Deck Floor Research Articles

Wooden multistorey acoustic test facility for vibration reduction indices measurement on different junctions of floor decking used to reduce flanking transmissions

FCBA, CSTB and Cerqual joint forces together with the French acoustic wood technical commission, to create in 2020, an in-situ measurement mockup: the "Maquette Acoustique Bois". The mockup is a CLT based building of three floors construction, with four rooms on each level. Measurements from junction characterization to air-borne and impact sound insulations can be performed. In this paper the "Maquette Acoustique Bois" is used to measure vibration reductions levels indexes Kij, in different configurations, where smart building systems junctions are implemented to reduce flanking transmissions. Measurement results presented are generated from 4 types of junctions in between 2 rooms. The load bearing structure is Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). The measurement strategy is Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA). SEA involves cutting the structure into subsystems and decomposing the spectrum into third-octaves or octaves. In this way, the exchange of energy flow in the substructures can be analyzed. The parameters that govern vibrational transmission between subsystems are damping and coupling loss factors and can be identified experimentally by reversing the problem. The approach is, first, based on sub-structuring strategy of structure; second, on experimentally measured coupling and damping loss factors; third, on extracting vibration level difference one by one all flanking passes.

Cyclic moment-rotation model for bolted double-angle connections with composite floor systems

This paper presents a simplified moment-rotation model for cyclic response of bolted double-angle beam-to-column connections in composite steel frames with concrete on metal decking floors. The proposed model employs mechanics-based equations to determine model parameters, along with empirical observations from previous studies and data from recent large-scale multi-bay frame experiments. Several design variables and construction details, such as orientation of the metal decking, concrete reinforcement layout, and deck splicing details around the connection, were considered in the proposed model. Comparisons between the connection model and experimental results showed reasonable agreement in moment-resisting capacity up to 8% interstory drift. Notably, the proposed model adequately simulated varying responses based on connection details not captured by existing moment-rotation models. Analyses of 2- and 4-story frames using the proposed model showed up to 1.3 times higher ductility and 47% lower initial rotational stiffness compared to those using the existing ASCE 41 connection models with strengths of 20% and 35% of the plastic moment capacity of the girder. These results indicate the potential overestimation of stiffness and moment-resisting capacity, and the underestimation of ductility when using existing moment-rotation models due to insufficient modeling parameters to represent actual behavior. Therefore, the proposed model demonstrates its applicability in incorporating various design variables and construction details of bolted double-angle connections with composite concrete on metal deck floors. This model can be used to account for the non-negligible strength and stiffness of bolted double-angle connections in steel gravity framing under seismic loads.

Flexural Behavior Evaluation for Seismic, Durability and Structure Performance Improvement of Aged Bridge According to Reinforcement Methods

Among infrastructure, concrete bridges are the most exposed to various environmental effects. Structural degradation occurs due to natural and artificial influences shortening the lifespan of the structure. Therefore, bridges need to be reinforced over time. The structures used in this study are re-formed using aged bridge floor decks that have been used for 50 years, approximately. The fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) adhesion method, using sheets and plate forms, was selected among various reinforcement methods to investigate the performance of reinforced structures. We have tested various reinforcement scenarios including one and two layers FRP sheets and FRP plates. The mechanical properties of the reinforced structures were evaluated experimentally through tensile strength and flexural test experiments. In contrast to most available literature focused on model-based studies, our present work represents an experimental test validation of structural reinforcement on an actual bridge. Our results indicate that fiber-based reinforcement in sheet form exhibits higher performances of the reinforced structure compared to reinforcement using the plate form. This study is intended to provide sufficient data for reinforcing bridge floors that could be used for reference at future construction sites.

