Deceptive Simplicity Research Articles

NMR spectra of molecules containing CF 2 groups III fluorinated cyclo-butenes and cyclo-butanes, with special reference to the signs of 3J FF

The spectral analysis of two cyclobutenes and two cyclobutanes which have complex spectra is discussed in some detail. A considerable amount of information about relative signs, as well as magnitudes, of (H, F) and (F, F) coupling constants is obtained. In one case the spectrum exhibits partial deceptive simplicity. The cis and trans vicinal (F, F) coupling constants are found to be opposite in sign in all cases; the cis value is probably negative. These facts are fully discussed.

Deceptive simplicity in NMR spectra of oriented molecules

AbstractThe theory for deceptive simplicity in the NMR spectra of oriented molecules is discussed in terms of degeneracy of subspectra. The conditions for the degeneracy of AB, AB2 and AA′BB′ spectra leading to deceptive simplicity in the spectra of the type ABX, AB2X, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ are reported.It is shown that the conditions for deceptive simplicity are easily fulfilled for ABX, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ cases. It is further demonstrated that deceptive simplicity is not so common in AB2X spectra.The proton spectra of partially oriented 2,4,5‐trichloronitrobenzene (AB) and 2,6‐dibromo‐pyridine (AB2) are use to illustrate degeneracy and those of p‐chloro‐ and p‐bromo‐fluorobenzenes are reported to demonstrate deceptive simplicity.

The system ABXYM in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analysis of 3,4-dehydroprolinamide spectra by ABXYM and ABCDE methods

The wide range of deceptive simplicities observed in spectra of 3,4- dehydro-prolinamide in different solvents makes analysis extremely difficult. The power of an approach using ABXYM tables combined with iterative computation is demonstrated to obtain accurate parameters for spectra of saturated solutions in deutero-chloroform and deuterium oxide. A detailed study of the effects of small changes in parameters on the observed spectral patterns provides a satisfactory explanation for each case of deceptive simplicity and, in particular, gives reasons for the added simplicity of spectra measured at 100 Mc/s. A trans- homoallylic coupling constant (J2,5) of 5.8 c/s was observed and a synergistic four-bond coupling through the heteroatom is suggested to explain its magnitude. The stereochemistry of pyrrolines and similar heterocycles is discussed in the light of this large trans-coupling.

The use of deceptive simplicity to determine the signs of coupling constants in ABX type n.m.r. spectra

The use of deceptive simplicity to determine the signs of coupling constants in ABX type n.m.r. spectra

Biophysical Mechanisms in Vascular Hemeostatis and Intravascular Thrombosis.

The air of tension generated in planned symposia on any matters of the mind is not often transmittable to the observer in other disciplines. The necessary incorporation of basic biophysical approaches into the consideration of so puzzling a subject as intravascular coagulation could have been dry as dust, repellent, and incomprehensible. The collection of data, digestion, rumination, and polemic edited by Dr. Sawyer excites even the poorly informed reviewer and succeeds in being germane and stimulating. The formal attention of physical and biological scientists to matters rheological (from Greek rheos , meaning current) has greatly facilitated the progress of research into vascular disease, and the ingenuity and deceptive simplicity of some of the approaches in this symposium is hopeful and refreshing. Further, the rare collusion of experts upon clotting, those vigorous parochial and highly individualist necromancers of factors implied, induced, and intuited, with surgeons, biophysicists, pathologists, anatomists, internists, and zoologists has

The Juvenile Gang: A Cultural Reflex

In the past decade, American sociologists study ing delinquency have become increasingly concerned with the effects of class differences on youthful deviance. Class research stems in part from a research interest developed during the Depression, yet sociologists have not always been accurate in depicting class differences and in claiming identification of exclusive criteria of differences between class groups. Some of the results have been a failure to comprehend realistically the full dimensions of the changing class structure in the United States and a readiness to attribute forms of youthful deviance, including delinquency, to reactive compensations of working-class youths toward middle-class values and limitations of egress from a restrictive background. In what tends to become a relatively simple and unencumbered view, there has been a conspicuous avoidance of reference to pervasive behavioral practices of various types which characterize the culture as a whole. A significant result of this avoidance, apart from its deceptive simplicity, is its failure to recognize a variety of hidden variables in the dynamics of delinquency and in the identification of delinquent types. Unlike scholars elsewhere, for reasons which may reflect the current American culture mentality, sociologists in the United States appear to be minimizing significant facts of intergenerational struggle.

