Decrease In RBC Count Research Articles

Systemic Iron Deficiency in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Endometriosis.

Endometriosis is characterized by endometrial tissue development outside the uterus. Anemia and iron depletion do not commonly accompany endometriosis in women, despite chronic abdominal inflammation and heavy menstrual bleeding. The objective of this study was to examine iron kinetics associated with endometriosis by using a NHP model, to better understand the underlying mechanism of abnormal hematogram values in women with endometriosis. Hematologic data from 46 macaques with endometriosis were examined for signs of iron depletion. Bone marrow, liver, and serum were used to elucidate whether iron loss or inflammation best explained the hematologic findings. Additional serum markers and intestinal biopsies from NHP with and without endometriosis were evaluated for patterns in iron kinetics across the menstrual cycle and for relative dietary iron-absorbing capacity. Almost half of the NHP with endometriosis were anemic. Overall, NHP had decreased RBC counts, increased MCV, increased percentage of reticulocytes, decreased serum hepcidin, and decreased hepatic and bone marrow iron. Intestinal expression of ferroportin 1, a mediator of iron absorption, was increased, indicating that despite high dietary iron, intestinal iron absorption did not compensate for iron losses. We concluded that use of oral iron supplementation alone does not replenish iron stores in endometriosis. Consequently, iron stores should be evaluated in women with endometriosis, even without overt clinical signs of anemia.

Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and associated haematological parameters in children from Botswana

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is commonly seen in malaria endemic areas as it is known to confer a selective advantage against malaria. Recently, we reported a high proportion of asymptomatic reservoir of Plasmodium vivax in Botswana, that calls for intervention with primaquine to achieve radical cure of vivax malaria. Considering that individuals with this enzyme deficiency are at risk of haemolysis following primaquine treatment, assessment of the population for the relative frequency of G6PD deficiency is imperative. Samples from 3019 children from all the districts of Botswana were successfully genotyped for polymorphisms at positions 202 and 376 of the G6PD gene. Haematological parameters were also measured. The overall population allele frequency (based on the hemizygous male frequency) was 2.30% (95% CI, 1.77–2.83), while the overall frequency of G6PD-deficient genotypes A- (hemizygote and homozygote genotypes only) was 1.26% (95% CI, 0.86–1.66). G6PD deficiency is spread in Botswana according to the historical prevalence of malaria with a North-West to South-East decreasing gradient trend. There was no association between G6PD status and P. vivax infection. G6PD A- form was found to be associated with decreased RBC count and haemoglobin levels without a known cause or illness. In conclusion, we report for the first time the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in Botswana which is relevant for strategies in the malaria elimination campaign. Further work to examine the activities of the enzyme in the Botswana population at risk for malaria is warranted.

Protective Effects of α-lipoic acid on Biological changes Induced by α- cypermethrin in Testis Rats

Abstract a-cypermethrin is one of the most potent insecticides used worldwide. This study was planned to evaluate the possible role of a-lipoic acid in a-cypermethrin induced toxicity in rats. The treated groups were; the control, α-cypermethrin, a-lipoic acid and a-cypermethrin, and a-lipoic acid groups. Our results showed that administration of a-cypermethrin caused a significant decrease in RBC count, PCV, and Hb content and an increase in WBC count. Also, a- cypermethrin caused a significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, TGs, LDL-Cand VLDL-C, while the HDL-C was decreased. Also, a-cypermethrin caused a reduction in serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels in intoxicated rats. Furthermore, the co-administration of a-lipoic acid mitigated the toxicity of a-cypermethrin by partially normalizing these biochemical parameters. Our results were supported by histopathological observations of the testis. Our data suggest that a-lipoic acid may have a protective role against a-cypermethrin induced toxicity in rats.

