Decree Law Research Articles (Page 1)

Bimekizumab is a monoclonal IgG1 antibody that selectively inhibits interleukin (IL)-17F and IL-17A and was approved to treat patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in the European Union in 2023. This study compares the cost per responder (CPR) of bimekizumab against IL-17A (secukinumab), IL-12/23 (ustekinumab) and IL-23 (guselkumab and risankizumab) targeted therapies to treat patients with PsA in Spain. The CPR was calculated by dividing the average annual drug cost per patient by the response rates for minimal disease activity (MDA) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 50 and ACR70 at week 52 in patients who were biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) naïve or who had experienced inadequate response or intolerance to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi-IR). Response rates from four published matching-adjusted indirect comparisons (MAIC) were used. Spanish list prices and Royal Decree Law 8/2010 discounts were considered. In bDMARD-naïve patients, bimekizumab had a lower CPR for MDA and ACR70 versus all comparators except for secukinumab 150mg, where the CPR for bimekizumab was higher for all three efficacy measures. The incremental CPR ranged between 17.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] - 26.1%, 50.6%) for ACR70 and 92.7% (95% CI 60.0%, 119.4%) for ACR50. The incremental CPR for ACR50 for bimekizumab compared to secukinumab 300mg was also slightly higher (2.3% [95% CI - 12.5%, 14.3%]). In patients with TNFi-IR, bimekizumab was more cost-efficient than all comparators for the three response rate measures at week 52. CPR analyses based on MAIC response rates at week 52 suggest that bimekizumab is more cost-efficient than IL-12/23 and IL-23 therapies, including ustekinumab, guselkumab and risankizumab, for treating PsA in Spain across both bDMARD-naïve patients and patients with TNFi-IR for all outcomes (MDA, ACR50/70). Compared to IL-17A (secukinumab), bimekizumab is consistently cost-efficient in patients with TNFi-IR for all outcomes and is cost-efficient in bDMARD-naïve patients versus those taking 300mg regarding MDA and ACR70.

The Junta de Decanos de Colegios de Contadores Públicos del Perú, is an Institution of public law, being the highest representative body of the profession of Public Accountant within the country and abroad, it was created in November 1992, by Decree Law No. 25892 and its regulations approved by Supreme Decree No. 008-93-JUS.

The Calabria Decree (Law No. 145 of 2018) and its subsequent amendments introduced reforms aimed at improving the employment and training conditions of medical residents in Italy. Notably, the decree allowed for the early hiring of residents, starting from their second year of specialization, with permanent contracts upon completion of their training. This study explores the impact of these reforms on neurosurgery residents, specifically examining the effects on their professional development, education, and well-being. A survey was conducted by the Italian Society of Neurosurgery (SINCH) and distributed to neurosurgery residents, as well as heads of university and non-university hospital departments. The survey gathered data on residents' demographic information, satisfaction with their employment contracts, preparedness for clinical responsibilities, and perceived effects on their training, particularly in terms of surgical and academic activities. Hospital and university leaders were asked to share their perspectives on the impact of early employment on resident training, research activities, and the overall functioning of healthcare institutions. A total of 32 neurosurgery residents participated in the survey. Half of the respondents were employed under fixed-term contracts, while the other half had permanent contracts. Residents expressed high satisfaction with surgical activities, with 71.9% feeling well-prepared for managing surgical emergencies. However, 28.1% reported concerns over a perceived loss of essential training, particularly in research. From the university perspective, 86% of institutions viewed early employment as detrimental to resident education, particularly in academic and research activities. In contrast, hospitals reported positive effects, especially regarding human resource management, patient care, and resident enthusiasm. Early employment under the Calabria Decree has several advantages, particularly in terms of clinical exposure and operational efficiency in hospitals, however, it raises concerns about the potential impact on academic training and scientific research. To ensure comprehensive training, it is essential to foster collaboration between universities and hospitals, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a strong academic foundation alongside clinical practice. The study highlights the need for ongoing adjustments to the training structure to achieve a balance between practical and theoretical education for neurosurgery residents.

This study examines the ratification of the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related to Measures to Prevent BEPS through Presidential Regulation (Perpres) No. 77/2019. This ratification raises legal issues because Law No. 24 of 2000 concerning International Agreements stipulates that the ratification of certain international agreements should be carried out through a Law or Presidential Decree. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory approach to analyze the conformity of Perpres 77/2019 with Law No. 24 of 2000 and the theory of the hierarchy of legal norms. The results of the study indicate that Perpres 77/2019 is formally flawed because it conflicts with Law No. 24 of 2000, but in substance it is appropriate for use.