Correction: Study on vibration performance and comfort of glulam beam and deck floor

Correction: Study on vibration performance and comfort of glulam beam and deck floor

Study on vibration performance and comfort of glulam beam and deck floor

Study on vibration performance and comfort of glulam beam and deck floor

ANALISIS TINGKAT KERUSAKAN BANGUNAN GEDUNG RUSUNAWA IAIN AMBON

Damage to the building of the building often occurs, one of the factors is the age of the building and also the lack of maintenance and maintenance. Like one of the buildings of the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building. The purpose of this study is to calculate the volume of damage that occurs in the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building and determine the level of damage to the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building. The research method used by the author is a survey method and quantitative method, the survey method is used to see what damage to the building elements of the IAIN Ambon Rusunawa building, which then uses quantitative methods to determine the level of damage to the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building. The results showed total damage to building elements with a volume of wall damage 295.88 m2, ceramic floor 30x30 38.25 m2, concrete deck floor 162 m2, unit door 5 pieces, door KM / WC 20 pieces, windows 13 pieces, ceiling km / wc 1.5 m2, conclusions obtained the category of damage level for building elements of the IAIN Ambon rusunawa building including the level of minor damage, with a damage weight analysis value of 10.58%. Where according to the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works 30% damage including minor damage.

Effects of Shear Studs and Openings in The Mechanical Performance of Composite Floor Deck using Finite Element Analysis

The composite floor deck system is the most popular floor system used in the construction industry, especially in industrial structures. A composite floor deck is a floor system that consists of a steel deck bonded with concrete. The shear bond between the steel deck and concrete slab normally controls the shear capacity of a composite floor deck system. In the current construction industry, shear studs are normally used to improve the shear performance of the structure. However, the literature review shows that there were very limited studies on identifying the efficiency of these shear studs and their effects on the composite floors' mechanical performance. In addition, there were always openings for M&E equipment in the floor deck system, which needs further analysis to determine their effects on themechanical performance of the composite floor deck system. Thus, the main objective of this study was to identify the effects of shear studs and openings on the mechanical performance of composite floor decks. The method adopted in this study was the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS software. The outcome of the result has shown that the presence of shear studs improves the mechanical performance of a composite floor deck while the presence of openings reduces the mechanical performance of a composite floor deck system.Keywords: composite floor deck, opening, shear studs, mechanical performance

Optimal Design of Bubble Deck Concrete Slabs: Serviceability Limit State.

In engineering practice, one can often encounter issues related to optimization, where the goal is to minimize material consumption and minimize stresses or deflections of the structure. In most cases, these issues are addressed with finite element analysis software and simple optimization algorithms. However, in the case of optimization of certain structures, it is not so straightforward. An example of such constructions are bubble deck ceilings, where, in order to reduce the dead weight, air cavities are used, which are regularly arranged over the entire surface of the ceiling. In the case of these slabs, the flexural stiffness is not constant in all its cross-sections, which means that the use of structural finite elements (plate or shell) for static calculations is not possible, and therefore, the optimization process becomes more difficult. This paper presents a minimization procedure of the weight of bubble deck slabs using numerical homogenization and sequential quadratic programming with constraints. Homogenization allows for determining the effective stiffnesses of the floor, which in the next step are sequentially corrected by changing the geometrical parameters of the floor and voids in order to achieve the assumed deflection. The presented procedure allows for minimizing the use of material in a quick and effective way by automatically determining the optimal parameters describing the geometry of the bubble deck floor cross-section. For the optimal solution, the concrete weight of the bubble deck slab was reduced by about 23% in reference to the initial design, and the serviceability limit state was met.

Experimental Investigation on Flexural Strength Enhancement of Eucalyptus based Bamboo Composite Deck Board

The study investigates the effect of the relative height position of specimen and bamboo layering in the preparation of composite flexural material from Eucalyptus Globules and Oxytenanthera abyssinica bamboo for the purpose of floor deck construction. Furthermore, flexural improvement was tested by laminating bamboo beneath eucalyptus, which has a high tensile stress resistance, using unsaturated polyester resin as the bonding medium. The experiment was carried out on specimens taken from the bottom and middle parts of the sample with regard to total height. The results of the tests revealed that single and double-layer bamboo laminated eucalyptus in the bottom part showed an increase in flexural strength by 26.5% and 33.06%, respectively, and that the bottom portion strength had improved due to the addition of bamboo. However, in the case of the middle part specimen, the addition of a bamboo lamination on the Eucalyptus resulted in a (20.31%) increase for single and (−41.79%) decrease for double layer in strength compared to the non-laminated middle part Eucalyptus.

