Context Of Decision Research Articles

Beauty and Social Interest Matter: Effects of Male’s Facial Attractiveness, Vocal Attractiveness and Social Interest on Female’s Decisions in Three-Person Games

Facial attractiveness, vocal attractiveness, and social interest influence two-person decision making. However, it remains unclear how these three factors jointly influence three-person bargaining. We investigated the impact of facial attractiveness, vocal attractiveness, and social interest on fairness decisions in a three-person ultimatum game and a third-party punishment dictator game. The results of the ultimatum game showed that in the condition of positive social interest, the acceptance rate of unfair/fair offers was higher when third players had attractive faces or attractive voices. Attractive faces of third players also increased acceptance rates of unfair/unfair offers than unattractive faces when third players expressed negative social interest. In the third-party punishment game, participants rated unfair allocations from unattractive-voice proposers with attractive faces (compared to unattractive faces) and proposers who expressed negative social interest (compared to positive social interest) as more reasonable. Regarding the punishment intentions, among the three factors, both the effect of vocal attractiveness and social interest were modulated by the combinations of the other two factors, while the effect of facial attractiveness remains robust across all conditions. These findings suggest that fairness decisions in three-person bargaining games are affected by beauty premium and social interest, while these effects vary across different decision contexts.

Honoring practices of community-based educators: lessons learned from the collaborative design of a creative mobile app

ABSTRACT This paper shares reflections and stories from a collaborative design process between the Lifelong Kindergarten group at the MIT Media Lab and a global network of community-based educators to develop a creative coding app called OctoStudio, which supports children and families to create and share interactive projects on mobile devices. The app design is grounded in practices that community-based educators who are primarily from the Global South have developed around strengths, needs, and interests of children and their communities, as well as constraints and affordances of local infrastructure. We use the lens of minimal computing – which focuses on community context and constraints in decisions about technology – to describe our collaborative work on OctoStudio. We describe trade-offs involved in the design decisions, and highlight insights from the process of collaboration to develop tools and practices that are more responsive and meaningful to communities who are often excluded from design decisions that impact them.

The value of information in predicting harmful algal blooms

Environmental decision-making is inherently subject to uncertainty. However, decisions are often urgent, and whether to take direct action or invest in collecting additional data beforehand is pervasive. To make this trade-off explicit, the value of information (VoI) theory offers a powerful decision analytic tool to quantify the expected benefit of resolving uncertainty in a decision context. Although it is mainly used in economic contexts, it can be applied to biodiversity conservation and management.In our approach, we evaluate the expected surplus in resolving uncertainty about the occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the German North Sea coastal waters and the effect on decision-making. We use an established dynamic foodweb model (NPPZ) with two competing phytoplankton consortia (harmful, non-harmful) and regional monitoring data to analyse the prediction accuracy of different indicators. Our analysis revealed a prediction accuracy of a HAB occurrence of 0.65 % if additional information on zooplankton is included. We then evaluate the effect of reducing uncertainty about these indicators (e.g., through extended monitoring) on management decisions employing a VoI analysis. We find that additional information may lead to an expected welfare gain of up to 2.67 million Euro in our decision context. Our results highlight the significant potential for VoI analysis to enhance decision-making in fishery and ecosystem management and provide insights for future monitoring strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of HABs. This approach contributes valuable methodological insights for optimising management strategies and further emphasises the importance of considering uncertainty in decision-making processes.

