Decreased Fasting Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Lycium barbarum leaf flavonoids ameliorate high fructose induced insulin resistance in mice by regulating blood glucose and gut microbiota composition

Insulin resistance is an increasingly severe public health issue worldwide, affecting millions and significantly raising the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Despite this, current treatment options remain limited, which has heightened interest in exploring interventions based on natural compounds. This study investigates the potential of Lycium barbarum leaf flavonoids (LBLF) to improve insulin resistance induced by high fructose in mice, with a focus on the mechanisms related to blood glucose regulation and gut microbiota composition. Research results show that, compared to the high fructose model group, treatment with metformin hydrochloride and rutin reduced fasting blood glucose levels by 32.06% and 18.94%, respectively. LBLF treatment at various doses decreased fasting blood glucose levels by 12.29%, 19.02%, and 32.98%, and insulin levels by 26.50%, 11.04%, and 28.23%, respectively, demonstrating its effective ability to regulate blood glucose levels. It was also found that LBLF effectively regulated lipid disorders, significantly reduced oxidative stress in the liver, and protected liver function. Liver transcriptomic analysis suggests that LBLF may improve insulin resistance by regulating gene expression in the MAPK and retinol metabolism signaling pathways. Additionally, gut microbiota diversity analysis revealed that LBLF treatment reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, which is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders, thereby optimizing the gut microbiota structure disrupted by high fructose intake. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of LBLF in managing insulin resistance and associated metabolic disorders, providing a theoretical basis for further research into its broader applications.

The effect of hydrophilic statins on adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, and vaspin levels in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.

Statins may affect glucose metabolism through adipokines. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of hydrophilic statins on the levels of several adipokines in diabetic rats. Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: healthy control, untreated diabetic, diabetic treated with pravastatin, and diabetic treated with rosuvastatin. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Thereafter, 20 mg/kg/day doses of either pravastatin or rosuvastatin were administered to the treated diabetic rats for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the body weights, fasting blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and insulin resistance, as well as the serum adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, and vaspin levels, were measured. Fasting blood glucose and insulin resistance levels were significantly higher, whereas insulin levels and body weight were significantly lower in the untreated diabetic group than in the control group. Diabetes caused significant decreases in adiponectin, leptin, and vaspin levels but a significant increase in visfatin levels. Pravastatin treatment significantly increased body weight and decreased fasting blood glucose levels, whereas rosuvastatin decreased body weight but did not affect fasting blood glucose levels. Pravastatin caused significant increases in both adiponectin and vaspin levels. However, rosuvastatin did not affect the adiponectin level but caused a significant decrease in the vaspin levels. Both pravastatin and rosuvastatin treatments decreased the leptin and visfatin levels. In conclusion, pravastatin is more effective at improving fasting blood glucose levels and body weight in diabetic rats, probably by increasing adiponectin and vaspin levels.

The Effect of Acupressure on Fasting Blood Glucose Levels in Clients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a? disease that has a characteristic signs? in the from of an increase in glucose levels exceeding normal range . The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing significantly. Currently, the management? of diet, exercise and use therapy pharmacological therapy are option in the management of diabetes mellitus. In addition to these therapies, there are complementary therapies such as acupressure. The purpose of this study was to prove the acupressure intervention in influencing fasting blood glucose levels. This research was a quasi- experimental study with a nonequivalent control group design with pre – test post – test. This study had 38 respondents? whi were devided into 2 groups and were taken using a consecutive sampling techniques. This study was conducted from April 7th 2021 – May 9th 2021. The pre – test and post -test difference test used the wilcoxone test. The diferent test between groups used Man – Whitney test and Independent – t test. Study This showed that there were significant differences? before and after treatment in all groups p = < 0.05. The results of the post-test differences between groups also showed p = 0.012 which shows that there are meaningful differences? between post-tests in groups intervention and control groups. Complementary therapy in the form of proven acupressure can decrease fasting blood glucose in type II diabetes mellitus patients, and complementary therapy in the form of acupressure can used for decrease fasting blood glucose levels in type II diabetes mellitus patients.

