach. The main conclusion of the study is that the oath of allegiance evolved from an instrument of identification of religious opposition (the Act of Supremacy), which created a conflict of identity, to a mechanism of mobilization and integration through joint responsibility for the safety of the monarch (the Bond of Association). While the first act excluded Catholics from the public sphere, the second incorporated them into the system of defense of the Protestant state, demonstrating the flexibility of the oath as a key instrument of governance in times of crisis.

Education plays a crucial role in climate adaptation and mitigation, specifically in the current context of environmental challenges and disasters. This article analyzes initiatives to integrate content on sustainability, climate change, and disaster risk reduction into Spanish educational legislation and other specific regulations, such as civil protection. It reviews the alignment of Spanish legislation with international frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sendai Framework, as well as the incorporation of environmental and climate education into regulations related to climate change and civil protection. The article highlights the importance of teacher training and the recent implementation of a mandatory disaster education plan following a devastating rainfall and flood disaster in 2024 (known in Spanish as the DANA disaster), which aims to strengthen the resilience and preparedness of the entire educational community. It concludes that significant progress has been made in integrating this content into the curriculum. However, the challenge of consolidating a culture of climate change awareness in Spanish society remains.

The earthquake of 23 June 2001, Mw 8.4, caused catastrophic damage in the city of Moquegua (Peru), especially in reinforced-concrete educational buildings. In this research, advanced procedures have been used and compared to assess the seismic performance of a new educational building designed under the current Peruvian construction regulations. Two nonlinear static procedures, the capacity spectrum method and an improved procedure based on the equivalent linearization method, have been applied and compared. Damage probabilities for a 475-year-return-period earthquake for the city of Moquegua evidence that the improved procedure based on the equivalent linearization method turns out to be slightly more conservative than the capacity spectrum method. Incremental dynamic analyses, based on 15 seismic events selected according to specific criteria, are taken as reference and complete the building damage assessment. Probabilistic damage matrices are proposed to assess damage using a probabilistic approach, which makes it possible to determine the levels of risk to be assumed in likely post-seismic scenarios and to carry out probabilistic estimates of the impacted population, the expected damage to structures, and the ranges of economic (social and material) costs. These tools assist stakeholders, civil protection and fire departments and the administrations involved in risk management and contingency planning in developing prevention strategies and improving preparedness for natural disasters such as earthquakes.

Relevance. National security issues have gained particular relevance in recent years in light of the complicated geopolitical situation and the escalation of armed conflicts. In the context of an armed conflict, an important role is given to the effective and uninterrupted operation of the enterprises of the country's military-industrial complex, which must regularly supply the troops with the required number of weapons and military, special equipment for the successful implementation of the assigned military tasks. The main tool for implementing military policy and achieving the set strategic goals to maintain the country's defense capability is the State Defense Order. Purpose. The study is aimed at identifying problems associated with the implementation of tasks within the framework of the state defense order to maintain and provide troops with weapons and special military equipment for the successful implementation of tasks in the zone of military conflicts. Objectives. The following tasks were set and consistently solved in the article: the main traditional system for monitoring the implementation of the state defense order by the controlling structures is described; the practice of supplying weapons and military equipment was analyzed; emphasis is placed on the production of especially popular samples; the reasons for supply disruptions under the state defense order are systematized and analyzed. Methodology. Methods of analogy, generalization, visualization and graphical presentation of data were used in the work, methods of synthesis and analysis of terms were used to assess the causes of supply disruptions. Results: assessment of plans and mechanisms for the implementation of work on the implementation of the state defense order in the context of military conflicts in various national jurisdictions; analysis of the causes of supply disruptions and the fulfillment of the work schedule for the production of especially demanded weapons and equipment. Conclusions. National security during armed conflicts should be provided with flexible tools to maintain the integrity of the state and its work.

ABSTRACT Operation Lafiya Dole (OPLD) is Nigeria’s longest-running counterinsurgency (COIN) campaign against Boko Haram and the Islamic State of West Africa Province (ISWAP). It achieved significant territorial gains after its launch in 2015. Yet these military successes coincided with persistent civilian vulnerability, livelihood disruption, and food insecurity in Northeast Nigeria. This paradox raises a central analytical puzzle: why did battlefield progress fail to translate into improved human security outcomes? Drawing on Strategic Interaction Theory (SIT) and Human Security Framework (HSF), this study interrogates the impact of OPLD on human security in Northeast Nigeria, with particularly emphasis on civilian protection, local livelihoods, and food security. Using a theory-guided qualitative case analysis of triangulated secondary data from open-source security reports, scholarly articles, and humanitarian sources, the study identifies a strategic mismatch between the state’s direct, coercive tactics and insurgents’ adaptive indirect strategies targeting civilians and their livelihoods. The study extends SIT beyond battlefield outcomes by foregrounding human security as a core metric of COIN effectiveness, with implications for COIN strategy design and civilian protection in asymmetric conflicts.