Parent-Child Privilege as Resistance

In the wake of Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, minors face increasing restrictions in accessing reproductive care. The majority of pregnant minors consult their parents before obtaining abortions. Although the parent-child relationship is the first to exist and is often where children turn for guidance, there is no recognized parent-child privilege in the majority of states. These healthcare conversations between parent and child now may hold criminal implications. This Article provides a novel contribution in exploring parent-child communications within the health and reproductive decision-making contexts, arguing privilege is essential to protect minors in accessing care post-Dobbs. In the process, this Article provides a broader theoretical contribution—introducing a new conceptual framework of “privilege as resistance” that envisions evidentiary parent-child privilege as a tool to oppose unjust systems and laws. Privileges are generally disfavored in evidentiary law as impeding the truth; however, this Article critiques the prioritization of the carceral system’s search for truth over the relationship between the parent and child. Parent-child privilege as resistance is informed by a history filled with the separation of families and denial of intimate spaces for marginalized individuals, in particular enslaved individuals and Indigenous people. Building on this context, the Article argues that despite using parents to legitimize judicial processes, the justice system fails to recognize them and shield their communications. Privilege as resistance can enable parents to be an integral part of anti-carceral—and far more successful—approaches to juvenile justice, such as restorative justice models. With this critical lens, the Article imagines a contemporary parent-child privilege that protects a child’s privacy, bodily autonomy, and direction over their lives.

Exploring Cognitive Bias Effects on Budget Judgment Behavior: Scoping Review and Research Agenda

Behavior is a critical aspect of public budgeting research. However, much of the scholarly focus has been on collective budgeting behavior, leaving a gap in understanding individuals’ pre-negotiation judgment behavior. This oversight is concerning given evidence from adjacent fields that highlights predictable information-processing irrationalities due to human cognitive limitations. While it is plausible that cognitive biases also influence individuals’ judgments of budget proposals, behavior-informed insights from Economics, Psychology, and Public Administration have yet to be fully integrated into public budgeting research. In this article, we differentiate between individual budget judgment and collective budget negotiation, advocating for renewed attention to budgeting behavior at the micro-level. Through a scoping review, we gather empirically verified effects of cognitive biases on private financial decision behavior and discuss these findings within the context of public sector decision-making. Our theoretical contribution includes the development of an advanced behavioral model of Public Budgeting and hypotheses to test cognitive bias effects on individual budgeting action. Amid recent criticisms of behavioral public administration, we are developing research agenda aimed not only at testing the existence of bias but also at identifying solutions to change judgment behavior, thereby better equipping individuals for collective budgeting action.

CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING AND REFERRAL OF OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES: A CASE OF EmONC TRAINED AND UNTRAINED NURSES AND MIDWIVES IN MPIKA DISTRICT, ZAMBIA

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Prompt decision-making in referring women with obstetric complications to the next level of care for further management by nurses and midwives is critical in reducing the maternal mortality rate. The study was conducted to determine whether there was a difference in clinical decision-making between nurses and midwives trained in Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (EmONC) and the untrained in referral of obstetric emergencies. The total maternal mortality for Mpika District in 2014 was 12, and out of the twelve (12) recorded deaths, ten (10) were from the referred cases. There is still high maternal mortality in Zambia despite strategies like EmONC being implemented, whose goal is to provide knowledge and clinical and decision-making skills to nurses and other relevant staff to respond appropriately to obstetric emergencies. <strong>Objective:</strong> The main objective of the study was to determine the differentials in clinical decision-making and referral of obstetric emergencies between nurses and midwives who had undergone training in EmONC and those who had not. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in Mpika District. A sample size of 18 nurses and midwives was selected using the census method, and 111 obstetric referral records were purposively sampled. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire and checklists were used to collect and record the information. Data was analysed using SPSS for Windows statistical software version 22.0. The chi-square test was used to test associations between the dependent and independent variables. <strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed that out of the 18 nurses and midwives who participated in the study, (44%) 8 were trained in EmONC while (56%) 10 were not. The findings showed no difference in timely referral of obstetric emergencies (χ2 = .407; p>0.005). The findings did not show a strong relationship between being trained in EmONC and the outcome of an obstetric emergency (χ2 =0.644 p> 0.005). However, Environmental and organizational contexts of decision-making, such as availability of transport by the referring unit (95% CI, P- Value 0.002), going to the hospital with a referral letter (95% CI, P-value = 0.016) and documentation of pre-referral treatment on the referral form (95% CI, P-value = 0.019) were significantly related to being referred by EmONC trained nurse or midwife. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results indicate that there was no difference in clinical decision-making between the EmONC-trained and the untrained nurses and midwives in relation to timely referral, foundational knowledge and outcome of referred obstetric emergencies. However, the availability of transport has been seen to have an influence on the number of cases referred. This study highlights the fact that given all the logistics, nurses and midwives can make timely decisions on the referral of obstetric emergencies. <strong>Recommendations</strong>: There is a need for MoH to consider making transport available at rural health facilities and possibly establish Zonal health facilities that can help in both referral and management of obstetric emergencies.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0769/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Decision-making power enhances investors’ neural processing of persuasive message in partnership investment