Effects of topical exposure to a mixture of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and captan on the hematological and immunological systems in male Wistar rats

Most Thai orchid farmers heavily used pesticide mixtures, and were shown to have various hematologic/immunologic alterations. The present study investigated the effect of exposure of male Wistar rats to a mixture of three pesticides (chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and captan) that are most often used by the farmers. Three groups of 10 rats were dermally exposed to three different doses (high, middle and low) for 28 consecutive days. The rats showed significant changes in body, liver, kidneys and adrenals weights. Significant changes were observed in various biological parameters including hematotoxicity (increased leukocyte and platelet counts, percent neutrophil, decreased RBC count, percent lymphocyte and eosinophil), hepatotoxicity (increased serum AST, decreased serum ALP, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum protein and albumin), and immunotoxicity (decrease in numbers of NK cells, decrease splenic proliferative response to LPS, and increase in serum IgG). These results confirm the potential health danger of exposure to these pesticide mixtures in orchid farmers.

Effect of traumatic reticulitis and allied syndromes on blood constituents in buffaloes

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of traumatic reticulitis and other affections on some blood variables in buffaloes. Female buffaloes (n = 62) were divided into eight groups: control, non-penetrating reticular foreign bodies (NPRF), traumatic reticulitis (TR), traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP), traumatic reticuloperitonitis with peri-reticular abscess (TRP + PA), traumatic reticuloperitonitis with vagus indigestion (TRP + VI), diaphragmatic hernia (DH), and traumatic pericarditis (TP). Results revealed a significant decrease in RBC count in cases of NPRF, TR, TRP, TRP + PA, and TP. Platelet count was significantly decreased in case of TRP. Serum albumin concentration was significantly decreased in cases of TRP, NPRF and TR. Serum zinc was significantly decreased in case of TP. Serum phosphorus was significantly decreased in case of DH. It could be concluded that anemia is a consistent finding in affections of the rumen and reticulum in buffaloes. The tendency of buffaloes to ingest foreign bodies may be attributed to deficiency of phosphorus and/or zinc.

HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES IN A FRESH WATER FISH, CHANNA PUNCTATUS UNDER CARTRIZ EXPOSURE

Toxic effects of carbamate pesticide cartriz on the haematological characters in a facultative air breathing fish, Channa punctatus has been investigated in the present study. The intoxication of pesticide exhibited a significant decrease in RBC count, Haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV) and oxygen carrying capacity of blood, whereas a progressive rise in total leucocyte count (TLC) and clotting time was observed in varying period of intoxication, revealing toxic nature of the agro chemical.

Effect of Phytoestrogenic Constituents of Fenugreek in Comparison with Synthetic Estradiol on Menopause Induced Hematological Alterations

At menopause the physiological parameters modulated by estrogen are disrupted leading to various symptoms. Hormone replacement therapy though beneficial has its own drawbacks. Fenugreek seeds, commonly used in Indian households, is known to possess phytoestrogens. Considering the lack of literature in support of this, this study was conducted to compare the effects of fenugreek seed extract and 17�-estradiol on menopause induced alterations in hematological parameters, employing the ovariectomised rat model. Female Wistar rats, 8 months old were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 6): (1) normal control, (2) ovariectomised and untreated, (3) ovariectomised and treated orally with fenugreek seed extract, (4) ovariectomised and treated with subcutaneous injections of estradiol. Post-treatment blood samples were collected and various hematological parameters were analyzed. Fenugreek treated rats showed higher hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBC counts in comparison to ovariectomised group. Additionally, they showed a higher total leukocyte count (TLC), specifically a higher lymphocyte count than that of control. Estradiol treated groups showed severe leukopenia owing to lymphocytopenia; decreased RBC counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit. However, the changes were statistically significantly only with estradiol treatment. Overall, fenugreek was found to be a better agent to attenuate the menopause induced hematological alterations.