Tasi-Tolu lake catchment area a protected area that located in Suco Comoro, Post Administrative Dom Aleixo, Municipality of Dili, that area has been defined according to the Decree Law number 5/2016 National System for Protected Area. Protected area as an area that normally protected by the government under supervisim ministry of Agriculture and Fishery, Within that area already exist a lot of potency in regard with birds’ species, flora (Mangrove) Rhiphora SP, Eucalyptus alba, including another resourcers that hadn’t been identified. The main objectives for this research is to identifying the condition of species, vegetation as well as birds species that are existing in the Tasi-Tolu lake catchment. The methodology that applied for this research is observation and interviews. The result from the data analysis for vegetation that are based on relative density parameter (Parameter Density Relative), Relative frequency and relative dominant, for tree measurement category (20x20m), pole measurement category (10x10m) and seedling measurement category (5x5m). From the observation result within six (6) demplot shows that species flora total 167 trees that categories for the wood consist of 3 species with total of 35 trees. With the INP value 163% category for stake species 5 with the total flora 84, INP 207.7%, Seedling category species 9 with the total flora 48, Idec’s value point (INP) 149%, Birds species analyzing result that exist in tasi tolu catchment area, during the birds observation in the site researcher has been identified 10 species. Base on the result of the research shows that vegetation analization and birds that exist within that area their condition are really bad due to threats and issues of socio-economic. Base on the data SWOT analyze approach shows that; Weakness 40%, threats 33%, strong 13% and opportunities 13%. It means that, the percentage of weakness and threats are more than strong and opportunities. Form the result of SWOT analization shows that the vegetation and the birds within the Tasi-Tolu catchment area in the threats condition and badly.

Background: This paper addresses key issues related to the admissibility of digital evidence—a pivotal concern in modern legal proceedings. The use of such evidence is fraught with challenges, particularly due to the rapid technological changes and heightened concerns surrounding electronic data privacy. In the criminal justice system, these challenges can impact the admissibility of evidence, its presentation in trial, and the charging and resolution of cases. This study examines the difficulties of admitting digital proof before the UAE judiciary. Considering the trend towards the digital world as an alternative to the tangible world, interest is increasing in the extent of the authenticity and strength of the means of technical storage of information in proof, the importance of the authenticity of computer extracts, and the extent to which the legal system of proof can accommodate these new types of means of proving. The study concludes that, despite the difficulty in obtaining digital evidence and the necessity of providing certain conditions required for its acceptance, it often enjoys a higher degree of credibility than traditional forms of evidence due to its accuracy and scientific and technical nature. This article seeks to address these challenges and explore potential solutions. Methods: This paper adopts a legal-analytical methodology focused on the UAE's legal framework. It employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilising content analysis to analyse legal texts. Specifically, it reviews the position of the UAE legislator on the use of electronic evidence and analyses the perspectives of legal scholars and judicial rulings related to the validity of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings. Results and Conclusions: The analysis and comparison of relevant legal frameworks yielded several findings. Foremost, among these is the need for the judiciary to adapt to digital and electronic evidence, recognising its standalone evidentiary value—provided that the conditions of certainty, legitimacy, and integrity are met. Such evidence must also be subject to oral examination and accessible to all parties. Particular attention is paid to the Federal Decree Law No. (34) of 2021 on Combating Rumours and Cybercrimes, which affirms the validity of digital evidence in criminal proof by explicitly defining and recognising its probative value under Article 65. The study concludes that digital evidence has characteristics that distinguish it from physical evidence, and current procedural rules do not adequately regulate its proper treatment; it is currently considered a form of documentary evidence.