Partnership investment is a common form of business where investors have different levels of power and need to persuade each other to reach a consensus. This study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying the impact of decision-making power on persuasive communication in partnership investment, aiming to provide neural evidence to test two competing hypotheses: the power-responsibility hypothesis and the power-overconfidence hypothesis. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we recorded brain activity from persuader-receiver dyads as they engaged in a partnership investment task. Behavioral results showed that receivers’ decisions were more affected by persuaders’ persuasive messages when receivers had dominant decision-making power. Neurally, the functional connectivity (FC) between the left and right temporo-parietal junctions (lTPJ and rTPJ) of the receiver was significantly increased by their decision-making power. Additionally, we identified four pairs of interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) that exhibited significant enhancement when persuaders used numeric persuasion rather than non-numeric persuasion: lTPJ-rTPJ, left superior temporal gyrus (lSTG)-rTPJ, left middle temporal gyrus (lMTG)-rTPJ, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-lTPJ. The decision-making power amplified the INS difference in the last three pairs. Furthermore, using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, the INS could accurately predict receivers’ adoption of persuasive messages when they held dominant decision-making power. Finally, we found that FC at lTPJ-rTPJ and INS at lSTG-rTPJ were positively associated with receivers’ adoption of persuasive messages as well. Our study clarifies how decision-making power alters the way individuals process persuasive messages in partnership investment, providing insights into the neural basis of persuasion in group decision-making contexts and supporting the power-responsibility hypothesis.

Environmental public health research at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: A blueprint for exposure science in a connected world.

Exposure science plays an essential role in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) mission to protect human health and the environment. The U.S. EPA's Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA) within the Office of Research and Development (ORD) provides the exposure science needed to characterize the multifaceted relationships between people and their surroundings in support of national, regional, local and individual-level actions. Furthermore, exposure science research must position its enterprise to tackle the most pressing public health challenges in an ever-changing environment. These challenges include understanding and confronting complex human disease etiologies, disparities in the social environment, and system-level changes in the physical environment. Solutions will sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems. Our objectives for this paper are to review the role of CPHEA exposure science research in various recent decision-making contexts, to present current challenges facing U.S. EPA and the larger exposure science field, and to provide illustrative case examples where CPHEA exposure science is demonstrating the latest methodologies at the intersection of these two motivations. This blueprint provides a foundation for applying exposomic tools and approaches to holistically understand real-world exposures so optimal environmental public health protective actions can be realized within the broader context of a One Health framework. IMPACT STATEMENT: The U.S. EPA's Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment exposure research priorities reside at the intersection of environmental decision contexts and broad public health challenges. The blueprint provides a foundation for advancing the tools and approaches to holistically understand real-world exposures so optimal environmental protection actions can be realized. A One Health lens can help shape exposure research for maximum impact to support solutions that are transdisciplinary and must engage multiple sectors.