Shareholders' Rights and the Rule in Foss v. Harbottle

If an irregularity has been committed in the course of a company's affairs, or some wrong has been done to the company, can the individual shareholder bring a complaint before the court? The Rule in Foss v. Harbottle purports to give a negative answer to this question, subject to certain “exceptions.” The answer need occasion no surprise when it is remembered that the judges have for long been reluctant to interfere in the internal affairs of companies and similar associations; they have usually abdicated their jurisdiction in favour of the obvious alternative authority—the majority of the members. “It is not the business of the court to manage the affairs of the company. That is for the shareholders and the directors.” Whether this approach is a wholly adequate basis for judicial policy in the area of modern company law is open to doubt; the “majority” in the modern public company is usually under the effective control of a small body of managers. But the approach of the courts remains the same; the interests of the majority are theoretically paramount in the last resort. The rights of the minority must, in consequence, be restricted; and, in particular, the minority cannot complain of wrong done to the corporation as a whole or of internal improprietiess. In such terms of deceptive simplicity is the Rule in Foss v. Harbottle often presented; but the Rule is notorious among students of company law for the difficulties which lie underneath this simple surface. In order to investigate those difficulties, it is necessary, first, to examine the two different parts of the Rule and their point of contact; secondly, to mention twe preliminary matters concerning directors which must be kept in mind in the course of the discussion; and thirdly, to set out, and examine under four headings, the principles which are commonly said to constitute the “exceptions” to the Rule.

Croonian Lecture: The insect as a medium for the study of physiology

Insects live and feed, move, grow and multiply like other animals; but they are so varied in form, so rich in species, and adapted to such diverse conditions of life that they afford unrivalled opportunities for physiological study. The general problems of physiology are much the same in all groups of animals; and this lecture, which represents, in effect, an apology for the study of insect physi­ology, is an attempt to show that among the insects may be found material well suited for the solution of many of these problems. By human standards most insects are small in size, and this brings with it certain features which dominate their physiology. There is the same degree of functional specialization in their organs as there is in mammals; but they are made up of cells of the same dimensions as those in other animals—often, indeed, of cells which are larger than most. Each organ therefore contains far fewer cells, and the organization of their bodies must of necessity appear more simple. It is, however, a deceptive simplicity; for the range of physiological activities of which the single cell is capable is no less and may indeed be greater than it is in larger animals. On the other hand, their small size enables the insects to dispense with many of the physiological elaborations that are needed by mammals. Air-containing tracheae run direct to the tissues; and the high rates of metabolism which active insects develop can be met by the diffusion of gases along these tubes, supplemented in the most active forms by mechanical ventilation of the larger trunks or of the air sacs into which they are dilated.

Effect of Vulcanization on Rubber Structure. A Problem in Probabilities

Abstract In Goodyear's day, the problem of understanding the process of vulcanization could be expressed by the question: “Why does heating rubber with sulfur keep it from getting soft and tacky on a hot summer day, and hard and boardy in cold winter weather?” The deceptive simplicity of this question probably inspired the hope, which has come down almost to the present day, that the secrets of vulcanization and even of the elasticity of rubber could be explained in terms of the properties and reactions of simple organic molecules, such as the reactions of sulfur with simple olefins. The vast increase in the knowledge of giant molecules during the past decade has shattered any basis there may have been for such a hope, but occasional articles show that this desire for simplicity continues to live and to color our thinking on this problem. This paper discusses some of the inherent limitations of the old, simpler pictures of vulcanization and the structure of rubber, and some of the implications of the present view that crude rubber is built up of giant molecules. Probably there are not merely one or two or half a dozen reactions, but rather there are literally millions of possible vulcanization reactions, each of which may influence the physical properties of the rubber. The study of these reactions will require new and far more sensitive methods of physical and chemical analysis than have been available heretofore, as well as new points of view in interpreting the data.

ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT OF SQUINT

The efficacy of muscular exercise in increasing the strength of the skeletal muscles is so apparent to physiologists and to the laity alike that by a fallacious analogy the idea has an inherent appeal to almost all patients when it is applied to the problems of ocular dysfunction. The deceptive simplicity of this idea has permitted orthoptic training to assume a place in ocular therapeutics almost as secure as the ophthalmologic panaceas—yellow mercuric oxide and boric acid—substances which are regarded with superstitious reverence as something good for the eyes. It is hardly necessary to point out that wrong diagnosis, poor refraction, vertical muscular imbalance and aniseikonia1are frequently responsible for the failure to obtain the relief from symptoms for which orthoptic training is so glibly prescribed. We agree with Hofmann and Bielschowsky2that the limits of the fusion movements are not rigid and that their amplitudes may