Decreasing Layer Thickness Research Articles

Modulating fracture toughness through processing-mediated mesostructure in additively manufactured Al-12Si alloy

Al-12Si alloy processed through additive manufacturing exhibits a complex hierarchical structure. At the mesoscale, its melt pool boundaries constitute a network of weak interfaces that provides preferred pathways for crack kinking, leading to both marked anisotropy and apparent enhancement in the fracture energy. In this study, a multiscale cohesive zone-based computational model and a semi-analytical approach for kinked cracks are used to investigate the effect of melt pool configuration on fracture energy enhancement and anisotropy due to crack path tortuosity. We experimentally validate our methodology using fracture toughness testing of compact tension specimens, then systematically study the simultaneous effects of hatch spacing, layer thickness, and crack surface orientation on variations of the fracture energy. While the fracture energy increases with increasing hatch spacing and decreasing layer thickness, processing defects such as keyholing give practical limits to the melt pool geometry, limiting the fracture energy enhancement. We found that the fracture energy can be enhanced as high as a factor of two with an optimal crack surface orientation that is linearly proportional to the ratio of hatch spacing to layer thickness and varies between 60° and 100°.

Correlation of Magnetic and Superconducting Properties with the Strength of the Magnetic Proximity Effect in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/SrTiO3/YBa2Cu3O7-δ Heterostructures.

The effect of the stacking sequence on magnetic and superconducting properties in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO)/YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) and LSMO/SrTiO3/YBCO heterostructures, which consequently affected the magnetic proximity effect (MPE), was investigated using spin-polarized neutron reflectivity experiments. The results established the intrinsic nature of MPE and its correlation with stacking sequence-dependent magnetic and superconducting properties in these oxide heterostructure systems. We found an increase in the superconducting transition temperature (Tsc) and magnetization for both of the heterostructures as compared to heterostructures with a reversed stacking order. The evolution of the magnetization of the interfacial ferromagnetic (FM) layer, studied as a function of temperature for both heterostructures, showed a decrease in the MPE-induced magnetic depleted layer thickness for heterostructures at a higher Tsc. A comparison of the results of different studies with the present results suggested that the average magnetization and transition temperatures of a FM and a superconductor (SC) were important parameters that dictate the strength of the proximity effect due to the complex interaction of SC and FM in these systems. Tuning the strength of MPE in FM/SC and FM/I/SC oxide heterostructures may provide a promising platform for the effective realization of devices.

Interface dominated deformation transition from inhomogeneous to apparent homogeneous mode in amorphous/amorphous nanolaminates

• A length-scale-dependent mechanical properties were observed in the A/ANLs. • The hardness of A/ANLs was closely related with their deformation mode. • The deformation mode of A/ANLs was determined by the interface. The amorphous/amorphous nanolaminates (A/ANLs) have aroused great attentions owing to their tunable structure and enhanced mechanical properties. However, the plastic deformation mechanism of A/ANLs have yet been clarified. Here, we systematically examined the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of series of NiNb/ZrCuNiAl A/ANLs via nanoindentaion test. It was found that both the amount and morphology of amorphous/amorphous interface (A/AIs) played crucial roles in the plastic deformation of A/ANLs. Less and straighter A/AIs facilitated multiple shear banding deformation, of which the hardness increased with decreasing layer thickness, as the A/AIs hindered the propagation of shear bands (SBs). Whilst, more and wavier A/AIs promoted homogeneous deformation, of which the hardness stayed at a much lower value and was relatively irrelevant with the layer thickness, for the promoted activation of shear transformation zones by A/AIs. Our results provide guidance for modifying the mechanical properties of amorphous alloys with interface engineering design.