Cascara kombucha potential as a functional food for fasting glucose regulation, cholesterol control, and liver function modulation: in vitro and in vivo study

SummaryUnhealthy dietary patterns are a major contributor to obesity worldwide, leading to various adverse metabolic effects such as elevated liver enzyme levels and increased cholesterol concentrations. This study investigates the potential of cascara kombucha as a functional beverage to provide health benefits in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our results indicate that kombucha fermentation enhances the bioactive compounds in cascara, including polyphenols and flavonoids. The in vitro study found that cascara kombucha effectively decreased free radicals (DPPH and ABTS) levels, α‐amylase, and lipase activity, suggesting its potential to act as an antioxidant and modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In a mouse model, oral administration of cascara kombucha at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight for 28 days successfully decreased fasting blood glucose levels, improved liver health by reducing aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels, and lowered serum cholesterol content induced by a fat‐enriched diet compared to the untreated group. The levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase, suppressed by the fat‐enriched diet, were restored to normal. Additionally, cascara kombucha downregulated genes associated with inflammation induced by a fat‐enriched diet, including tnf‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and cox‐2. It also positively affected the balance of intestinal microflora in mice by reducing coliform density and enhancing probiotic populations. These findings highlight the potential of cascara kombucha as a promising approach to addressing health issues caused by poor dietary habits and metabolic imbalances.

Tempeh-Based Supplement Decreases Blood Glucose Levels Through Inhibiting Rage and NF-κB Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mice Model

Objective: Hyperglycemia promotes inflammation through inducing the formation of AGE products, which bind with receptor AGE (RAGE) products in cell membranes, leading to the activation of necrosis factor–kappa beta (NF-κB). This study aimed to analyze the effects of tempeh-based supplement (TBS) preparations of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) tempeh against mRNA expressions of RAGE and NF-κB on the pancreas of a type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) mice model. Material and Methods: This research was a quasi-experiment, with pre and post-tests with a control design for blood glucose levels; and post-test only utilizing control for mRNA RAGE and NF-κB expressions. A total of 30 male mice, 8-10 weeks old, weighing 20-25 g were divided into 6 treatment groups: non-diabetic, Diabetic, Diabetic+metformin, Diabetic+TBS 10 mg/100 g BW, Diabetic+TBS 20 mg/100 g BW, and Diabetic+TBS 40 mg/100 g BW. STZ induction once a day for two days was preceded by NA to create a DM mice model; meanwhile, TBS was administrated once a day for 21 days.Results: The mean difference of fasting glucose levels in the diabetic+TBS 40 mg/100 g BW group was the highest when compared to the diabetic group (159.52±1.85) mg/dL. One-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences in fasting glucose levels, RAGE and NF-κB expressions in the Diabetic+TBS group at various dosage levels compared to the diabetic control group. Relative mRNA expressions of RAGE and NF-κB were downregulated in the treatment group compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: TBS can decrease fasting blood glucose levels and downregulate relative mRNA expressions of RAGE and NF-κB in type 2 DM mice.

Plantaginis semen ameliorates diabetic kidney disease via targeting the sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevancePlantaginis Semen (PS) is widely utilized as a common herb in several Asian countries, particularly China, due to its diuretic, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. Furthermore, it is acknowledged for its ability to mitigate renal complications associated with metabolic syndrome. Despite its extensive usage, there is limited systematic literature elucidating its therapeutic mechanisms, thus emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive investigations in this field. AimThis study aims to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutical potential of PS in treating diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through in vivo and in vitro models. MethodsThe main composition of PS were characterized using the UPLC-QTOF-MS method. For the in vivo investigation, a mouse model mediated by streptozocin (STZ) associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) and unilateral renal excision was established. The mice were split into 6 groups (n = 8): control group (CON group), DKD group, low-dose of Plantago asiatica L. seed extract group (PASE-L group, 3 g/kg/d), medium-dose of PASE group (PASE-M, 6 g/kg/d), high-dose of PASE group (PASE-H, 9 g/kg/d), and positive drug group (valsartan, VAS group, 12 mg/kg/d). After 8 weeks of treatment, the damage induced by DKD was evaluated by using relevant parameters of urine and blood. Furthermore, indicators of inflammation and factors associated with the SphK1-S1P signaling pathway were investigated. For the in vitro study, the cell line HBZY-1 was stimulated by high glucose (HG), they were then co-cultured with different concentrations of PASE, and the corresponding associated inflammatory and sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (SphK1-S1P) factors were examined. ResultsA total of 59 major components in PS were identified, including flavonoids, iridoids, phenylethanol glycosides, guanidine derivatives, and fatty acids. In the mouse model, PS was found to significantly improve body weight, decrease fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, increased glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance, improved kidney-related markers compared to the DKD group, pathological changes in the kidneys also improved dramatically. These effects showed a dose-dependent relationship, with higher PASE concentrations yielding significantly better outcomes than lower concentrations. However, the effects of the low PASE concentration were not evident for some indicators. In the cellular model, the high dose of PASE suppressed high glucose (HG) stimulated renal mesangial cell proliferation, suppressed inflammatory factors and NF-κB, and decreased the levels of fibrillin-1(FN-1) and collagen IV(ColIV). ConclusionOur results indicate that PS exerts favorable therapeutic effects on DKD, with the possible mechanisms including the inhibition of inflammatory pathways, suppression of mRNA levels and protein expressions of SphK1 and S1P, consequently leading to reduced overexpression of FN-1 and ColIV, thereby warranting further exploration.