Objectives: Following the attempted coup in Turkey on July 15, 2016, statutory decrees (Kanun Hükmünde Kararnameler – KHK) were enacted, resulting in the dismissal of hundreds of thousands of individuals from their jobs and the loss of their social rights and reputations. These measures, which continue to affect individuals and their families, have led to widespread social exclusion, stigmatization, and economic hardship. In the field of social sciences, such practices are often associated with the concepts of "civil death" and "social death," referring to the systematic marginalization of individuals from public and social life. The combination of economic deprivation and societal exclusion has caused severe psychological distress and, in many cases, suicidal ideation. This study focuses on individuals affected by the Decree Laws (KHK) who experienced psychological breakdowns and planned suicide but ultimately refrained from carrying it out. The primary aim is to identify and understand the social and psychological factors that prevented these individuals from following through with suicide. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 individuals who had contemplated and planned suicide but did not act on these plans. The data were analyzed using content analysis methodology. Results: The most prominent factor preventing suicide was the emotional bond and sense of responsibility towards family members, particularly children. Additionally, supportive social environments that fostered a sense of belonging played a crucial role in anchoring individuals to life. Awareness of personal strength, the desire for justice or retribution against those perceived as responsible for the injustice, and the sacred meaning attributed to weapons also emerged as significant deterrents to suicide. Conclusions: The protective role of family ties and social support mechanisms highlights the importance of familial structures and social integration. The pursuit of justice and the energizing power of the desire for retribution serve as motivational forces that reorient individuals toward life. The transition from psychological collapse to personal empowerment not only supports individual well-being but also contributes to social resilience. These findings underscore the necessity of psychosocial support programs and advocate for the restoration of justice and the rule of law in the public sphere.

ABSTRACT When South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol declared martial law in December 2024, he justified this as imperative to defend against North Korean communist threats. Yet South Korean civilians and the military had been busy sending balloons, broadcasting propaganda, and flying drones across the border, not the North. This article analyzes two chains of events that culminated in the martial law declaration, demonstrating how what appeared to be escalating security threats were actually manufactured crises designed to serve the political needs of Yoon. This paper exposes the dangerous entanglement between personal insecurity and national insecurity, showing how alliance politics pursued rhetorically in support of democracy can end up enabling illiberal democratic backsliding. Civil society resistance to the martial law decree illustrates how genuine national security requires democratic legitimacy, not manufactured crises. The martial law fiasco serves as both a warning against the personalization of security policies and a reminder that democratization is vital to a country’s national security. To deepen democracy is to secure peace on the Korean Peninsula; and to consolidate it further, to transform the division system.

The requisition was applied in many countries of the former RPFJ, unfortunately also to the people of Kosovo and as a measure that will remain long in their memory. Kosovo was quite damaged by the Second World War, until, in addition to the many measures taken by the government of that time, it was also burdened by the requisition, which from the first year after the Second World War (1945), used it as a predatory-economic campaign, as an administrative measure by creating its extra bodies for implementation, starting from the Local Councils of the districts, which hierarchically had to report to the Ministry of Trade and Supply of the RPFJ. They have also taken measures to sensitize these bodies and the rural masses in general, on whom the main burden fell. They also used the press, with the well-known calls of that period that “no palm of land should remain uncultivated”. Then they took notes for each family as to how much arable land they have, how many members there are for whom food and seeds should be left for planting for the next year, while the rest must be handed over to the state, which is called “Surplus” and in the Serbo-Croatian language it means “Vishak-Otkup”. For each country and even district, requisition statistics differ, as well as methods of collection, land area, prosecutors. The registration and collection of crops were not based on fair practices, as the registration and obligation to deliver surpluses did not reflect reality. The state, through the implementation of the requisition, planned to increase the fund as much as possible, where, in addition to the mandatory shipments of grain, by means of several decree laws, the villagers were imposed to sell the remaining grain surplus to the state enterprises at a certain price. The mandatory purchase of products was determined at a price lower than the market rate. The situation was further complicated by the need to ensure food for the settlers and their families until their final employment. The local councils had to take responsibility for supplying them with controlled items. Very complex campaign, as from the involvement of the state, implementation, legal regulation, creating a directed-imposed economy. This turned into a whole system of measures to which the state gave a “legal color” to justify the actions taken against the people.In this paper, referring to archival sources and relevant publications on this topic, some characteristic forms and methods that were applied by the political nomenclature and Yugoslav state bodies on the population of Kosovo in the first post-war years will be treated analytically.