Investigation of Hump Behavior of Amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide Thin-Film Transistor Under Positive Bias Stress

We investigate positive bias stress (PBS)-induced hump behavior in the subthreshold current region of the transfer characteristics of amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). We analyze the origin of hump creation as parasitic edge conduction using both experiment and simulation. Based on the simulated results, we confirm that an additional narrow (~0.1 eV), Gaussian (~2.94 eV) trap states away from valance band maximum (VBM) is created within the parasitic channel after the PBS. A sharp decrease in the active layer thickness at the edge region of the active layer during the fabrication process increases the electric field during PBS which resulted in the creation of shallow oxygen vacancies at the edge region. As a result, a higher electron concentration at parasitic conduction path turned on the transistor earlier causing hump behavior in the subthreshold region of the transfer curve. Moreover, the increase of various distances between the main channel and the parasitic transistor is also simulated. It is identified that the extended width ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W_{E}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) of the active layer ~ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10.5 ~\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> when compared to the main channel exhibits a significant difference in the conduction current than the parasitic channel and the main channel current is not affected anymore by parasitic conduction which efficiently eliminates the hump.

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy clinical features in patients with mitochondrial DNA m.13513G>A candidate mutation

To determine the LHON clinical features in patients with the m.13513G>A mutation and to estimate the patients' proportion with this pathogenic variant in the LHON patients' sample. The study included 5 LHON patients, associated with m.13513G>A mutation in the ND5 gene in the heteroplasmic state. A standard examination was performed, including color blindness test, visual fields test, spectral optical coherence tomography. LHON, associated with m.13513G>A in the heteroplasmic state in the range of 25-60%, is characterized by visual impairment without additional neurological or other extraocular symptoms. Visual recovery to 0.3-1.0 presents in all patients; the visual recovery onset occurs between 12 and 20 months from the disease manifestation. The decrease of the central scotoma size and its density and the color vision improvement are also observed as well as the average retinal nerve fibers layer and ganglion cell complex thickness decrease. The m.13513G>A mutation frequency is 5% in 100 LHON patients' sample and 22.5% in 22 LHON patients with rare and candidate mtDNA mutations. The m.13513G>A mutation can be considered as primary LHON mutation. The list of pathogenic variants recommended for testing LHON can include this mutation. The m.13513 G>A mutation determines the mild LHON course and good visual functions prognosis in these patients.

Intensity of singular stress field for bonded body with dissimilar adherends

In this study, the intensities of the singular stress field (ISSFs) at the interface corner and interface edge in 3D BJ models with similar/dissimilar adherends are calculated by changing the adhesive layer thicknesses by the proportional method. The differences between the ISSFs for the 3D BJ models with similar/dissimilar adherends are discussed. The ISSF for the BJ with dissimilar adherends is larger than that for the BJ with similar adherends. The differences between the ISSFs for the 3D BJ models with similar/dissimilar adherends increase as the adhesive layer thickness decreases. When the adhesive layer thickness is 0.05 mm, the ISSF at the interface corner in the BJ with dissimilar adherends is about 1.7 as large as that for the BJ with similar adherends. Then, the remarkable differences between the singular stresses at the interface corner and along the interface edge in the BJ with dissimilar adherends are found.

Factors Associated with Changes in Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer Thickness in Healthy Myopic Eyes.

Myopic people face an elevated risk of primary open angle glaucoma. Changes in the fundus in people with high myopia often lead to misdiagnosis of glaucoma, as this condition has many clinical signs in common with myopia, making the diagnosis of glaucoma more challenging. Compared to reduction of the visual field, a decrease in retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness occurs earlier in glaucoma, which is widely considered useful for distinguishing between these conditions. With the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT), RNFL thickness can be measured with good reproducibility. According to previous studies, this variable is not only affected by axial length but also related to the patient's age, gender, ethnicity, optic disc area, and retinal blood flow in myopia. Herein, we intend to summarize the factors relevant to the RNFL in myopia to reduce the false-positive rate of glaucoma diagnosis and facilitate early prevention of myopia.