Optimal Design of Bubble Deck Concrete Slabs: Sensitivity Analysis and Numerical Homogenization

The use of layered or hollow floors in the construction of buildings obviously reduces the self-weight of the slab, and their design requires some expertise. In the present work, a sensitivity analysis and numerical homogenization were used to select the most important characteristics of bubble deck floors that have a direct or indirect impact on their load capacity. From the extensive case study, conclusions were drawn regarding the optimal selection of geometry, materials, and the arrangement and size of air voids in such a way as to ensure high stiffness of the cross-section and at the same time maximally reduce the self-weight of the slabs. The conducted analyses showed that the height of the slab and the geometry of the voids had the greatest impact on the load-bearing capacity. The concrete class and reinforcement used are of secondary importance in the context of changes in load-bearing capacity. Both the type of steel and the amount of reinforcement has a rather small or negligible influence on the bubble deck stab stiffness. Of course, the geometry of the voids and their arrangement and shape have the greatest influence on the drop in the self-weight of the floor slabs. Based on the presented results of the sensitivity analysis combined with numerical homogenization, a set of the most important design parameters was ordered and selected for use in the optimization procedure.

Improving structural robustness of steel frame buildings by enhancing floor deck connections

In current composite floors, the strength of the deck connections restraining the profiled steel decks to the floor beams or to the neighboring steel decks are much weaker compared with the sectional strength of the steel deck, which would limit the load-carrying capacity of the composite floors under progressive collapse scenarios. Given this, this study proposed two novel types of enhanced deck connections for improving the load-carrying behavior of the deck-to-beam connection and deck-to-deck connection. Based on a 5-story steel prototype building, the feasibility of the proposed deck connections in improving the progressive collapse resistance was validated by comparing with the common practice of the deck connections via a reduced-order (RO) modeling approach. The structural robustness of the prototype building in the case of sudden column removal was evaluated and discussed. Compared with the commonly used deck connections, the enhanced deck connections could improve the structural robustness of the prototype building by 27%.

STRENGTH OF CONCRETE‐FILLED STEEL DECK COMPOSITE DIAPHRAGMS WITH REINFORCING STEEL

AbstractConcrete‐filled steel deck floors are the most commonly used diaphragm system in steel buildings. While a considerable amount of testing has been performed on bare steel deck diaphragms, a limited amount of data exists on concrete‐filled steel deck floor diaphragms subjected to cyclic loads. As part of a testing program at Virginia Tech, a total of eight cantilever diaphragm tests were performed on diaphragm specimens that were 5.2 m by 4.1 m with varied parameters such as deck height, total concrete thickness, concrete type (lightweight and normal weight), layout of headed shear studs, and reinforcement. Three of the specimens included reinforcing steel: two with reinforcing bars and one with welded wire mesh. The goal of this paper is to investigate strength predictions for these concrete‐filled steel deck diaphragms with varying types of steel reinforcement. A prediction model for the shear strength of concrete‐filled steel deck diaphragms was proposed and validated using the results of this experimental program, as well as the results of a testing program performed at Iowa State University.

Experiment on the Flexural Functioning of Cold-Formed Steel Built-Up Complex Hat Section

Abstract: Cold-formed steel members are comprehensively utilized in the building construction industry, especially in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Thin sheet steel products are widely noticed in the building industry and range from purlins to roof sheeting and floor decking. Generally, these are used for basic building elements for the congregation at the site or as prefabricated frames or panels. They obtained the generic title ‘ Cold-Formed Steel Sections. The uses of these products are many and varied, ranging from “tin” cans to structural piling, from keyboard switches to mainframe building members. This paper dispenses an experimental and software analysis of the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel built-up sections. The experimental results are also verified with finite element analysis using Manual Designs and ANSYS Software. The analytical results obtained are better exposure to the experimental results.