An assessment of socio-economic conditions and fisheries legislation and their impact on fisherfolk in Rivers State, Nigeria, was conducted between June 2021 and May 2023. The study focused on the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and their awareness of existing fisheries laws. A total of 400 respondents were selected from fifteen fishing communities—five from each of the three senatorial zones that make up Rivers State—using a simple random sampling method. Questionnaires were administered to collect data, which were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 70.4% of respondents were male; 42% were aged between 36 and 45; 84% were married; 44% had tertiary education; 58% reported fishing as their major occupation; 26% had 11–16 years of fishing experience; 40% practiced aquaculture; and 74% were full-time fishers. Regarding awareness of fisheries laws, the mean awareness scores were, Sea Fisheries Decree of 1971 (2.8±1.07), Sea Licensing Regulation of 1971 (2.8±1.06), Sea Fisheries (Fishing) Regulation of 1992 (2.9±1.08), Exclusive Economic Zone Act (2.7±1.01), and Inland Fisheries Decree of 1992 (3.0±0.88). It is recommended that the following steps be taken to improve and sustain aquatic resources in the study area: the state government should ensure that the Inland Fisheries Law (Decree 108) is formally passed into law; the media should enhance publicity to improve awareness, compliance, and enforcement; and policies should be developed using a bottom-up approach and written in local languages for better understanding.

In the Italian legal system, the concept of the right to disconnect is specifically addressed within the framework of agile working, beginning with Article 19, Law No. 81/2017, which requires that agile work agreements include technical and organizational measures to ensure the worker can disconnect from technological tools outside working hours. Although Article 19 does not explicitly define disconnection, it implies its relevance to non-working time. Indeed, the term disconnection, from the Latin connexio, suggests a temporary separation from the bonds of employment, reinforcing the need for clear measures in agile work agreements to protect workers’ private time from work-related interruptions. To sum up, the right to disconnect is intended to safeguard the worker’ balance between professional and private life, as well as to protect his/her health, by ensuring that he/she is subjected to work-related intrusions during non-working hours. It should be noted that, in Italy, the concept of disconnection has also been referred to in another provision in relation to an event that profoundly affected the entire global community. As a matter of fact, the urgency of addressing work-life balance became more apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to further legislation. Decree Law No. 30 of 2021, converted into Law No. 61, mentions the right to disconnect, emphasizing it as a distinct right. More precisely, Article 2, paragraph 1-ter, of this law explicitly acknowledges the worker’s right to disconnect from IT tools and platforms, provided they are working in an agile mode and in compliance with any agreed periods of availability. Undoubtedly, this law underlines that disconnection is crucial to preventing employer intrusions and ensuring that workers can fully enjoy their rest periods. At this point, it remains to be ascertained how the right to disconnect can be practically guaranteed. Basically, it may be implemented by allowing workers to turn off work-related devices or to set them to offline modes during non-working periods. This ensures that work communications are not received until the worker reactivates these devices. Last, the Italian National Protocol on Agile Work, adopted on 7 December 2021, supports this framework by requiring the identification of disconnection slots in agile work agreements. This ensures that workers have clearly defined periods during which they are not expected to engage in work or be available to their employer. The protocol aims to provide a structured approach to disconnection, promoting a better work-life balance and protecting workers from excessive work demands. Finally, the above-mentioned framework is concluded with the provision of administrative sanctions for employers in the absence of specified technical and organizational measures for disconnection in agile work agreements. However, some scholars argue that these measures should serve an informational purpose, helping workers understand how to exercise their right to disconnect effectively. In other words, more specific measures are necessary to ensure that workers are aware of and can utilize their disconnection rights, protecting them from workrelated intrusions during non-working hours. Nevertheless, this is not the only issue addressed by scholars. There are ongoing debates about the scope and implementation of the right to disconnect. Some argue that disconnection should automatically coincide with rest periods, while others believe it should be separately and explicitly defined in work agreements. It is clear that the potential overlap between disconnection and rest periods raises questions about how best to protect workers’ personal time and to ensure compliance with legal standards.

Changes to the Articles of Association related to changes in the name of the Company are regulated in Article 21 Paragraph 2 of Law No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. In this article, the author examines how changing a company's name can have implications for the status of the company's business license. The problem discussed was the problem with the Company's Business License Decree because after the Ministry of Law and Human Rights' Approval Decree was issued regarding the change in the company's name, it had no impact on the change in the Business License Decree, so there were differences in the recording of company names between Ministries. This resulted in the company not being able to carry out its business license. Legal standing in protecting the company's actions is very necessary to create legal certainty in the licensing process. The case occurred with a company operating in the mining sector. There was a shift in authority between the Ministry of Investment and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, resulting in losses for the company.