Spectral properties of polycrystalline MoS2 films grown by RF magnetron sputtering

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) polycrystalline thin films of different thicknesses have been deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering and then post-annealed. The resonant and non-resonant Raman spectra consist of broadened, insignificantly shifted peaks, pointing out that the atomic structure of MoS2 in thin films is preserved. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy suggest that the mean crystallite size of MoS2 thin films ranges from 2.8 to 4.2 nm with increasing film thickness. The blue shift in the optical absorption spectra with the decreasing mean crystallite size and decreasing layer thickness provides tailorability of the bandgap. The increase in the effective bandgap from 1.6 to 1.9 eV is apparent with the reduction in film thickness from 24 to 1.5 nm. It can be seen that even for thick films, whose thickness can be compared to the bulk sample, the value of the effective bandgap is higher than 1.2 eV, as reported for bulk MoS2. It is presumed that this effect could be attributed to the quantum size effect exerted by two types of energy barriers: grain boundaries and layer surfaces. The experimentally measured bandgap of MoS2 thin films is compared with the predictions of the effective mass approximation and the hyperbolic band approximation models for the crystallites building up the films.

Phenomena of single water droplet impacting a heptane layer on water pool

The behavior of single water drop impacting an oil layer on the deep water pool was recorded using a high-speed camera. Heptane was used as the target liquid layer on the water pool. A particular phenomenon of double crown can be observed. The formation of double crown is not only related to the impact Weber number of the water droplet, but also the thickness of the oil layer. The critical Weber number for the formation of double crown decreases sharply as the decrease of the oil layer thickness. With the increase of Weber number and the decrease of oil layer thickness, there are four typical phenomena: single crown-jet, single crown-bubble, double crown-bubble and double crown-jet. Moreover, the effects of oil layer thickness and impact Weber number on surface bubble lifetime and the geometry size of crown, crater and jet were quantitatively analyzed.

Experimental investigation of natural convection and gas mixing behaviors driven by outer surface cooling with and without density stratification consisting of an air-helium gas mixture in a large-scale enclosed vessel

This paper describes an experimental investigation of natural convection driven by outer surface cooling in the presence of density stratification consisting of an air and helium (as mimic gas of hydrogen) gas mixture in an enclosed vessel. The unique cooling system of the Containment InteGral effects Measurement Apparatus (CIGMA) is used, and findings reveal that the cooling location relative to the stratification plays an important role in determining the interaction behavior of the heat and mass transfer in the enclosed vessel. When the cooling region is narrower than the stratification thickness, the density-stratified region expands to the lower part while decreasing in concentration (stratification dissolution). When the cooling region is wider than the stratification thickness, the stratification is gradually eroded from the bottom with decreasing layer thickness (stratification breakup). This knowledge is useful for understanding the interaction behavior of heat and mass transfer during severe accidents in nuclear power plants.

Influence of the Filler Particles' Surface Morphology on the Polyurethane Matrix's Structure Formation in the Composite.

This article presents the surface morphology effect of silicon carbide (SiC) particles on the polyurethane binder’s structure formation in a dispersed-filled composite. The difference in the morphology and surface relief of filler particles was ensured by the implementation of plasma chemical modification. As a result of this modification, the filler consisted of core-shell particles characterized by a SiC core and a carbon shell (SiC@C), as well as a carbon shell decorated with silicon nanoparticles (SiC@C/SiNP) or nanos (SiC@C/SiNW). The study of the relaxation properties of polyurethane composites has shown that the strongest limiting effect on the molecular mobility of boundary layer’s chain segments is exerted by a highly developed surface with a complex relief of SiC@C/SiNP and SiC@C/SiNW particles. An empirical method was proposed to find the polymer fractions spent on the formation of the boundary, transition and bulk layers of the polymer matrix in the composite. It was shown that the morphology of the filler particles’ surface does not affect the dependence of the boundary layer thickness on the filler’s volume fraction. However, with an increase in the degree of surface development, the boundary layer thickness decreases.

