Decreased Serum Leptin Levels Research Articles

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of hormone therapies on the body composition, adipokines and metabolic parameters of adult men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). Sixty-six patients with CHH and 21 healthy controls were recruited. Patients were divided into untreated (n = 33) and treated (n = 33) groups based on hormone therapy history. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and adipokines and metabolic parameters were measured in all participants. Compared to the healthy control group, patients in the treated group had lower serum testosterone levels (p < 0.001), increased body fat percentage (BFP) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume, decreased lean soft tissue (LST) and bone mineral content (BMC) (p < 0.05), increased serum leptin levels accompanied by decreased adiponectin (ADP) (p < 0.05), higher HOMA-IR with lower QUICKI (p < 0.05). Compared to the untreated group, patients in the treated group (therapy duration 4.8 ± 2.3 years) had higher serum testosterone levels (p < 0.001), decreased BFP and VAT volume, increased LST and BMC (p < 0.05), decreased serum leptin levels (p < 0.001), and decreased HOMA-IR accompanied by increased QUICKI (p < 0.05). Among them, VAT volume, LST, BMC, HOMA-IR and QUICKI reached healthy control levels (p > 0.05). Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed serum testosterone levels were negatively correlated with BFP (β = -0.564, p < 0.001) and VAT volume (β = -0.260, p = 0.045), positively correlated with LST (β = 0.305, p = 0.018) and BMC (β = 0.423, p = 0.001). Serum testosterone levels were independently negatively correlated with leptin levels (β = -0.277, p = 0.004). Patients with untreated CHH had impaired body composition, adipokines and metabolic parameters. While hormone therapies can improve body composition and glucolipid metabolism in patients with CHH, this imperfect treatment does not fully rescue body composition abnormalities when compared to healthy individuals. Abnormal metabolic parameters in patients with CHH are associated with increased fat mass and abnormal serum leptin level. Serum testosterone levels were independently negatively correlated with leptin levels.

Background. The effect of physical activity (PA) on the state of the cardiovascular system and quality of life in patients with hypertension (HTN) remains insufficiently studied, while there is no data on the effect of PA and rehabilitation programs on cardiometabolic parameters, according to duration and recurrence of their effect in women with a history of HTN during pregnancy. Objective. To compare cardiometabolic parameters in women with a history of HTN during pregnancy versus women without HTN during pregnancy and measure the effects of an exercise program on their dynamics changes. Design and methods. The study included 66 women divided into two groups: group 1 — 33 women with a history of HTN during pregnancy. The distribution of different HTN disorders of pregnancy was the following: 75% — gestational HTN; 12,5% — chronic HTN; 12,5% — preeclampsia. Group 2 — 33 women with a history of normotension during pregnancy. Walking for at least 150 min per week (30 min a day, 5 times a week) for 9 months was a mandatory component of the physical training program in group 2. Women in group 2 continued clinical follow-up without physical training program. All participants filled in a specially designed questionnaire. Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters were evaluated, including PA level, quality of life (short questionnaire SF‑36), and serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Results. A PA training program for 9 months in women with a history of HTN during pregnancy led to a decrease in waist circumference and body mass index, a decrease in serum leptin levels and an increase in serum adiponectin levels, an increase in PA levels and an improvement in quality of life for account of the general physical and spiritual components.

The study aimed to analyze the effect of uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI) on leptin expression and lung development of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) rats. On day 17 of pregnancy, time-dated Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into either an IUGR group or a control group. Uteroplacental insufficiency surgery (IUGR) and sham surgery (control) were conducted. Offspring rats were spontaneously delivered on day 22 of pregnancy. On postnatal days 0 and 7, rats' pups were selected at random from the control and IUGR groups. Blood was withdrawn from the heart to determine leptin levels. The right lung was obtained for leptin and leptin receptor levels, immunohistochemistry, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), western blot, and metabolomic analyses. UPI-induced IUGR decreased leptin expression and impaired lung development, causing decreased surface area and volume in offspring. This results in lower body weight, decreased serum leptin levels, lung leptin and leptin receptor levels, alveolar space, PCNA, and increased alveolar wall volume fraction in IUGR offspring rats. The IUGR group found significant relationships between serum leptin, radial alveolar count, von Willebrand Factor, and metabolites. Leptin may contribute to UPI-induced lung development during the postnatal period, suggesting supplementation as a potential treatment. The neonatal rats with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) caused by uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI) showed decreased leptin expression and impaired lung development. UPI-induced IUGR significantly decreased surface area and volume in lung offspring. This is a novel study that investigates leptin expression and lung development in neonatal rats with IUGR caused by UPI. If our findings translate to IUGR infants, leptin may contribute to UPI-induced lung development during the postnatal period, suggesting supplementation as a potential treatment.