Background: Stigma, a significant factor with devastating effects on mental health, can drive individuals toward suicide. Anything perceived as deviant by society becomes a source of stigma. Objective: This study examines how stigma, rooted in the unlawful political practices of the Turkish state through Decree Laws (KHK), affects individuals' mental health and contributes to suicidal tendencies. Method: In-depth interviews were conducted with 11 individuals who planned but did not attempt suicide, as well as with relatives of 18 individuals who died by suicide due to the KHK. The data were thoroughly analyzed using discourse analysis to understand participants' experiences. Findings: 1. Individuals affected by the KHK experience stigma and exclusion by society. 2. These individuals are labeled as "terrorists" by state institutions, and this stigma is perpetuated in social spaces such as mosques and schools. 3. Highly educated KHK victims face significant difficulties in finding alternative employment after being dismissed from their jobs. 4. Victims with socialist-leftist ideologies receive support from their family and friends instead of being ostracized; this distinction stems from ideological differences. 5. The mental health of individuals stigmatized by the state's policies deteriorated significantly, pushing some toward suicide. Solutions: The study recommends expediting judicial processes, implementing legal and social rehabilitation programs, developing psychosocial support systems for the mental health treatment of stigmatized individuals, and increasing societal awareness through campaigns to combat stigma and promote sensitivity.

Background: Dreams not only impact the individual lives of those bereaved by suicide but also shape societal perceptions. The Decree Laws (Kanun Hukmunde Kararnameler, KHK), implemented in Turkey following the July 15, 2016, coup attempt, are undemocratic measures exempt from judicial oversight and grant broad powers. These laws have deprived tens of thousands of people of their jobs, social rights, and reputations, causing significant societal trauma. Objective: This study aims to compare the dream experiences of those bereaved by suicides related to the Decree Laws (KHK) with those bereaved by other suicides. It further seeks to examine how these dreams influence the grieving process. Methodology: In-depth interviews were conducted with a mother and a father who lost their children to suicide. The data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings: Personal Dreams: The dreams experienced by individuals bereaved by suicide provided an outlet for suppressed emotions and played an active role in alleviating negative feelings. Dreams Reported by Others: Dreams reported by others strengthened the metaphysical perceptions of those bereaved by KHK-related suicides. These dreams helped reduce the effects of social stigma and contributed to the families finding peace. Conclusion: Dreams are powerful tools that facilitate the grieving process, alleviate emotional burdens, and provide comfort through metaphysical meanings. Further research on the psychological and spiritual effects of dreams could inspire the development of new methods in trauma and grief therapy.

Gender medicine is a multi-faceted field of investigation integrating various aspects of psycho-social and biological sciences but it mainly deals with the impact of the gender on human physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of diseases. In Italy, the Decree Law 81/2008 recently introduced the gender issue in the risk assessment at the workplaces. This review briefly describes our current knowledge on gender medicine and on the Italian legislation in risk management. Public or private scientific institutions should be the first to pay attention to the safety of their workers, who are simultaneously subjected to biological, chemical and physical agents. The Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) is beginning a project funded by INAIL, to monitor the hepatitis B, measles, rubella, mumps, pertussis, chickenpox, tetanus vaccines immune coverage in health care workers in Italy.The analysis of the collected data will be disaggregated for men and women and statistically analyzed with respect to the time intervals from vaccination. The results could provide useful elements to implement prevention and health surveillance programs in occupational medicine.

This study examines the legal consequences of the Decree of the TNI Commander regarding land ownership disputes in Lidah Kulon Village, Surabaya, as addressed in Decision No. 124/G/2014/PTUN.SBY. The case involves claims from 156 individuals asserting ownership over 8.5 hectares of land, initially granted for TNI-AL members. The research highlights legal complexities arising from conflicting decrees, including Skep/29/IV/1993, and subsequent agreements involving PT. Ciputra Graha Prima Surabaya. Using normative legal research methods, this study analyzes the judicial considerations, ratio decidendi, and procedural limitations in the State Administrative Court (PTUN). The findings reveal that the object of the lawsuit does not fulfill the criteria of a concrete, individual, and final State Administrative Decision as defined by Indonesian law, leading to its inadmissibility (Niet Ontvankelijk verklaard). This research underscores the importance of transparency and adherence to legal frameworks in resolving administrative disputes involving state agencies and individual rights.