STUDY OF SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL IMPACTS INDUCED BY CLOMAZONE IN SWISS ALBINO MICE AND THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to evaluate the probable perturbations produced by herbicide clomazone (CMZ) on immunological and hematological indices and to assess the protective role of vitamin C in alleviating CMZ-induced immunological and hematological toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. To achieve this goal, Swiss albino mice (weighing 25-34 g and each group 10 animals) were administrated phosphate buffer saline (PBS), CMZ (46 µM/kg; 1/20 of the 96h LD50 for an intraperitoneal dose) and/or vitamin C (1136 µM/kg) daily intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 4 weeks. By the end of the 4th week, immunological and hematological parameters: erythrocyte (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) percent, hematocrit (Hct) content, platelets (Plt) count, leucocyte (WBC) count, absolute number of neutrophils, lymphocyte and monocytes and count of splenocytes, thymocytes and bone marrow cells were evaluated. To investigate the influence of immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes production activity of CMZ, naive splenocytes were inoculated for 24 h into media supplemented with PBS, CMZ (4.6 µM/well) and/or vitamin C (113.6 µM/well) and the concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM were measured by ELISA. As a result, 96h LD50 of CMZ was estimated at 911 µM/kg. Exposure to CMZ alone significantly decreased RBC count, Hb content, Hct%, WBC count, absolute numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes, Plt count, total numbers of splenocytes, thymocytes and bone marrow cells when compared to their values in PBS-treated mice. Contrary, Absolute number of neutrophils was significantly higher in CMZ-treated mice than in PBS-treated mice. The concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM in CMZ-cultured splenocytes were significantly higher than in PBS-cultured splenocytes. Pre-treatment of vitamin C to CMZ-exposed mice mildly ameliorated the immunological and hematological perturbations of CMZ toxicity. To conclude, it appears that vitamins C mildly alleviated CMZ–induced immunological and hematological toxicity but it was not completely protective.

Interactions between cadmium and decabrominated diphenyl ether on blood cells count in rats-Multiple factorial regression analysis.

The objective of this study was to assess toxicity of Cd and BDE-209 mixture on haematological parameters in subacutely exposed rats and to determine the presence and type of interactions between these two chemicals using multiple factorial regression analysis. Furthermore, for the assessment of interaction type, an isobologram based methodology was applied and compared with multiple factorial regression analysis. Chemicals were given by oral gavage to the male Wistar rats weighing 200-240g for 28days. Animals were divided in 16 groups (8/group): control vehiculum group, three groups of rats were treated with 2.5, 7.5 or 15mg Cd/kg/day. These doses were chosen on the bases of literature data and reflect relatively high Cd environmental exposure, three groups of rats were treated with 1000, 2000 or 4000mg BDE-209/kg/bw/day, doses proved to induce toxic effects in rats. Furthermore, nine groups of animals were treated with different mixtures of Cd and BDE-209 containing doses of Cd and BDE-209 stated above. Blood samples were taken at the end of experiment and red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets counts were determined. For interaction assessment multiple factorial regression analysis and fitted isobologram approach were used. In this study, we focused on multiple factorial regression analysis as a method for interaction assessment. We also investigated the interactions between Cd and BDE-209 by the derived model for the description of the obtained fitted isobologram curves. Current study indicated that co-exposure to Cd and BDE-209 can result in significant decrease in RBC count, increase in WBC count and decrease in PLT count, when compared with controls. Multiple factorial regression analysis used for the assessment of interactions type between Cd and BDE-209 indicated synergism for the effect on RBC count and no interactions i.e. additivity for the effects on WBC and PLT counts. On the other hand, isobologram based approach showed slight antagonism for the effects on RBC and WBC while no interactions were proved for the joint effect on PLT count. These results confirm that the assessment of interactions between chemicals in the mixture greatly depends on the concept or method used for this evaluation.

Biological interactions in vitro of zinc oxide nanoparticles of different characteristics