Effects of dietary nano-selenium supplementation on broiler chicken performance, meat selenium content, intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response

BackgroundSelenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that is important to both animals and humans. Furthermore, scientists are increasingly interested in boosting the Se content of food products for human consumption, such as Se-enriched meat, because it has been shown to have a positive effect on human health. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of green synthesized nano selenium (GNS) on broiler chicken growth performance, meat selenium content, intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response to sodium selenite (SS) as inorganic Se. MethodsA total of 360 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, each of six replicates of 15 birds. The experimental treatments were as follows: (1) based diet supplemented with 0.15 mg/kg of SS (control group), (2–4) basal diet supplemented with 0.075, 0.15 and 0.3 mg/kg of GNS respectively. ResultsThe results showed that different experimental diets had no significant effect on growth performance. Meat Se content increased with dietary GNS supplementation (P < 0.05). The birds fed dietary supplements GNS compared to SS had higher lactic acid bacteria counts and lactic acid bacteria/coliform ratios in ileum on day 42 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, as compared to SS, dietary supplementation of 0.3 mg GNS/kg significantly reduced coliform numbers in the cecum on day 42 (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.3 mg GNS/kg in the diet vs. SS at 21 days, there was a significant increase in VH/CD in the ileum and jejunum, as well as villus height and villus surface area in the ileum, and a decrease in crypt depth and epithelial cell layer thickness in the jejunum. Furthermore, at 42 days, birds fed 0.3 mg GNS/kg had higher villus height, villus surface area, and goblet cell density in the ileum and jejunum than birds fed SS (P < 0.05). Compared to SS, broilers fed 0.3 mg GNS/kg dietary supplementation had higher IgG at 42 days (P < 0.05). ConclusionIn comparison to the use of SS, it could be concluded that the inclusion of GNS as a novel Se source can improve meat Se content, intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response.

Improving the mechanical behaviour of clay contaminated with glycerol and anthracene using lime and Portland cement

ABSTRACT The specimens of contaminated clay improved with Portland cement and lime were cured for seven days and were subjected to uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) testing. The results for anthracene-contaminated specimens improved with three percent Portland cement (by weight of clay) were approximately equivalent to those improved with 10% lime. The results for glycerol-contaminated specimens improved with nine percent Portland cement was approximately equivalent to that improved with 10% lime. According to the results, both Portland cement and lime were able to improve the clay soil contaminated with anthracene and glycerol, but Portland cement had a greater effect than lime on the anthracene-contaminated specimens because of the non-polar behaviour of anthracene and the grain-like (flocculated) behaviour of the contaminated soil. These factors were the result of a decrease in the diffuse double layer thickness by anthracene, which has a lower dielectric constant relative to water. The lime had a greater effect than cement on the specimens contaminated with glycerol because of the polar behaviour of glycerol, the increase in the required moisture content for hydration, and because the dielectric constant of glycerol is close to that of water. These results were evaluated and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.

Experimental Investigation on Silicon Powder Mixed-EDM of Nimonic-90 Superalloy

Powder mixed electrical discharge machining (PM-EDM) is a technological advancement in electrical discharge machining (EDM) processes where fine powder is added to dielectric to improve the machining rate and surface quality. In this paper, machining of Nimonic-90 was carried out using fabricated PM-EDM, setup by adding silicon powder to kerosene oil. The influence of four input process parameters viz. powder concentration (PC), discharge current (IP), spark on duration (SON), and spark off duration (SOFF) has been investigated on surface roughness and recast layer thickness. L9 Taguchi orthogonal and grey relational analysis have been employed for experimental design and multi-response optimization, respectively. With the addition of silicon powder to kerosene oil, a significant decrease in surface roughness and recast layer thickness was noticed, as compared to pure kerosene. Spark on duration was the most significant parameter for both surface roughness and the recast layer thickness. The minimum surface roughness (3.107 µm) and the thinnest recast layer (14.926 μm) were obtained at optimum process parameters i.e., PC = 12 g/L, IP = 3 A, SON = 35 μs, and SOFF = 49 μs using grey relational analysis.