The consumption of walnuts has an impact on decreasing fasting blood glucose levels in individuals with concurrent hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia: a randomized control trial

Nationally, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has increased by 0.5%. In 2013, it was approximately 1.5%, rising to 2.0% in 2018. On the other hand, it is known that administering walnut extract can reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of walnut consumption on blood sugar levels. The research was conducted experimentally, using a pre-post test control group design. The research sample consisted of mothers with fasting blood sugar levels ≥200 mg/dL and total cholesterol levels ≥200 mg/dL (hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic). The total sample size was 50 mothers, divided into 2 groups. Samples were selected using simple random sampling. The intervention involved giving 50 grams of walnut (Canarium Indicum L.) daily for 8 weeks to the treatment group. The research was conducted in the working area of the Paccerakang Community Health Center in Makassar City, Indonesia. Statistical analysis was performed using paired T-tests. There was a decrease in fasting blood glucose levels in the treatment group from 244.12 mg/dL to 195.52 mg/dL. In the control group, there was a slight decrease in blood sugar levels from 236.92 mg/dL to 229.96 mg/dL. Paired T-test analysis in the treatment group showed a value of p=0.00, indicating a significant difference in cholesterol levels before and after the intervention in the treatment group. In the control group, the value was p=0.07, indicating no significant difference in cholesterol levels in the control group. Administering 50 grams of walnuts per day for 8 weeks significantly lowered fasting blood sugar levels in hyperlipidemic and hyperglycemic mothers.

Both High-Intensity Interval and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Decrease Fetuin-A Levels in High Fat Diet Fed Male Rats

Background: Fetuin-A is a hepatokine that increases in obesity, and a high-fat diet (HFD) contributes to this condition. Obesity is characterized by increased body mass index (BMI) and is correlated to insulin resistance. This study aims to analyze the difference between High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) on fetuin-A, insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, and BMI in HFD-fed rats. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: CD (standard diet), HFD (HFD only), HFD-IT (HFD and HIIT), and HFD-CT (HFD and MICT). HFD consisted of a standard diet with an additional 2 mL/200-gram body weight of lard oil daily. In the HFD-IT group, swimming was performed with a 9% body weight load with short duration and intermittent rest periods, while the HFD-CT group was given a 6% body weight load and continuous swimming. Swimming was conducted five days a week for four weeks. Fetuin-A and insulin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, and FBG levels were measured using a glucometer. Results: Fetuin-A levels were significantly lower in the HFD-IT and HFD-CT groups compared to the HFD group (p<0.05). The HFD-CT group had a significant decrease in FBG levels (p<0.05), but the HFD-IT group did not. There were no differences in BMI and insulin levels between groups after four weeks of treatment (p>0.05). Conclusion: HIIT and MICT have similar effectiveness in reducing fetuin-A levels. In addition, MICT also managed to reduce FBG levels. Keywords: interval training, continuous training, high-fat diet, fetuin-A, insulin, healthy lifestyle.

Clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell–derived mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate diabetic retinopathy in db/db mice

Background aimsMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR), as evidenced by increasing preclinical and clinical studies. However, the absence of standardized and industrialized clinical-grade donor cells hampers the continued development and large-scale clinical application of MSCs-based therapies for DR. Previously, we have identified a unique population of MSCs generated from a clinical-grade human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line under Good Manufacturing Practice conditions that could be a potential source to address the issues. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the clinical-grade hESC line–derived MSCs (hESC-MSCs) on db/db mice with DR. MethodshESC-MSCs were initially characterized by morphological assessment, flow cytometry analysis and trilineage differentiation assays. These cells (5 × 106 cells) were then transplanted intravenously into 12-week-old db/db mice via tail vein, with phosphate-buffered saline transplantation and untreated groups used as controls. The retinal alterations in neural functions and microvascular perfusions, and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood and retina were evaluated at 4 and 6 weeks after transplantation using electroretinography, optical coherence tomography angiography and flow cytometry, respectively. Body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were also measured to investigate their systemic implications. ResultsCompared with controls, intravenous transplantation of hESC-MSCs could significantly: (i) enhance impaired retinal electroretinography functions (including amplitudes of a-, b-wave and oscillatory potentials) at 4 weeks after transplantation; (ii) alleviate microvascular dysfunctions, especially in the inner retina with significance (including reducing non-perfusion area and increasing vascular area density) at 4 weeks after transplantation; (iii) decrease FBG levels at 4 weeks after transplantation and induce weight loss up to 6 weeks after transplantation and (iv) increase both peripheral blood and retinal interleukin-10 levels at 4 weeks after transplantation and modulate peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines and chemokines levels, such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1, up to 6 weeks after transplantation. ConclusionsThe findings of our study indicated that intravenous transplantation of hESC-MSCs ameliorated retinal neural and microvascular dysfunctions, regulated body weight and FBG and modulated peripheral blood and retinal inflammation responses in a mouse model of DR. These results suggest that hESC-MSCs could be a potentially effective clinical-grade cell source for the treatment of DR.

A Dual Therapeutic Approach to Diabetes Mellitus via Bioactive Phytochemicals Found in a Poly Herbal Extract by Restoration of Favorable Gut Flora and Related Short-Chain Fatty Acids.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic and endocrine condition, poses a serious threat to human health and longevity. The emerging role of gut microbiome associated with bioactive compounds has recently created a new hope for DM treatment. UHPLC-HRMS methods were used to identify these compounds in a poly herbal ethanolic extract (PHE). The effects of PHE on body weight (BW), fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, gut microbiota, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, and the correlation between DM-related indices and gut microbes, in rats were investigated. Chebulic acid (0.368%), gallic acid (0.469%), andrographolide (1.304%), berberine (6.442%), and numerous polysaccharides were the most representative constituents in PHE. A more significant BW gain and a reduction in FBG level towards normal of PHE 600mg/kg treated rats group were resulted at the end of 28th days of the study. Moreover, the composition of the gut microbiota corroborated the study's hypothesis, as evidenced by an increased ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and some beneficial microbial species, including Prevotella copri and Lactobacillus hamster. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Ruminococcus bromii, and Blautia producta was found to decline in PHE treatment groups as compared to diabetic group. The abundance of beneficial bacteria in PHE 600mg/kg treatment group was concurrently associated with increased SCFAs concentrations of acetate and propionate (7.26nmol/g and 4.13nmol/g). The findings of this study suggest a promising approach to prevent DM by demonstrating that these naturally occurring compounds decreased FBG levels by increasing SCFAs content and SCFAs producing gut microbiota.

Propolis attenuates diabetes-induced testicular injury by protecting against DNA damage and suppressing cellular stress.

Introduction: Propolis has a wide range of biological and pharmacological actions, including antioxidant properties-particularly its phenolic and flavonoid constituents-that could potentially protect the reproductive system from oxidative damage. Method: Four groups were allocated 40 male Wistar rats each. The vehicle was given to the first group's normal control rats negative control. The second, third, and fourth groups of diabetic rats were given vehicle (diabetic control) and propolis orally at 50 and 100mg/kg, respectively, for 8weeks. Diabetes was induced in rats via injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin (STZ). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and semen analysis were assessed. In addition, assessments of serum reproductive hormones, including total testosterone (TTST), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL), were measured at the end of the study. Tissue total testosterone, E2, and dihydrotestosterone were also evaluated. Serum and tissue oxidative enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, were examined, and malondialdehyde content was determined. The pancreatic and testicular tissues were histopathologically examined, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in testicular tissue were immunohistochemically analyzed. Testicular tissue was examined for DNA integrity using a comet assay. Results: Compared to the STZ-control group, propolis greatly decreased FBG levels and improved the glycemic status of diabetic rats. In comparison to the STZ-DC group, propolis increased the number of sperm cells and the percent of morphologically normal and viable sperm in male rats, improving their fertility. Propolis also restored the pancreatic islets, protected the testis from oxidative stress, and increased levels of reproductive hormones in the blood, especially testosterone. Moreover, propolis at high doses demonstrated a strong positive response for Bcl-2 and a negative expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in spermatogenic cells. Conclusion: The data obtained strongly indicate that STZ causes severe impairments to the testis whereas propolis, acting as an antioxidant, protects against the adverse effects of STZ on the testis.