What's missing? A multi-method approach to gaining a fuller understanding of early care and education decision-making

In the absence of large-scale investments of public resources, families in many communities are faced with making early care and education (ECE) decisions within a set of limited options. There is a need to better understand how families make decisions in these environments, the factors that influence their decisions, the information they need and how specific program or community characteristics may play a role in their decisions. This study used a mixed methods approach, integrating administrative, survey and qualitative interview data to provide an in-depth look at family decision-making and access to ECE within one community. We found that families were using multiple types of ECE arrangements for their children. Families considered many factors and engaged in multiple activities. These factors and activities included informal networks and formal local resources, often used simultaneously to garner access to the ECE situations needed. Complicating the decision-making context is that decisions about care change over time, and across children in families with more than one child. In addition, families found accessing information to make their decisions challenging, time consuming, and that universal information was limited. These findings have implications for policy and practice as well as for how the field continues to study ECE access and decision-making. We found that all three data sources alone provided insights, each with their own benefits and limitations. However, deep understanding of a family's ECE decision-making over time and across the family was only gained through multiple data sources and with important insights gleaned through in-depth qualitative interviews. Future research can consider different combinations of methods to use to study ECE decision-making while weighing what is gained and lost when different methods are used.

Forming Shared Interest Pods: Barriers to Self-Assembly of Interest-Based Small Groups, and Dynamics of Retaining and Giving up Control to Find Collective Fit

We explore the challenges individuals face when seeking like-minded partners to pursue shared interests in small groups, specifically outside the workplace, classroom, or other externally organized contexts. Conducting nine 90-minute semi-structured interviews involving a hypothetical small group formation process, we found four compounding challenges that make it difficult to form and maintain stable groups. In contrast to other kinds of small groups discussed in the literature, the unique "combination" of these challenges bring into focus a class of interest-based small groups we term " shared interest pods ": self-assembled small groups united by shared interests, whose members derive benefits from sustained, synchronous interactions that hinge on the level of fit among them. The need to discover and maintain collective fit, the considerable commitment required for regular interactions, their small size, and the lack of external enforcement, makes shared interest pods fragile and unstable, and an information-rich site for studying dynamics of self-organized consensus-seeking in underexplored areas of Lee and Paine's Model of Coordinated Action, and for considering the tension between supporting personal agency through organic group formation and optimizing stability through algorithmic assignments. A central finding is how dynamics of maintaining and giving up control co-exist in shared interest pods in their search for collective fit. People seek to maintain control over certain aspects of finding fit (e.g. in determining group membership), but are simultaneously willing to give up control to organizers or algorithms under certain conditions (e.g. when balancing desired quality with social and ethical considerations). We discuss design implications for supporting the formation of shared interest pods, and more broadly, for exploring self-organized consensus-seeking in other societal collective decision-making contexts.

Exploring the effects of institutional logics on entrepreneurial opportunity evaluations in emerging economies

ABSTRACT It is becoming increasingly crucial to understand how institutional logics influence entrepreneurial behaviors and decisions as they impact job creation and startups globally. This research hypothesizes how two different logics—family and market—will influence entrepreneurial decision-making and action. To test our hypotheses, we conducted a two-wave study using an experimental approach to gather data from 326 aspiring entrepreneurs in India who made 630 opportunity evaluation decisions. We analyzed this dataset using subgroup regression analyses. We find significant effects of institutional logics on entrepreneurial decision-making. Particularly, we find that in contrast to extant theory from developed contexts, in emerging economies such as India, the family logic has a stronger influence on willingness to invest in entrepreneurial opportunities as compared to the market logic. We also identify critical boundary conditions of the decision context that make the effect of institutional logic more or less salient. Our findings highlight that financial stakes and support from close associates strengthen the relationship between the family logic and willingness to invest. However, reputational stakes were found to significantly weaken the relationship between the family logic and willingness to invest. Thus, our research contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship by exploring microprocesses of institutional logics and the impact of the family logic on entrepreneurial decisions in emerging markets. Moreover, we extend the institutional logics literature by highlighting that the logics act not only as a “lens” but also as a “mirror,” helping entrepreneurs predict how certain stakeholders will interpret and react to their decisions and actions.