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have recently received growing attention for various biomedical applications, including use as therapeutic or carrier for drug delivery and/or imaging. For the above applications, the NPs necessitate administration into the body leading to their systemic exposure. To better anticipate the safety, make risk assessment, and be able to interpret the future preclinical and clinical safety data, it is important to systematically understand the biological interaction of the NPs, the consequences of such interaction, and the mechanisms associated with the toxicity induction, with the important components with which the NPs are expected to be in contact after systemic exposure. In this context, we report here a detailed study on the biological interactions in vitro of the ZnO NPs with healthy human primary lymphocytes as these are the important immune components and the first systemic immune contact, and with the whole human blood. Additionally, the influence, if any, of the NPs shape (spheres and rods) on the biological interaction has been evaluated. The ZnO NPs caused toxicity (30% at 12.5 μg ml−1 spheres and 10.5 μg ml−1 rods; 50% at 22 μg ml−1 spheres and 19.5 μg ml−1 rods) to the lymphocytes at molecular and genetic level in a dose-dependent and shape-dependent manner, while the interaction consequences with the blood and blood components such as RBC, platelets was only dose-dependent and not shape-dependent. This is evident from the decreased RBC count due to increased %Hemolysis (5.3% in both the spheres- and rods-treated blood) and decreased platelet count due to increased %platelet aggregation (28% in spheres-treated and 33% in rods-treated platelet-rich plasma). Such in-depth understanding of the biological interaction of the NPs, the consequences, and the associated mechanisms in vitro could be expected to allow anticipating the NP safety for risk assessment and for interpretation of the preclinical and clinical safety data when available.

Acute funisitis is associated with distinct changes in fetal hematologic profile

Objective: Acute funisitis is a histologic hallmark of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. This study was conducted to examine the hematologic profiles of preterm newborns with funisitis.Methods: The hematologic profiles of umbilical cord blood obtained at birth were compared according to the presence or absence of acute funisitis in 197 preterm neonates (gestational age before 34 weeks) born to mothers with preterm labor with intact membranes or premature rupture of membranes.Results: (1) Funisitis was identified in 22.3% (44/197) of patients; (2) newborns with funisitis had higher median leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte counts (p < 0.005 for each), higher rate of neutrophilia (p < 0.05), higher proportion of neutrophils among leukocytes and lower proportion of lymphocytes among leukocytes than those without funisitis (p < 0.01 for each); (3) newborns with funisitis had a significantly lower median RBC count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit than those without funisitis (p < 0.05 for each); (4) there was no significant difference in the median lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil, NRBC and platelet counts between the two groups (p > 0.1 for each).Conclusions: The hematologic profiles of preterm newborns with funisitis are characterized by increased total white blood cell, neutrophil, and monocyte counts and decreased RBC count and hemoglobin concentration.

Biochemical and histopathological effects of subchronic oral exposure of rats to a mixture of five toxic elements

Arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium and mercury are toxic elements that occur with high frequency in the soil and thus in agricultural products in China. To explore their combined effects, thirty male and thirty female Sprague–Dawley rats were orally exposed to a mixture of these elements at high dose (2.11, 6.47, 72.82, 2.26 and 2.71 mg/kg bw/day), medium dose (1/10 of the high dose) and low dose (1/100 of the high dose) via their drinking water for 90days. The results revealed that BUN increased in all rats given the high dose, and serum creatinine increased in female rats given the medium dose. Decreased ALP levels in all treated male rats accompanied decreased RBC counts. In the high dose group, serum albumin, globulin and total protein content decreased in male rats, whereas serum ALT levels increased in female rats. Pathological changes were observed in the hepatocytes and renal tubules of all rats given the high dose, and the numbers of spermatogenic cells and sperm significantly decreased in both the epididymides and testes of the rats given the high dose. Abnormalities were observed earlier and more clearly in the males than in the females under combined exposure.

Effect of Copper Toxicity on Hematological Parameters to Fresh Water Fish Cyprinus Carpio(Common Carp)

The present study was to evaluate the toxicity of copper in the blood cells of fresh water fish Cyprinus carpio. Ingestion of copper compounds cause anemia and other blood cell abnormalities, may produce systemic toxic effects to the kidney and liver and central nervous system excitation followed by depression. Causes respiratory tract irritation with possible burns. Chronic: Prolonged or repeated eye contact may cause conjunctivitis. Table 2 and Fig.1 Reveal the changes in red blood cell count of the blood of fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to sublethal concentration of copper exposed for 35 days. The RBC count was decreased throughout the study period when compared to the control showing a minimum percent decrease of - 2.22 at the end of 7 th day and a maximum percent decrease of 18.36 at the end of 35 th day. Decrease in RBC count in copper exposed for 7 th , 14 th , 21 st , 28 th , and 35 th days, the percent observed was -2.22, -6.52, -10.63, -