The Ratio of Storage Volume to Cubic Number for Rampus Nets at The Karangantu Archipelago Fishery Port-Banten

The Banten Province Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Service plans to standardize the hold volume for fishing vessels in its management area. The management plan is still challenging to implement because there is no information about the vessel storage volume. In addition, small fishing vessel fishers still store their catch in boxes made of fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP). That box is often placed on the deck floor, causing decreased vessel stability. The size of the available storage volume on the vessel must be ideal, so it needs to be compared with the cubic number. This research aims to determine the optimal storage volume to cubic number ratio for rampus net vessels with the best stability conditions. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling with a total sample of 10% from 72 fishing vessels. Data processing used mathematical calculations and stability simulation with the GZ program. Analysis of the data used is descriptive analysis. The results showed that the optimal ratio of storage volume to cubic number for vessels with sizes 3-5 GT ranged from 5.03 - 8.55%. That ratio was a storage condition designed inside the hull construction, and the catch is directly put into the store without using the FRP box. From the stability point of view, condition 3 is the best for the quality of fishing vessel’s stability. This due to the lowest value of KG in condition 3 comparing to other conditions.

Penyuluhan Sambungan Kayu dan Perbaikan Tangga Kayu Ruang Pertemuan Warga Kelurahan Bener, Kemantren Tegalrejo, Yogyakarta

Bener Village is located in Tegalrejo District, Yogyakarta City, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The condition of infrastructure in Bener Village, especially in RT 10 RW 3, it was found that there were several buildings of wooden construction. One of the buildings with wooden construction is a resident's house which is also used for village resident’s meetings. Documentation from residents shows the condition of the building with damage to the stairs and wooden floor decks. Damage occurs due to poor wood quality and due to service life, as well as direct weather exposure. This Community Service aims to carry out repairs (renovations) on damaged infrastructure and increase public awareness about the importance of ensuring the quality of wood construction for the community, especially construction workers regarding wood connections. This service consists of three (3) stages, namely problem assessment, preparation of service, and implementation of service. This service has become a trigger in increasing public awareness about the importance of the correct application of wood construction as a building material. It has been attempted by holding counseling on construction and wood connection. In addition, the need to renovate the wooden stairs of the community meeting building has been fulfilled through this service by carrying out renovations in mutual cooperation between the service team and residents, using wood materials with a higher quality class and in accordance with the conditions at hand, namely direct weather exposure.

2 Vibration Profiles of Commercial Straight-Deck Trailers Transporting Market-Weight Pigs During Summer

Abstract The objective was to collect and quantify three-axis acceleration data from locations within commercial transport trailers shipping market weight pigs during summer. Two trucks and straight-deck trailers, owned and operated by a single producer, were observed during two loads per day for five consecutive days. Three-axis accelerometers were placed under top and bottom deck floors in the center of the fore, center, and aft compartments. Z-axis and combined x- and y-axis data were processed to generate root-mean-square (RMS) values and vibration dose values (VDV) during loading, trailer movement, and unloading. At all periods of the trip and both sets of axis data, there were no Deck × Area interactions (P > 0.11) for RMS and VDV values. During loading and movement, the bottom deck had greater z-axis RMS and VDV values than the top deck (P < 0.01), but there was no difference (P = 0.07) during unloading. There were no Area effects for z-axis RMS and VDV values during all time periods (P > 0.06). During all periods, the top deck had greater x,y-axis RMS values than the bottom deck (P < 0.02). During loading and movement, the bottom deck had greater x,y-axis VDV values than the top deck (P < 0.03), but there was no difference (P = 0.52) during unloading. There were no Area effects for x,y-axis RMS and VDV values during all time periods (P > 0.07). Individual trip RMS and VDV values were compared with exposure action values (EAV; injury possible) and exposure limit values (ELV; injury likely). At all parts of the trip, trailer RMS and VDV violated between 51% and 99% EAV and ELV thresholds. These data indicate top and bottom decks vibrate differently and pigs experience vibrations that may contribute to fatigued pig syndrome or the non-ambulatory condition.