Effect of Buffalo Curd Milk-Edamame Pudding Snack Consumption on Fasting Blood Glucose Levels and Lipid Profile in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Background: Buffalo milk curd, a native probiotic source from Indonesia, is dominated by live indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria known for their ability to lower blood glucose levels. Edamame contains amino acid arginine, chromium, antioxidants, and fibre, aiding in blood glucose control and lipid profile reduction. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effects of buffalo milk curd and edamame-based pudding snacks on fasting blood glucose levels and lipid profiles in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods: This study used a True Experiment Design with Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The study involved 32 patients divided into treatment and control groups. During the study, the treatment group received 250 g of snacks in the morning and evening for one week. Blood glucose levels and lipid profiles were measured using the enzymatic colourimetry method. Results: The results showed decreased fasting blood glucose levels before and after treatment in both control (-17.06 ± 40.17) and treatment (-48.38 ± 40.27 mg/dl) groups (p=0.036). Total cholesterol levels also decreased in control (-15.87 ± 23) and treatment (-41.4 ± 19 mg/dl) groups (p=0.001). There were decreased LDL levels in control (-6.81 ± 29.09) and treatment (-27.3 ± 25.09 mg/dl) groups (p=0.04). However, HDL and TG levels showed no differences at the end of the study. Conclusions: Buffalo curd milk-edamame pudding snacks can reduce fasting blood glucose levels and lipid profiles, particularly total cholesterol and LDL levels, in Type 2 DM patients.

Acute Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Suppresses Hepatic Gluconeogenesis by Stimulating MAPK Phosphatase 3 Degradation.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a widespread and harmful disease, and is closely linked to acute endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Previous reports have shown that acute ER stress can suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis and even leads to hypoglycemia. However, the mechanism is still unclear. MAPK phosphatase 3 (MKP-3) is a positive regulator for gluconeogenesis. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the role of MKP-3 in the suppression of gluconeogenesis by acute ER stress, as well as the regulatory role of acute ER stress on the expression of MKP-3. Results showed that acute ER stress induced by tunicamycin significantly suppressed gluconeogenesis in both hepatocytes and mouse liver, reduced glucose production level in hepatocytes, and decreased fasting blood glucose level in mice. Additionally, the protein level of MKP-3 was reduced by acute ER stress in both hepatocytes and mouse liver. Mkp-3 deficiency eliminated the inhibitory effect of acute ER stress on gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes. Moreover, the reduction effect of acute ER stress on blood glucose level and hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pc) expression was not observed in the liver-specific Mkp-3 knockout mice. Furthermore, activation of protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) decreased the MKP-3 protein level, while inactivation of PERK abolished the reduction effect of acute ER stress on the MKP-3 protein level in hepatocytes. Taken together, our study suggested that acute ER stress could suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis by stimulating MKP-3 degradation via PERK, at least partially. Thus, MKP-3 might be a therapeutic target for DILI-related hypoglycemia.

A sulfonamide chalcone AMPK activator ameliorates hyperglycemia and diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which currently lacks effective treatments. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) stimulation by chalcones, a class of polyphenols abundantly found in plants, is proposed as a promising therapeutic approach for DM. This study aimed to identify novel chalcone derivatives with improved AMPK-stimulating activity in human podocytes and evaluate their mechanisms of action as well as in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of DN. Among 133 chalcone derivatives tested, the sulfonamide chalcone derivative IP-004 was identified as the most potent AMPK activator in human podocytes. Western blot analyses, intracellular calcium measurements and molecular docking simulation indicated that IP-004 activated AMPK by mechanisms involving direct binding at allosteric site of calcium-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) without affecting intracellular calcium levels. Interestingly, eight weeks of intraperitoneal administration of IP-004 (20 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased fasting blood glucose level, activated AMPK in the livers, muscles and glomeruli, and ameliorated albuminuria in db/db type II diabetic mice. Collectively, this study identifies a novel chalcone derivative capable of activating AMPK in vitro and in vivo and exhibiting efficacy against hyperglycemia and DN in mice. Further development of AMPK activators based on chalcone derivatives may provide an effective treatment of DN.