A Decrease in Bruch's Membrane Opening-Minimum Rim Area Precedes Decreased Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Visual Field Loss in Glaucoma.

A decrease in Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim area, which represents the optic nerve head (ONH), preceded a decrease in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and the visual field index (VFI). This study aimed to investigate the relative comparison between a decrease in BMO-MRA, the peripapillary RNFLT, and the VFI, according to the severity of glaucoma. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 121 eyes (73 with open-angle glaucoma and 48 normal eyes). The ONH and retinal nerve fiber layer were analyzed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and VFI was obtained using the Humphrey Field Analyzer. The tipping points of RNFLT for VFI and BMO-MRA were estimated using broken-stick regression models. Polynomial regression analysis was performed, and the changes in the 3 parameters were expressed as a graph. The tipping point of the RNFLT for the VFI was 88.62 μm [95% confidence interval (CI): 79.59-97.65; P=0.001]. The tipping point of the RNFLT for BMO-MRA was 60.00 μm (95% CI: 48.28-71.72; P=0.220). Above the tipping point, BMO-MRA decreased with a decrease in the RNFLT (slope=0.0135; 95% CI: 0.0115-0.0155; P<0.001); below the tipping point, BMO-MRA did not decrease significantly (slope=0.0002; 95% CI: -0.0177 to 0.0181; P=0.983). Polynomial regression analysis showed that with the progression of glaucoma, BMO-MRA decreased more rapidly, and this preceded a decrease in the RNFLT followed by a decrease in the VFI. The ONH parameter, BMO-MRA, showed a faster decrease than RNFLT and VFI in early glaucoma. BMO-MRA may help detect early glaucomatous damage and its progression.

The influence of surface roughness on the presence of polymorphs and defect states in P3HT layers

Despite extensive studies on the archetypal poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) over the past decade, a concurrent investigation of the surface roughness influence on polymorphism, density of states (DOS), photoluminescence (PL), and hole mobility is missing. We report on the effect of substrate roughness on the optical and electrical properties of P3HT thin films deposited on smooth c-Si (roughness < 1 nm) and rough ITO (roughness ∼ 6 nm) substrates. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and the energy-resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to correlate the two polymorphs with the defect DOS in P3HT thin film grown on ITO substrate. The Jablonski diagram reconstructed from PL spectra elucidates the PL bleaching associated with sub-bandgap defect states above the highest occupied molecular orbital found in the case of the rough ITO substrate. A decrease in the PL intensity of the 0–1 transition caused by this extra band of defect states is presumably due to a non-radiative transition from the excited to the ground state or reduction of transition probability. The observed sub-band gap states have no effect on hole mobility. However, the continuum of gap states, which increases with decreasing layer thickness on both substrates, lowers the hole mobility by one order.

The Retinal Posterior Pole in Early Parkinson's Disease: A Fundus Perimetry and SD-OCT Study.

PurposeTo assess the structure and function of the retinal posterior pole in patients with early Parkinson’s disease (PD) and to identify possible biomarkers correlated with clinical features.Patients and MethodsA cross-sectional case-control study of 21 patients with PD and 22 age-matched healthy controls (HC) was conducted. All subjects underwent full ophthalmological examinations, fundus perimetry (FP) and spectral domain-OCT (SD-OCT) of the entire retinal posterior pole and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL).ResultsWe analyzed 41 eyes from 21 patients (14 males and 7 females) with early PD (Hoehn and Yahr scale (H&Y) equal to or less than stage 2) and 41 eyes from 22 HC (12 males and 10 females). We found no significant difference in the pRNFL thickness between patients with PD and HC. The statistical analysis of the SD-OCT posterior pole area, consisting of 64 values for each retinal layer, revealed a decrease in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness in patients with PD (p < 0.0001). On the contrary, a significant increase in the thickness of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) (p < 0.0001) and of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) (p= 0.002) compared to healthy controls was detected. Other retinal layers showed no significant statistical differences. The differential light sensitivity (DLS) values measured by FP were significantly lower in patients than the healthy controls (15 [13–16.2] vs 17.95 [16.08–18.96] p<0.0001).ConclusionOur results showed that DLS and retinal structure differed in the posterior pole between patients with early PD and controls. Thickening of the OPL may represent accumulation of α-synuclein in the OPL of patients with PD.