Leptin and Adiponectin are considered principal indicators of tuberculosis (TB). They are critical parts of the pathophysiological processes to which treatment can be applied. Thus, this research aimed at finding out the role of Adipocytokines and 25-dihydroxy vitamin D in the aetiology of tuberculosis. The research sample included (90) participants divided into (50) tuberculosis patients and (40) healthy subjects representing the control group who were age and sex-matched. Circulating levels of adipocytokines and 25- dihydroxy vitamin D were analysed by using ELISA techniques. Compared to the subjects of control group, tuberculosis subjects had significantly (P&lt;0.0001) lower levels of serum leptin (5.84±1.83 pg/mL) and vitamin D (2.77±0.52 ng/mL). However, compared to their control counterparts, tuberculosis patients had significantly (P&lt;0.0001) higher levels of adiponectin (16.30±1.23 ng/mL). The ROC curve analysis of Leptin, Adiponectin, and 25-dihydroxy vitamin D indicated a high diagnostic value in predicting the risk of tuberculosis. The present study findings revealed that elevated serum adiponectin with decreased serum leptin levels and hypovitaminosis D are strongly correlated with the pathogenesis and state of tuberculosis.

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gastrointestinal hormone secreted by K cells in the small intestine and is considered an obesity-promoting factor. In this study, we systematically investigated the anti-obesity effects of intragastric safflower yellow (SY)/hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) and the underlying mechanism for the first time. Our results showed that intragastric SY/HSYA, rather than an intraperitoneal injection, notably decreased serum GIP levels and GIP staining in the small intestine in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Moreover, intragastric SY/HSYA was also first found to significantly suppress GIP receptor (GIPR) signaling in both the hypothalamus and subcutaneous White adipose tissue. Our study is the first to show that intragastric SY/HSYA obviously reduced food intake and body weight gain in leptin sensitivity experiments and decreased serum leptin levels in DIO mice. Further experiments demonstrated that SY treatment also significantly reduced leptin levels, whereas the inhibitory effect of SY on leptin levels was reversed by activating GIPR in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, intragastric SY/HSYA had already significantly reduced serum GIP levels and GIPR expression before the serum leptin levels were notably changed in high-fat-diet-fed mice. These findings suggested that intragastric SY/HSYA may alleviate diet-induced obesity in mice by ameliorating hyperleptinemia via dual inhibition of the GIP-GIPR axis.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of serum leptin levels with presence and severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: A hospital-based case–control study conducted on 84 patients (42 cases and 42 controls) of either sex complaining of diminution of vision aged 40 years and above between August 2019 and 2021. Results: Mean serum leptin level in cases was 1.55±0.99 ng/mL and control was 2.11±0.88 ng/mL (p&lt;0.008). The serum leptin level was negatively correlated with early (1.06±0.99 ng/mL), intermediate (0.50±0.08 ng/mL), and dry age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) (0.29±0.12 ng/mL). However, we found higher serum leptin levels in exudative ARMD (2.58±0.99 ng/mL). Maximum number of cases were of exudative AMD (42.86%) followed by early AMD (33.34%) and intermediate and dry AMD (11.91% each). Conclusion: We found a decrease in serum leptin levels as disease severity increases from the early AMD to intermediate AMD and Dry AMD. However, the levels of serum leptin levels were higher in patients with exudative AMD. This may be due to some pathological process that is different in dry and exudative AMD. This can form the basis for further research in future.