Situation-based Management in a Philosophical Framework A Critical Approach to Decision Making

Situation-based management is an approach that emphasizes the importance of context in managerial decision-making. In the philosophical view, this theory highlights that there is no one universal management method; instead, the effectiveness of managerial strategies depends largely on the specific conditions, values, and needs of the organization. By utilizing various philosophical perspectives, such as pragmatism, existentialism, and phenomenology, managers can be more adaptive in responding to environmental dynamics. This approach encourages managers to develop critical skills in situation analysis and ethical decision-making, in order to create added value for the organization and stakeholders. This research aims to explore how situation-based management can be integrated with philosophical principles in daily managerial practice.

Recommendations on the Use of Structured Expert Elicitation Protocols for Healthcare Decision Making: A Good Practices Report of an ISPOR Task Force

Healthcare decision making, including regulatory and reimbursement decisions, is based on uncertain assessments of clinical and economic value. This arises from the evidence supporting those assessments being uncertain, incomplete, or even absent. Qualitative, structured expert elicitation (SEE) is a valuable tool for extracting expert knowledge about an uncertain quantity and formulating that knowledge as a probability distribution. This creates a useful input to decision modeling and support, particularly in areas with limited evidence, such as advanced therapy products, precision medicine, rare diagnoses, and other areas with high uncertainty.Structured SEE protocols are used to improve the transparency, accuracy, and consistency of quantitative judgments from experts, limiting the effect of heuristics and biases. This task force report introduces 5 commonly used protocols for SEE (Sheffield elicitation framework; modified Delphi method; Cooke’s classical method; investigate, discuss, estimate, aggregate protocol; and the Medical Research Council reference protocol). It describes the common elements of SEE, discusses how these protocols differ in their implementation of those elements and illustrates the use of the protocols.The report then reviews the relevant constraints on implementing SEE within the context of healthcare decision making and considers the strengths and weaknesses of these protocols in light of those considerations. Because this is an introductory report on an emerging topic, specific recommendations on practice are not made. However, there are broad recommendations based on the suitability of the different protocols in various decision contexts. The report concludes with recommendations for further research to better guide future practice.

Anti-Osteoporotic Treatment Reduces Risk of Revision Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis, a prevalent bone density disorder, introduces a complex dynamic in the context of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). However, despite the well-established association between osteoporosis and an elevated risk of revision, the existing literature lacks comprehensive insights into the impact of anti-osteoporotic therapy on surgical outcomes in the setting of TSA. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether anti-osteoporotic therapy correlates with improved revision outcomes following TSA. A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using a national all payer's claims database. Patients who underwent TSA were identified using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) procedure codes. Patients with a preoperative diagnosis of osteoporosis were included, then stratified into two groups: (1) patients with osteoporosis who underwent anti-osteoporotic therapy within 6 months prior to surgery (Anti-OP cohort) and (2) patients with osteoporosis who never received anti-osteoporotic treatment (No Anti-OP cohort). Primary outcomes included the incidence of 2-year all-cause revision, periprosthetic fracture (PPF), periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), and mechanical loosening. Univariate and multivariable regression analysis was conducted to compare outcomes between the two cohorts. In total, 40,532 osteoporotic patients were included in this study, with 11,577 (28.5%) having undergone anti-osteoporotic treatment. Patients who did not receive anti-osteoporotic treatment had significantly higher odds of 2-year all-cause revision (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.31; P < 0.001) and mechanical loosening (OR: 1.25; P < 0.001) following TSA when compared to those treated for osteoporosis. This study demonstrates a significant association between anti-osteoporotic therapy and reduced rates of 2-year revision following TSA. Orthopedic surgeons should recognize the heightened risk of early implant failure in the absence of osteoporosis therapy. This underscores the imperative for increased screening initiatives given the high prevalence of undiagnosed or untreated osteoporosis in the TSA population. These results also emphasize the importance of integrating osteoporosis management strategies into the broader context of surgical decision-making, thereby contributing to enhanced patient outcomes and quality of care in shoulder surgery.