Resveratrol protects against inorganic arsenic-induced oxidative damage and cytoarchitectural alterations in female mouse hippocampus

Prolonged inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure is widely associated with brain damage particularly in the hippocampus via oxidative and apoptotic pathways. Resveratrol (RES) has gained considerable attention because of its benefits to human health. However, its neuroprotective potential against iAs-induced toxicity in CA1 region of hippocampus remains unexplored.Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of RES against arsenic trioxide (As2O3)-induced adverse effects on neuronal morphology, apoptotic markers and oxidative stress parameters in mouse CA1 region (hippocampus).Adult female Swiss albino mice of reproductive maturity were orally exposed to either As2O3 (2 and 4 mg/kg bw) alone or in combination with RES (40 mg/kg bw) for a period of 45 days. After animal sacrifice on day 46, the perfusion fixed brain samples were used for the observation of neuronal morphology and studying the morphometric features. While the freshly dissected hippocampi were processed for biochemical estimation of oxidative stress markers and western blotting of apoptosis-associated proteins.Chronic iAs exposure led to significant decrease in Stratum Pyramidale layer thickness along with reduction in cell density and area of Pyramidal neurons in contrast to the controls. Biochemical analysis showed reduced hippocampal GSH content but no change in total nitrite (NO) levels following iAs exposure. Western blotting showed apparent changes in the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins following iAs exposure, however the change was statistically insignificant. Contrastingly, iAs +RES co-treatment exhibited substantial reversal in morphological and biochemical observations.Together, these findings provide preliminary evidence of neuroprotective role of RES on structural and biochemical alterations pertaining to mouse hippocampus following chronic iAs exposure.

PERIPAPILLARY RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER THICKNESS IN MYOPIA USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

This is a observational cross sectional study conducted in tertiary care hospital in the department of ophthalmology to evaluate the effect of myopia on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in various quadrants and clock hour positions using optical coherence tomography ,with a sample size of 100 myopic eyes.Out of 100, 30 were males and there is significant decrease in peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in high myopics when compared to low and moderate myopics and also decrease retinal fibre layer thickness in all quadrants except temporal quadrant.

Novel MIL101(Fe) impregnated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) mixed matrix membranes for dye removal from textile industry wastewater

In this work, the potential of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) technology using novel MIL101(Fe) impregnated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) mixed matrix membranes has been explored for dye removal from the textile industry wastewater. The influence of MIL101(Fe) impregnation on membrane performance was investigated by various morphological (SEM, AFM) and spectral techniques (XRD, FT-IR) along with transmembrane flux and dye rejection efficiency. Membrane performance over the range of feed temperature and the flow rate has also been explored for its applicability and suitability. The permeate flux grows exponentially with the feed temperature, whereas the dye rejection decreased with increased feed temperature. A decrease in boundary layer thickness at the membrane surface resulted in a linear increase in permeate flux with flow rate. The rejection was negligibly affected by the increase in flow rate. Among the fabricated membranes, M-M(0.5) (20% PVDF-HFP/0.5% MIL101(Fe)) membrane was adjudged the most suitable. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the influence of feed temperature and flow rate on permeate flux and dye rejection to optimize membrane performance. The optimized process parameters obtained were feed temperature: 353 K, flow rate: 40 l h−1. For these optimized input process parameters, the predicted responses were permeate flux: 6.75 l m−2 h−1 and dye rejection: 98.14%. Using the optimized parameters obtained from the RSM study, 24 h long run DCMD experiment was done to study membrane fouling on membranes using SEM and FT-IR analysis. The fabricated membranes showed great potential to treat real textile industry wastewater.