Effects of aerobic exercises in prediabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the effects of different durations of continuous aerobic exercise on prediabetic patients. The research encompassed randomized controlled trials that examined how various durations of aerobic exercise training affected outcomes related to Body Mass Index (BMI), Fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour plasma glucose (2hPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in individuals diagnosed with prediabetes. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched as of January 7, 2023. The Cochrane Risk of Bias, version 2 (ROB 2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. A total of 10 RCTs with 815 prediabetic patients were included. The average age of the participants was 56.1 years, with a standard deviation of 5.1 years. Among the participants, 39.2% were male. The interventions consisted of aerobic dance, treadmill running, walking, and a combination of aerobic exercises. The training sessions occurred three or four times per week. In prediabetic patients, aerobic exercise demonstrated a significant reduction in BMI compared to the control group, with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of -1.44 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1.89, -0.98). There was a decrease in FBG levels, with WMD of -0.51 mmol/L (95% CI -0.70, -0.32). Additionally, aerobic training led to significant improvements in 2hPG levels, with a WMD of -0.76 mmol/L (95% CI -1.14, -0.38). Furthermore, prediabetic patients showed a decrease in HbA1c levels after engaging in aerobic training compared to the control group, with a WMD of -0.34% (95% CI -0.45, -0.23). In summary, engaging in aerobic exercise can have a significant positive impact on glycemic levels in individuals with prediabetes. It can also lead to reductions in BMI, FBG, 2hPG, HbA1c, and other relevant indicators. The extent of these improvements may vary slightly depending on the duration of the aerobic exercise intervention. PROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023395515.

The effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Hesperidin is a naturally occurring bioactive compound that may have an impact on cardiovascular disease risks, but the evidence is not conclusive. To investigate further, this study aimed to explore the effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults. A comprehensive search was conducted up to August 2022 using relevant keywords in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The results showed that hesperidin supplementation had a significant effect on reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density cholesterol (LDL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), whereas weight was increased. However, no significant effect was observed on high-density cholesterol (HDL), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), body mass index (BMI), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The study also found that an effective dosage of hesperidin supplementation was around 1,000 mg/d, and a more effective duration of supplementation was more than eight weeks to decrease insulin levels. Furthermore, the duration of intervention of more than six weeks was effective in decreasing FBG levels.

Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate ameliorates the high-fat diet-induced obesity syndrome by reducing intestinal and hepatic absorption.

Background: A high-fat Western diet is a risk factor for obesity and steatosis. Reducing intestinal absorption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is a feasible strategy to control obesity. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO) inhibits intestinal fatty acid transport. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of SSO on HFD-induced glucose and lipid metabolism in mice and its possible underlying mechanisms. Methods: Male C57/BL were fed a HFD (60% calories) for 12weeks and were administered an oral dose of SSO (50mg/kg/day). The expression of lipid absorption genes (CD36, MTTP, and DGAT1) and the serum levels of triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and free fatty acids (FFAs) were detected. Lipid distribution in the liver was detected by oil red and hematoxylin and eosin staining. In addition, serum levels of inflammatory factors, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured to detect side effects. Results: SSO was effective in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome induced by HFD in mice. It attenuated the assembly of intestinal epithelial chylomicrons by inhibiting intestinal epithelial transport and absorption of fatty acids, thereby reducing the gene expression levels of MTTP and DGAT1, resulting in decreased plasma TG and FFA levels. At the same time, it inhibited the transport of fatty acids in the liver and improved the steatosis induced by a HFD. The results of oil red staining showed that SSO treatment can reduce lipid accumulation in the liver by 70%, with no drug-induced liver injury detected on the basis of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, ALT, and AST levels. In addition, SSO treatment significantly improved insulin resistance, decreased fasting blood glucose levels, and improved glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. Conclusion: SSO is effective in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome induced by a HFD in mice. SSO reduces intestinal fatty acid absorption by reducing the inhibition of intestinal CD36 expression, followed by decreased TG and FFA levels, which attenuates HFD-induced fatty liver.