SUMMARYLeptin is a protein hormone secreted by adipocytes. Its role in malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS) in hemodialysis (HD) patients has not been fully resolved yet. We aimed to assess the predictive role of serum leptin in MICS in maintenance HD patients. This prospective study included 93 HD patients who were distributed in three groups according to serum leptin levels (low-normal-high). Nutritional and inflammatory parameters of MICS, as well as malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS), were determined at baseline and after 12 months. In all subjects, the median serum leptin levels were above the relevant reference range at both the baseline (10 ng/mL; interquartile range (IQR) 4.2-29.9 ng/mL) and at the 12-month follow-up (13 ng/mL; IQR 3.5-39.5 ng/mL). Patients with decreased serum leptin levels had elements of MICS present. Leptin exhibited good sensitivity (0.89), while its specificity was similar to that of other nutritional and inflammatory parameters (0.45 for leptin vs. 0.65 for body mass index, 0.46 for MIS, 0.63 for C-reactive protein, 0.44 for albumins, 0.47 for ferritin and 0.50 for transferrin). The ROC curve analysis identified leptin levels of ≤3.4 ng/mL in men and ≤11.4 ng/mL in women to have the best predictive value for MICS. In conclusion, leptin appears to be a reliable marker of MICS.

Background Over the last few years, the importance of leptin in energy metabolism has been extensively studied in both animal models and in humans. Very few results are available on the association between human leptin gene (LEP) variants and obesity traits in India. We designed this study to analyse the polymorphisms in human leptin gene and the association of sequence variants with obesity among the population in Kerala, South India. Methods In this case-control design of 148 study participants, data were collected on socioeconomic aspects and anthropometric measurements. Plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and lipid profile were measured. Genotyping was done by automated DNA sequencing. Results The common Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of 5′-UTR of LEP − 2548G/A was found to be present in the study population with “A” variant as dominant allele. A novel synonymous mutation Thr5Thr of exon 2 of LEP was identified in heterozygous form in one subject with morbid obesity with hyperleptinemia. A novel missense mutation Phe17Leu was observed in two subjects with obesity in heterozygous condition. A novel missense mutation Lys36Arg in exon 2 of LEP was observed in one subject with abdominal obesity and decreased serum leptin level. ConclusionLEP − 2548G/A at 5′-untranslated region was found to be common with the mutant “A” variant in the study population. SNPs of exons in LEP were found to be rare but associated with morbid obesity and altered levels of serum leptin in the study population in Kerala, India.

Obesity is known to cause sexual dysfunction including erectile dysfunction and poor semen quality. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise have increasingly been more recognized to lower the likelihood of having sexual dysfunction or infertility in obese men. In this context, as an exercise-mimetic hormone, irisin has a potential to improve obesity-related reproductive dysfunctions. We aimed to elucidate possible effects of irisin on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced reproductive dysfunction in obese male rats. Rats were divided into four groups: vehicle, irisin, obese, and obese + irisin. The rats in obese and obese+irisin groups were fed with HFD (60% kcal fat) pellets for 12 weeks to induce obesity, and then obesity-induced sexual dysfunction was confirmed by the sexual behavior test (SBT). Irisin and obese+irisin groups received irisin (100 ng/kg/day) infusion by an s.c. osmotic minipump for 4 weeks after HFD-induced obesity was formed. Irisin did improve a number of measures of copulation, including penile erection, ejaculation, and sexual performance, and also improved sperm morphology and motility and decreased fat-induced testicular damage. It decreased serum leptin levels. On the other hand, irisin did not affect serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone. It also increased gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and adrenoceptor alpha 1A (ADRA1A) in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Irisin provided a marked enhancement of HFD-induced decrease in libido, potency, sexual performance, and erection in SBT. Taken together, our results emphasize that irisin has a restorative and improver role in HFD-induced reproductive dysfunctions in obese male rats.

Because the world’s population is deficient in dietary calcium, it is important to search for new sources of this essential mineral for the bones and the entire body. One of the innovative foods that could act as such a source is pumpkin enriched with calcium lactate by means of osmotic dehydration. Providing the body with easily absorbable calcium may have beneficial effects on the reconstruction of bone tissue. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is associated with body weight and fat mass gain, and the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of consuming enriched pumpkin on the levels of adipokines and cytokines produced by the adipose tissue. This study was conducted on 12-month-old female Wistar rats that received nutritional intervention for 12 weeks. After termination of the rats, the levels of leptin, adiponectin, interleukin 31 and interleukin 33 in serum and adipose tissue were determined, and the femurs were examined histopathologically. It was demonstrated that calcium-enriched pumpkin reduced bone marrow femoral adipocytes and also markedly decreased serum leptin levels in groups of rats after ovariectomy, which was associated with a decrease of fat content. Additionally, it seems that calcium-enriched pumpkin may reduce body weight gain often observed after menopause.