Expert consensus on pharmacoeconomic evaluations alongside clinical trials (2024 edition)

As a technical tool to guide the optimal allocation of healthcare resources, pharmacoeconomic evaluation has been gradually applied to national healthcare decisions, including the adjustment of the National Reimbursement Drug List in China. With the acceleration of drug market approval and access to insurance coverage, the demand for pharmacoeconomic evaluation in healthcare decision-making is also increasing. Designing a pharmacoeconomic evaluation alongside clinical trials has become an important research direction and the source of evidence. In order to facilitate the standardization of this research field, the current consensus focuses on the topic of how to conduct a pharmacoeconomic evaluation alongside clinical trials from the Chinese healthcare system and decision-making context. The consensus group reconciled expert opinions and developed recommendations covering the entire process of study design, data collection and management, data analysis, and methods and results reporting. A total of 24 recommendations regarding to methodology and practice were developed from eighteen aspects including target population, selection of comparators, calculation of sample size, data collection of healthcare resource utilization, data collection of health-related quality of life, cost analysis, health outcome analysis, addressing the missing and censored data, etc., with the aim to provide reference for scholars and decision makers in this research filed.

CoMoDe-Matrix: introducing the contextual sustainable mobility decisions matrix

ABSTRACT Individual decisions are pivotal to sustainable mobility. However, the disciplines of mobility research, sustainability research, and behavioral science typically explore this topic in isolation. For instance, there is no comprehensive framework for individual mobility decisions, and existing frameworks exhibit several significant shortcomings. Based on an integrative review of existing frameworks, this article therefore integrates concepts from all three perspectives into a novel framework, the CoMoDe-Matrix. The proposed framework emphasizes the importance of the decision context (i.e. private or professional context) and of differentiation between various decision types. Its integrative nature makes the framework a valuable tool for interdisciplinary mobility research, providing a cohesive foundation which could be applied, for instance, in systematic evidence syntheses. Furthermore, it offers practical guidance for policymakers seeking to promote sustainable mobility decisions.

Beyond closed doors: Examining consumer reactions to public and private advice

ABSTRACT Frequently transmitted through word-of-mouth (WOM) communications, advice is viewed as a trustworthy source of information by consumers. Marketers value WOM marketing and invest resources to encourage consumer recommendations. Despite the value of interpersonal recommendations for consumers, an important research finding on advice-taking is ego-centric discounting (i.e. the phenomenon where individuals discount offered advice in favor of their own preferences). Prior work has explored mitigating factors of ego-centric discounting including characteristics of the recommender and the decision context. However, the role of interpersonal influence in advice exchange is understudied. This paper delves deeper into the role of interpersonal influence, evaluating how advice utilization is influenced by the presence of other consumers during the recommendation exchange. Across three experiments, we demonstrate that consumers are more likely to rely on advice when the recommendation is made public rather than in private. Moreover, we show that consumers readily integrate public advice in an attempt to appear appreciative for the recommendation (a self-presentation consideration). Finally, this research shows that consumers higher in need for social approval (NSA) rely more heavily on public advice. This research augments literature on consumer advice and highlights public vs. private advice as an essential factor curbing ego-centric advice discounting.

Outcomes of integrated knowledge translation: A comparative, multi-country case study