Association of maternal dietary patterns derived by multiple approaches with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

We used two a priori diet scores [Mediterranean diet (aMed) and Diet Balance Index (DBI)] and two a posteriori approaches [principal components analysis (PCA) and reduced-rank regression (RRR)] to examine the association of maternal dietary patterns with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and blood glucose among 2202 pregnant women in the Tongji Birth Cohort. Compared to the highest quartile of the aMed and legumes-vegetables-fruits (derived by PCA) scores, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were higher in the lower quartiles (p-trend < 0.05). Lower scores of the meats-eggs-dairy (derived by PCA) and eggs-fish patterns (derived by RRR; characterised by higher intakes of freshwater fish, eggs, and lower intakes of leafy and cruciferous vegetables and fruits) were associated with decreased FBG levels (p-trend < 0.05). Similarities were found across approaches that some dietary patterns were associated with FBG, but not with postprandial glucose and GDM risk.

Rationale and Design of a Study to Test the Effect of Personal Protective Aids on Hypertension and Diabetes in People Living With High Levels of Air Pollution—Study Protocol

Air pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world today, disproportionally affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) such as India. Studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) can contribute to cardiovascular disease and increase mortality. We hypothesise that the use of personal protective aids (home indoor air purifiers/N95 masks) can decrease systolic blood pressure (SBP) in people with hypertension and decrease fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) in those with diabetes. This is a prospective randomised crossover study in Dalkhola, India-an area of high ambient PM2.5 levels. Participants between 18-70 years of age with hypertension (n=128) and diabetes (n=33) will be invited to participate in the study. They will be randomised to either an intervention or control arm for 4 weeks, after which they will cross over to the other arm following a 2-week washout period. The intervention will consist of using an indoor air purifier at night and N95 mask when outdoors. The control period will involve using an identical air purifier and N95 mask with the filter removed (sham filtration). Participants and outcome assessors will be blinded to study arm assignment. The primary outcome of the study is the absolute reduction in SBP among people with hypertension and absolute reduction in FBG among people with diabetes. This is the first randomised controlled trial to evaluate the use of personal protective aids as a therapeutic measure in people with hypertension and diabetes exposed to high levels of PM2.5. Given the high burden of air pollution in LMIC, there is an urgent need for adaptation measures targeting people at high risk for mortality from this exposure. The results of our study will demonstrate whether personal protective aids can be a viable adaptation measure for people living with hypertension and diabetes in areas with a high burden of air pollution. This is clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04854187.

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Costus speciosus leaves on cognitive deficits induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus models

Background: Linear association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and cognitive decline is documented in various epidemiological studies. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Costus speciosus leaves (CSL) on cognitive deficits induced by type 2 DM models. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were used for the study. We had seven groups of six rats each. Type 2 diabetes was induced in thirty six Wistar rats and the other six rats were kept as normal control. For induction, first, one dose of nicotinamide 110 mg/kg was injected, after 15 min streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally. Seven days after induction, from the dorsal vein of the tail, blood sample was collected and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were estimated. Rats with FBG &gt; 200 mg/dl were randomly assigned to six groups of six rat each – Diabetic control (DC) – Negative control, Glibenclamide group – standard control, piracetam group, glibenclamide + piracetam group, CSL 200 mg, CSL 400 mg. Baseline values for learning and memory were recorded on day 1 before starting the treatment. With Hebb-William maze, Time taken to reach reward chamber (TRC), with Shuttle box avoidance test, Step through latency (STL) and with Elevated plus maze, Transfer latency (TL) were recorded. The means of five sessions were recorded for each rat. FBG and cognitive parameters such as TRC, STL, and TL were recorded on day 30 of treatment for all the groups. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. Results: CSL 200 and CSL 400 groups showed decrease in FBG level in comparison to the DC which was significant (P &lt; 0.001). CSL 200 group showed decrease in TRC, STL, and TL in comparison to DC which was significant (P &lt; 0.001, P &lt; 0.001, and P &lt; 0.003, respectively). There was significant decrease in TRC and STL in comparison to DC (P &lt; 0.001) in CSL 400 group. CSL 400 group also showed decrease in STL compared to glibenclamide, piracetam and CSL 200 group which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Hydro-alcoholic extract of CSL showed antihyperglycemic and dose dependent cognitive improvement in models of type 2 diabetes.