Haemolytic effects of Samanea saman (Jacq.), Tectona grandis (L.) and Dipterocarpus turbinatus (Gaertn) seed extracts on Singhi fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

The haemolytic effects of distilled water, 50% ethyl alcohol and 100% ethyl alcohol extracts of three plant seeds, Fulkoroi (Samanea saman), shegoon (Tectona grandis) and Gargan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus) were studied on a predatory fish Heteropneustes fossilis under laboratoary conditions. Comparative data of control and treated fishes showed that the toxic components induced changes in the blood parameters. Piscicides inducing toxicity were evident from decreased RBC counts, low haemoglobin percentage and decreased PCV, MCV, MCH values but increased WBC counts. Haemolysis included shrunken or swollen RBC, granulated nuclei of RBC and pyknotic and swollen nuclei of WBC, cellular damage resulting in bare nuclei of RBC and WBC, clumping of RBC and syncitium of RBC matrix. Damage of blood cells with 100% ethyl alcohol extract was pronounced with all the seed extracts. The order of toxicity on the blood parameters statistically were T. grandis &gt; S. saman &gt; D. turbinatus seed extracts. On the basis of haemolysis of blood cell the effects were D. turbinatus &gt; S. saman &gt; T. grandis seed extracts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v38i1.15323 J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 38(1): 83-91, June 2012

Acute and subacute toxicity of safranal, a constituent of saffron, in mice and rats.

The acute and sub-acute toxicity of safranal were studied in rat and mice within 2 and 21 days after exposure, respectively. For subacute toxicity, changes in weight as well as biochemical, hematological and pathological parameters were studied. The intraperitoneal LD50 values of safranal were 1.48 mL/kg in male mice, 1.88 mL/kg in female mice and 1.50 mL/kg in male rats. Oral LD50 values were 21.42 mL/kg in male mice, 11.42 mL/kg in female mice and 5.53 mL/kg in male rats. For subacute toxicity, safranal was administered orally to male rats once daily for 21 days. In hematological tests, a significant decrease in RBC counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin and platelets were observed. Safranal decreased cholesterol, triglyceride and alkalin phosphatase. Lactate dehydrogenase and serum urea nitrogen were increased by safranal. Histological studies indicated that safranal did not have any toxic effect on the heart, liver and spleen. However, pathological changes were seen in the kidney and lung. According to LD50 values, safranal was low-toxic in acute intraperitoneal route and practically non-toxic in acute oral administration in both mice and rats. In subacute toxicity, safranal changed some hematological and biochemical parameters.

Study the effect of electromagnetic field on cortisol hormone some biochemical and hematological parameters in adult female rabbits

This study was investigated the effects of static magnetic field (SMF) on the serum cortisol hormone, biochemical and hematological parameter in 12 mature female rabbits, six of them were exposed to electromagnetic field of 104μT for 30 minutes twice daily for 15 days. The other six female rabbits served as control .Blood samples were collected from treated and control rabbits. Results revealed that there were significant.(p&lt;0.05) increase in triglycerol, high density lipoprotein (HDL),and total WBC count. There were significant (p&lt; 0.05) decrease in serum total protein, albumin, globulin, serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL), glucose, and cortisol hormone . statically magnetic field also caused significant decrease in RBC count, PCV% and Hb concentration.

Use of propofol for induction of anesthesia in dogs undergoing definitive radiation therapy: 31 cases (2006–2009)

To evaluate changes in serial hemograms and serum biochemical profiles in tumor-bearing dogs undergoing daily anesthesia with propofol as an induction agent for radiation therapy. Retrospective case series. 31 dogs with cutaneous or subcutaneous malignancies over the trunk or limbs. Radiation therapy consisted of 18 daily treatments administered Monday through Friday over a period of 24 days. Propofol was administered IV to effect for induction of anesthesia. Complete blood count and serum biochemical data were generated at the beginning, middle, and end of radiation therapy and compared to identify changes over time via either a repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman test. Leukocyte and platelet parameters did not differ significantly over time. Calculated Hct, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased overtime, whereas mean corpuscular volume increased overtime. Dogs receiving propofol for induction of anesthesia and radiation therapy had a decrease in RBC count, although these changes were not determined to be of clinical importance in this patient population. The cause of these alterations was not immediately apparent. Propofol appeared to be a safe choice for induction of anesthesia in dogs during daily radiation therapy.