Unified approach for the web crippling design of cold-formed channels: Carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminium

Cold-Formed (CF) structural members have become important in conventional and emerging modular building constructions. However, point loads can result in web crippling failure of floor joists, purlins and decks. Due to their enhanced structural, aesthetic and resistive properties, CF aluminium and CF stainless-steel beams are used as an alternative solution to CF carbon steel beams. This paper ultimately investigates the web crippling behaviour of lipped channel beams under Interior Two-Flange (ITF) loading conditions. Since there is no unified approach is available for web crippling behaviour of various materials, this study focused on it. Three structural materials were considered as part of the study: carbon steel, aluminium and stainless-steel. Available experimental studies were used to validate Finite Element (FE) models, before an extensive parametric study (378 FE models) was carried out. Commercially available lipped channels with relatively lower web depth were considered to examine the web crippling behaviour under lower slenderness. Current design codes showed inaccurate prediction up to 15% against the results. This paper ultimately proposes new unified design guidelines for predicting the web crippling capacity of CF carbon steel, CF aluminium and CF stainless-steel lipped channel beams under ITF loading conditions.

Investigations on geometrical modifications for profiled decking of composite slabs

Steel – concrete composite slabs are used in the construction of floor decks in composite structures. The benefit of composite element is that the properties of each material can be combined to form a single unit that can perform better than its constituent parts. Thus, the composite construction makes use of the benefits of both steel and concrete. Composite decking works together with the concrete fill to make a stiff, light weight economical floor system. It provides bond between the steel and concrete. If used, it stabilizes the building as a whole by acting as a diaphragm to transfer wind loads to the walls and columns. Steel decking stabilizes beams against lateral torsional buckling during construction. This paper discusses about the strengthening technique of profiled decking, evaluating the results in terms of load carrying capacity, stiffness and deflection by numerical analysis. The numerical analysis is done using commercially available software. Experimental investigations are also carried out to study the performance of strengthened composite slab as floor slabs. Results show that stiffened composite slabs with clamped support improves the slab performance by controlling deflection.

スペクトログラムを用いた車いす走行時の路面推定

The sidewalks we use in our daily lives are made of various surface materials, such as asphalt pavement and concrete pavement. In terms of barrier-free access, Braille blocks are provided on the sidewalks. Barrier-free maps are also available to assist wheelchair users in their daily lives. The Barrier-Free Map shows the location of wheelchair-accessible restrooms and the status of barrier-free facilities at stations and stores. However, it does not indicate the type of road surface, deterioration conditions and other information necessary for wheelchair users to travel. Wheelchair users may experience problems in riding and driving due to uneven road surfaces, bumps, and joints between blocks. However, it is difficult to select a comfortable travel route in advance because the road surface condition cannot be determined without visiting the road. In addition, wheelchair users have the problem of not knowing whether they can drive on their own or need assistance without directly checking the road surface conditions. If the road conditions can be provided to wheelchair users in advance, they can take the most appropriate route. In this study, we report on a road surface estimation method that uses the vibrations generated during wheelchair driving. The following six types of road surfaces were used in the experiment. These road surfaces were wood flooring, two types of asphalt pavement, two types of interlocking block pavement, and a wood deck floor. The wheelchair used was equipped with four vibration sensors for data collection. The vibration sensors were mounted on a frame with casters and tires on its axis. The vibration data collected in the experiment was the result of a 20 [m] straight run on each of the road surfaces. For road surface estimation, a learning model was built for deep learning using spectrum images for the vibration data. As a result, five types of road surfaces could be discriminated with an accuracy of more than 80%.

Experimental Study on Composite Floor Panels

This paper presents experimental investigations carried out on various composite floor deck panel systems. The effects of parameters such as concrete shear length, steel thickness, and concrete thickness on the shear and flexural behavior of panels were examined. Shear tests were carried out on identical specimens with four different shear span lengths. Four-point flexural tests were carried out on single-span and double-span specimens. Shear stress-slip, load-deformation, and moment-curvature behaviors were compared. From the test results, the effect of shear strength between the corrugated sheets and concrete governs the failure mechanisms of the flexural test, if there is no shear connector. In all flexural tests the failure is became due to the slippage between the steel panel and concrete.