Influence of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) extract and essential oil on hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in rats fed high-cholesterol diet

Studies have shown that the levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines in patients with psoriasis are higher than in general population. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of 36-month therapy with TNF-α inhibitors (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab) on the levels of adipokines (resistin, adiponectin, leptin) and lipids (TG, cholesterol, LDL, HDL) in 37 psoriasis patients and 30 healthy controls. The mean serum concentrations of adiponectin in patients from adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab group were similar to control group (p > 0.05, 142.71, 164.32, 129.35 and 174.44 μg/ml respectively). Resistin levels were higher in patients (p < 0.05, 4.48, 4.53 and 3.39 ng/ml respectively) than in controls (3.05 ng/ml). Mean leptin concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the study group than in subjects without psoriasis (428.61, 523.24, 755.27 and 154.10 pg/ml respectively). A significant decrease in the mean resistin concentration was observed under the influence of biological therapy (p < 0.05). Decrease in serum leptin level was noted in etanercept and infliximab groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002 respectively). Improvement in all lipidogram parameters was noted in all examined groups (p < 0.05). Results may prove that biologic therapy affects the systemic inflammation associated with psoriasis and this effect persists with long-term therapy.

In this study, we fed obese model mice black soybean seed coat powder (BSCP) and evaluated the antiobesity effects. As a control, normal yellow soybean seed coat powder (YSCP) was used. C57BL/6J, a high-fat diet-induced obesity model mouse, was fed a high-fat diet containing BSCP or YSCP (20% fat) to induce obesity. The results showed that in the BSCP group, it caused significant suppression of body weight gain and suppression of white adipose tissue weight compared with the YSCP group. Moreover, it significantly decreased serum leptin levels, which correlated with visceral fat mass, and increased antidiabetic adipocytokine and adiponectin levels. Therefore, this suggests the pigmented components contained in BSCP have an antiobesity effect in obese model mice. It is suggested that this material, which can be prepared without extraction with an organic solvent and is suitable for use as a food material, could be a functional food material with a practicable antiobesity effect.

Sows were fed naturally contaminated diets containing: (i) 100 ppb zearalenone (ZEN) one week before farrowing and during the lactation period (at 26 days), (ii) 100 ppb ZEN one week before farrowing and 300 ppb ZEN during the lactation period, or (iii) 300 ppb ZEN one week before farrowing and during the lactation period. All diets contained 250 ppb deoxynivalenol (DON). The highest levels of ZEN, α-ZEL, or β-ZEL were observed in the serum of sows fed 300 ppb ZEN before farrowing and during lactation. However, only α-ZEL was significantly increased in the colostrum and milk of these sows. Sows fed the 300 ppb ZEN during the complete trial presented a significant decrease in backfat thickness before farrowing. This effect was accompanied by a decrease in serum leptin levels. These sows also presented a decrease in estradiol levels and this effect was observed in their piglets exposed during lactation, which presented increased glucagon-like peptide 1, but no changes in serum levels of ZEN, α-ZEL, or β-ZEL. Although all sows were fed the same levels of DON, the serum levels of DON and de-epoxy-DON were increased only in the serum of piglets from the sows fed a diet with the highest ZEN levels during the whole experimental period. Moreover, these piglets presented gut inflammation, as indicated by significantly increased calprotectin levels in their serum.

Lactococcus chungangensis CAU 28 alleviates diet-induced obesity and adipose tissue metabolism in vitro and in mice fed a high-fat diet

BackgroundNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the progressive form of NAFLD, a common cause of liver disease, with increased chance of progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Circulating leptin is increased in patients with NASH. It is an independent positive predictor of the severity of hepatic steatosis. Vitamin D is a lipophilic molecule essential to maintain calcium and phosphate balance. Moreover, it has antifibrotic, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects on the liver. Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide condition and very common in patients with NASH. Low serum vitamin D has been shown to predispose to intrahepatic lipid accumulation leading to NAFLD. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of vitamin D supplementation with serum leptin and metabolic parameters in Egyptian patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitisResultsPatients with NASH group had statistically significant higher values of diastolic blood pressure (94.3 ± 11.9 mmHg, p < 0.0001), glycated hemoglobin (8.0 ± 2.4%, p < 0.0001), fasting blood sugar (165.6 ± 62.0 mg/dL, p < 0.0001), fasting insulin level (24.2 ± 3.0 μU/ml, p < 0.0001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (1.8 ± 0.7, p < 0.0001), alanine transferase (ALT) (78.2 ± 36.7 U/L, p < 0.0001), aspartate transferase (AST) (108.6 ± 85.6 U/L, p < 0.0001), NAFLD fibrosis score (− 0.78 ± 0.9, p < 0.0001), total cholesterol (233.0 ± 40.9 mg/dL, p = 0.0011), low-density lipoprotein (117.5 ± 41.6 mg/dL, p = 0.0084), and triglycerides (229.7 ± 62.1 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) than the control group. Moreover, they had lower serum vitamin D level (15.6 ± 6.6 ng/ml, p = 0.0004) and higher serum leptin level (35.9 ± 28.4 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) than the control group. Following vitamin D supplementation, there was a statistically significant reduction in HbA1c (6.8 ± 1.3%, p = 0.0055), fasting blood sugar (136.1 ± 32.7 mg/dL, p = 0.0094), fasting insulin level (22.9 ± 1.8 μU/ml, p = 0.0236), HOMA-IR (1.4 ± 0.4, p = 0.0026), ALT (55.3 ± 21.3 U/L, p = 0.0010), AST (73.1 ± 54.2 U/L, p = 0.0297), and triglycerides (203.6 ± 49.8 mg/dL, p = 0.0415) in patients with NASH. There was a statistically significant increase in serum vitamin D level (33.0 ± 7.6 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and decrease in serum leptin level (23.5 ± 12.9 ng/ml, p = 0.0140) after treatment.ConclusionsVitamin D supplementation in patients with NASH in a dose of 4000 IU/day for 12 weeks improves severity of hepatic inflammation, decreases insulin resistance, improves glycemic control, corrects dyslipidemia, and protects against lipotoxicity by inhibition of serum leptin.

Recent evidence suggests that insulin resistance may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, the probable role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of AD was investigated in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Serum amyloid beta (Aβ) (1-42), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and leptin protein levels were measured in serum samples of control (n = 26), probable AD (n = 26), and probable AD+T2DM patients (n = 12) using ELISA method. Mini mental state examination (MMSE) was performed to the patient and control groups. Serum IGF-1 significantly increased in the probable AD+T2DM group as compared to the control and probable AD groups (p ˂ 0.05). The levels of serum leptin significantly decreased in the probable AD and AD+T2DM groups as compared to the control (p ˂ 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in serum Aβ (1-42) and SIRT1 levels among groups (p > 0.05). The significant decrease in serum leptin levels in AD patients may indicate that it may be a therapeutic marker in AD. The level of serum Aβ peptide and SIRT1 proteins can vary depending on the stage of the disease. Therefore, this study should be supported by more comprehensive studies in terms of the number of patients in advanced stage (Tab. 1, Fig. 4, Ref. 29).

Recently, obesity has become a common worldwide concern. Leptin, as an adipocytokine, plays a major role in the etiology of obesity. Prior studies have demonstrated that zinc potentially affects serum leptin levels. However, clinical trials carried out in this regard are not consistent. Therefore, current meta-analysis was conducted to ascertain the actual effect of zinc supplementation on serum leptin levels in adults. Databases of PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar were methodically searched to identify relevant articles up to April 2018. Clinical trials that examined the effect of zinc supplementation on serum leptin concentrations as outcome variables in human adults were included. The mean difference (SD) of leptin changes in the intervention and placebo groups were used to calculate the overall effect size. Totally, 663 articles were identified, of which 6 studies were eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 7 treatment arms. The analysis suggested that zinc supplementation exerts no significant effect on overall serum leptin (WMD: 0.74 ng/ml; 95% CI: -1.39 to 2.87, p=0.49). Nevertheless, sex and duration of intervention seemed to impact the extent of zinc's influence. In trials with female subjects, zinc consumption led to a significant decrease in serum leptin level (WMD: -1.93 ng/ml; 95% CI: -3.72 to -0.14, p=0.03) as well as trials that lasted for more than 6 weeks (WMD: -1.71 ng/ml; 95% CI: -3.07 to -0.35, p=0.01), in comparison to the control group. Zinc supplementation did not significantly improve leptin concentrations, but it may result in a decreased circulating leptin level in studies with a duration of more than 6 weeks especially among females.

The polyherbal composition Gyeongshingangjeehwan 18 attenuates glucose intolerance and pancreatic steatosis in C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet

Effect of a 24-week weight management program on serum leptin level in correlation to anthropometric measures in obese female: A randomized controlled clinical trial