A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of hinokitiol administered in the diet to F344 rats

Myocarditis has been reported in male F344 rats given a diet containing hinokitiol (HT). A subchronic toxicity study was here performed to re-evaluate toxic effects of HT in both sexes of F344 rats with dietary administration at concentrations of 0%, 0.02%, 0.07% and 0.2% for 13weeks. Significant reduction of body weight gain was noted in 0.2% males and 0.07% and above females. Significant decrease in RBC counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit was detected in 0.07% and 0.2% females. Significant increase in MCV was observed in 0.07% and above males and 0.2% females. In the rats given 0.07% and 0.2%, significant increase in total protein and albumin were detected in males, and in total cholesterol in females. Significant increases in total cholesterol, urea nitrogen and creatinine were also detected in the 0.2% males. Significant increase in relative liver weights was detected in the 0.07% and above males and females. Absolute and relative heart weights were significantly decreased in the 0.07% and above males. Based on the above findings the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of HT for both male and female rats was estimated to be 0.02%, translating into 12.7 and 14.8mg/kgb.w./day, respectively. Myocarditis was not evident in the present study.

Artifactual changes in hematological variables in equine blood samples stored at different temperatures and various anticoagulants

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of storage time, temperature, and anticoagulant on hematologic parameters in equine blood samples. Blood samples were obtained from 50 clinically healthy warm-blooded horses at two major equestrian complexes in Tehran, Iran. The samples were collected in three different tubes containing EDTA, sodium citrate, or heparin and were analyzed within 4 h of collection. Blood samples collected into EDTA-containing tubes were stored at 4°C or 24°C. Each sample was analyzed again at 24, 48, and 72 h after collection. The statistically significant (P < 0.05) alterations included decreased RBC count and increased hemoglobin concentration [Hgb] in blood samples stored at 24°C after 48 and 72 h; increased hematocrit in blood samples stored at 24°C after 24 h; decreased hematocrit in blood samples stored at 4°C after 72 h; decreased MCHC in blood samples stored at 4°C after 72 h; and decreased total WBC count in blood samples stored at 24°C after 48 h. Although there was no significant difference in hematologic analytes between heparinized and EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples, most of the hematologic analytes were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in sodium citrate-containing blood samples, compared with blood samples stored in EDTA. The results of this study suggest that within certain limitations for some hematologic analytes, equine blood samples stored in EDTA at 4°C for up to 72 h may be suitable for hematologic testing.

Analysis of 99mTc-RBC labeling efficiency between modified in-vitro method and AMC method

The aim of this study was to increase the labeling efficiency of 99mTc-RBC. We compared the clinical utility of the conventional modified in-vitro method (MIM) with our new AMC method. Seventy-two patients (M:44 F:28) were examined. The MIM and AMC method were carried out at the same time. The mean labeling efficiency (%) of MIM vs. AMC were as follows: (1) 90.8 ± 11.4 vs. 95.9 ± 6.8 in total ( p = 0.0001); (2) 89.7 ± 12.0 vs. 95.7 ± 6.8 in males ( p = 0.0001), 92.9 ± 10.6 vs. 96.3 ± 3.9 in females ( p = 0.0001); (3) 89.5 ± 12.9 vs. 95.5 ± 7.8 in the G-I bleeding scan ( p = 0.0001), 94.6 ± 4.8 vs. 96.7 ± 3.5 in the liver hemangioma scan ( p = 0.035), 96.2 ± 1.96 vs. 97.5 ± 1.11 in the MUGA scan ( p = 0.08); and (4) 89.4 ± 12.5 vs. 95.5 ± 7.6 in the decreased RBC count group ( p = 0.0001), and 95.9 ± 3.9 vs. 97.1 ± 3.1 the normal RBC count group ( p = 0.062). There were significant differences in labeling efficiency between the MIM and AMC methods. In particular, the AMC labeling method was quite useful in decreased RBC count patients.