During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. It is just required that the interested enterprises send to the Italian National Institute of Health a selfcertification in which they declare the technical characteristics of the masks and that masks are produced according to the safety requirements.In this context, a technical-scientific unit was established at the University of Napoli Federico Il to provide interested enterprises with state-of-the-art consultancy, testing and measurement services, adhering to rigorous scientific protocols.Characterization tests were carried out on 163 surgical masks and or materials for their construction and they have enabled the identification of pre-screening criteria to simplify the procedure for evaluating surgical masks using methods for assessing the filtration efficiency of particles and aerosols.Based on experimental results, it has been observed that a filtration efficiency for particles with sizes larger that 650 nm (PFE,650) exceeding 35% might guarantees a bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) higher than 95% while BFE values higher than 98% are obtained when the PFE >650 is larger than 40%. PFE measurement is extremely simpler with respect to BFE, the latter being time-consuming and requiring specific equipment and methods for its realization.Many tested materials have shown the capability to assure high filtration efficiencies but Spundonded-Meltblown-Spunbonded (SMS), that are layers of non-woven fabric with different weights of Meltblown, can simultaneously guarantee high particle filtration efficiencies with pressure drop values (breathability) in the limits to classify the surgical masks as Type I/IIR. In fact, the fabric products analyzed so far have not been able to simultaneously guarantee adequate BFE and breathability values. On the contrary, Spunbonds of adequate weights can virtually verify both requirements and accredit themselves as possible materials for the production of surgical masks, at least of Type I. Further studies are needed to verify the possibility of producing low-cost, reusable surgical masks that could meet the criteria of circular economy.

The imposition of martial law on the night of December 12/13, 1981, was one of the most important events in Poland’s recent history. At that moment, the hopes of broad sections of society for reform of a system that was economically inefficient, ideologically alien, and rejected much of the historical and cultural tradition of Poles were dashed. After a period of sixteen months of liberalization of communism in Poland, repression against oppositionists returned (much harsher than during the rule of Edward Gierek), as did tightened censorship, party control over cultural and scientific life, and the omnipotence of the nomenklatura in workplaces. The response to the violence used by the communists was a well-organized network of Solidarity conspirators, which the Security Service was unable to deal with. The introduction of martial law in Poland was illegal, even from the point of view of the communist law in force at the time. First of all, the State Council’s decree on martial law and related decrees were passed by the State Council during a session of the Sejm, which was completely contrary to the Constitution. In 2011, the Constitutional Tribunal ruled that the introduction of martial law was illegal.

Many countries have institutionalized and utilized legislative impact analysis. In Korea, legislative impact analysis has been discussed for quite a long time under the name of legislative evaluation. As a result, legislative impact analysis, which has a nature of ex-post evaluation, was recently introduced in the Enforcement Decree of the Administrative Basic Law. In addition, the Korea National Assembly Research Service has recently been discussing the institutionalization of ex-ante legislative impact analysis in earnest. Therefore, it is expected that legislative impact analysis can be operated in the Korea National Assembly in the near future. In this sense, there is a significant consensus on the need for legislative impact analysis. However, at the practical level, there is still no discussion on how legislative impact analysis should be conducted. Therefore, this article will suggest the desirable direction of institutionalizing and conducting legislative impact analysis. Above all, this paper reveals that the Korea National Assembly Research Service can officially conduct legislative impact analysis without additional legislative measures, and argues that in order for the Korea National Assembly Research Service to meaningfully achieve the basic purpose of ex-ante legislative impact analysis, it is necessary to first improve the standard table of contents of the legislative impact analysis report and present it again.

The introduction of the new statute for education in Morocco in September 2023, officially known as decree law No. 2.23.819, unleashed a mixed feeling of utter dismay and indignation amongst the teaching community throughout the country. October 5, 2023 marked the beginning of massive teachers’ strikes that swept the country into January 2024. This article explores the involvement of teachers, syndicates and the government in the dissemination of various types of information disorder to influence the power dynamics to their advantage. Based on responses from a survey completed by teachers and a focus group discussion with 7 members of coordination committees, we present a clear perspective about the various forms of information disorder that were disseminated in social media during teachers’ strike. Our conclusion is that candid, transparent, and regular dialogues can boost trust between the three stakeholders and improve the information landscape in the country.