ABSTRACT Persuasive strategies, a rhetorical means deployed in investigative interactions by investigating officers and suspects to influence each other’s behaviour, have received moderate scholarly attention, especially in police-suspect interactions. Consequently, not much attention has been paid to the use of these strategies in interactions involving the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (Civil Defence) and Civil and suspects. Data were obtained from the Headquarters of the Oyo State Command of the Civil Defence. The data were bound using Gotti’s principles of persuasion in discourse theory. The analysis demonstrates that IOs and suspects employ pathos and logos as rhetorical devices for persuasion.

The aim of the lecture was to consider the role of gene ontology (GO) and the GO Consortium in shaping the knowledge base for genomics, proteomics, and biology. GO organizes and continually updates data on the molecular functions and biological processes in which genes and their products are involved.The structure of GO, the features of GO term hierarchy and the connections between them, as well as the elements of each term are considered. The features of services for working with basic knowledge and various ways to access civil defense data are given. In addition to term characteristics, GO pays great attention to annotations – statements that link a gene product to a certain ontology term. The annotation process captures the action and location of a gene product using terms, providing a reference and a type of evidence.The areas of application of GO related to the analysis of genomics and proteomics data are considered. The main approaches used by researchers are functional annotation of genes and pathway enrichment analysis. Analysis of large volumes of data (for example, when assessing gene expression) allows to gain knowledge about the involvement of genes and their products in various processes, extract biological meaning, and evaluate the features of molecular mechanisms in various diseases. The increasing role of GO in the formation of new knowledge in the relevant field is shown.

Abstract This paper assesses the full value chain resulting in the warnings issued in advance of Storm Eunice (18 February 2022) and Storm Ciarán (2 November 2023), focusing on impacts in southern England. Storm Eunice brought wind hazards over a large area, whereas Storm Ciarán’s hazard footprint covered a smaller area, but was more of a multi-hazard event, with wind, rainfall, and landslide hazards. This paper examines the successes, challenges, and lessons learned from these warnings within the warning value chain framework – a concept illustrating the process of warning production as a sequence of expertise sources (components) connected by bridges facilitating bidirectional information exchange. Using a questionnaire from the World Meteorological Organization’s High Impact Weather (HIWeather) Warning Value Chain Flagship Project, this paper offers a detailed assessment of the warning process, covering the full flow of information and decision-making across the value chain. The post-event analysis for these two storms involved diverse participants, including operational meteorologists, hydrometeorologists, civil contingency advisors, and scientists from the Met Office, Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC), and British Geological Survey. The process culminated in a group scoring exercise for each storm and value chain component. This paper presents the results of the two value chain assessments separately, before drawing comparisons. While both storms impacted southern UK, Storm Eunice posed different forecasting and warning challenges. The findings offer valuable insights for improving future warning systems, focusing on three key themes: (1) streamlining information flow, (2) improving warning communication, and (3) enhancing cross-organizational collaboration.

Grievability and civilian harm in Weaponizing Civilian Protection

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Applications on Enhancing the Quality of Administrative Decisions: An Applied Study on the Abu Dhabi Civil Defense Authority

The Indian Constitution provides an extensive framework for the protection of civil, political, and socio-economic rights in line with international human rights norms. Part III’s Fundamental Rights and Part IV’s Directive Principles of State Policy collectively aim to safeguard individual liberty while promoting social justice and equality. This study adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach based on the examination of constitutional provisions, judicial interpretations, and relevant scholarly literature on human rights in India. The article argues that despite a robust constitutional architecture and significant judicial innovations—particularly through public interest litigation and the expanded interpretation of Article 21—a substantial gap persists between constitutional guarantees and their realisation in practice. Persistent issues such as custodial violence, institutional discrimination, and socio-economic inequalities reflect broader challenges related to implementation deficits, institutional limitations, and entrenched social hierarchies. Strengthening institutional accountability, democratic engagement, and a broader culture of rights is therefore essential to translate constitutional commitments into effective human rights protection.