Abstract Background Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) seeks to establish continuous relationships between researchers and knowledge users, in particular decision-makers, to enhance evidence-informed decision-making in public health and healthcare. IKT is, however, difficult to evaluate and outcome evaluations remain scarce. The German-African Collaboration for Evidence-based Healthcare and Public Health in Africa (CEBHA+) undertook research on IKT and non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda. Over six years, we implemented an IKT approach and evaluated it according to a pre-defined programme theory. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews and surveys with CEBHA+ researchers and their decision-making partners at two stages (3/2020-2/2021; 9/2022-5/2023) and collected IKT-related documents (see protocol: https://rdcu.be/dyfBP). Transcripts and documents were analysed using qualitative content analysis and surveys were analysed descriptively, with subsequent integration, cross-case analysis, and revision of the programme theory. Results We collected 92 IKT-related documents; and 55 researchers and decision-makers participated in surveys, focus groups or interviews. Proximal outcomes were collaborative research; capacity-building related to research skills and evidence use; and relationship-building, establishing trust and partnerships. Intermediate outcomes were changes in attitudes and knowledge; decision-makers became attuned to research and researchers increased their understanding of the decision-making context, and developed a vision for research impact. Distal outcomes were the production of applicable research and the consideration of evidence by decision-makers. High opportunity costs associated with IKT implementation constituted unintended effects. Conclusions Our study presents rich, theory-informed insights into IKT outcomes, based in particular on the experience of researchers implementing the CEBHA+ IKT approach. Key messages • A multi-country research collaboration offered an opportunity to examine IKT implementation and investigate proximal, intermediate, and distal IKT outcomes based on a pre-defined programme theory. • Beyond our initial conceptualisation, the IKT approach was linked to researchers developing a vision for ‘research impact’ and gaining a better understanding of the decision-making context.

SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN PEMILIHAN LAPTOP DENGAN MENERAPKAN METODE SIMPLE ADDITIVE WEIGHTING (SAW)

This research aims to develop a Decision Support System (SPK) using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method in selecting the best laptop based on various criteria. The criteria used in this research include price, RAM, internal memory, screen size, and processor. The SAW method was chosen because of its ability to handle multi-criteria decision making by giving weights to each criterion and calculating the final score of each alternative through data normalization. The results showed that the five best laptop alternatives with the highest scores were HP SPECTRE X360 with a score of 75.00, Xiaomi RedmiBook 15 with a score of 72.50, ASUS Zenbook S 13 OLED with a score of 67.50, Lenovo Thinkbook 14 with a score of 67.00, and Huawei MateBook D14 with a score of 67.00. From these results, HP SPECTRE X360 was declared the best choice. This study concludes that the SAW method is effective in helping decision making involving many criteria and alternatives. The weights of criteria such as price and processor show a significant influence on the final result. For further research, it is recommended to evaluate more deeply the determination of weights and normalization formulas to improve decision accuracy. Thus, this method can be adapted to a wider context and relevant in complex decision making

Guidance for unbiased predictive information for healthcare decision-making and equity (GUIDE): considerations when race may be a prognostic factor.

Clinical prediction models (CPMs) are tools that compute the risk of an outcome given a set of patient characteristics and are routinely used to inform patients, guide treatment decision-making, and resource allocation. Although much hope has been placed on CPMs to mitigate human biases, CPMs may potentially contribute to racial disparities in decision-making and resource allocation. While some policymakers, professional organizations, and scholars have called for eliminating race as a variable from CPMs, others raise concerns that excluding race may exacerbate healthcare disparities and this controversy remains unresolved. The Guidance for Unbiased predictive Information for healthcare Decision-making and Equity (GUIDE) provides expert guidelines for model developers and health system administrators on the transparent use of race in CPMs and mitigation of algorithmic bias across contexts developed through a 5-round, modified Delphi process from a diverse 14-person technical expert panel (TEP). Deliberations affirmed that race is a social construct and that the goals of prediction are distinct from those of causal inference, and emphasized: the importance of decisional context (e.g., shared decision-making versus healthcare rationing); the conflicting nature of different anti-discrimination principles (e.g., anticlassification versus antisubordination principles); and the importance of identifying and balancing trade-offs in achieving equity-related goals with race-aware versus race-unaware CPMs for conditions where racial identity is prognostically informative. The GUIDE, comprising 31 key items in the development and use of CPMs in healthcare, outlines foundational principles, distinguishes between bias and fairness, and offers guidance for examining subgroup invalidity and using race as a variable in CPMs. This GUIDE presents a living document that supports appraisal and reporting of bias in CPMs to support best practice in CPM development and use.