Decentralized Form Research Articles

BLOCKCHAIN FOR STUDENT INFORMATION SYSTEM: NEED OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADOPTION

Decentralized and well maintained data transaction with new aspect of block reduces centralized administration burden in many aspects with automated security measures. Block chain involves series of tasks and transaction performed in decentralized form with high security, trust and reliability of transaction that creates meaningful information. Evolution of technology and life style demands more reliable and sharable framework for education system. Students’ information system creates information at different points of interaction leading in some useful transaction needs super centerlines of administration. Block Chain immutable solution provides more protected, trusted fully functional block of records which benefits to educational organizations or higher management institutes and creates value relationship with its stakeholders. An immutable block chain record with distributed ledgers, proof of Work and encryption crop thought run-through and impacts domain information. This raises a thirst for carrying out the study on mechanism, functions and elements of Blockchain framework for Student Information System.

Economic effects of recent experiences of federalism: Analysis of the regionalization process in Spain

AbstractSetting limits on government action is critical to economic development. Some forms of government organization, such as market‐preserving federalism, seem effective to protect property rights in the long term with good results for economic efficiency. Spain endowed its regions with “Statutes of Autonomy” in the 1980s thus moving from a centralized to a decentralized form of government. It renewed and expanded some of the statutes in the 2000s. This article investigates whether these two waves of regionalization, which had their own characteristics in each region, had led to positive effects on economic performance. Using a novel autonomous region/country‐matched balanced sample for the period 1950–2016, we apply the synthetic control method and compare the economic growth trajectories of Spanish regions with their synthetic control groups not affected by the regionalization process. We show that the first wave of “Statutes of Autonomy” had a positive but temporary economic growth impact. By contrast, the second wave of regionalization of the 2000s is associated with a negative growth impact.

Comparison of Decentralized ADMM Optimization Algorithms for Power Allocation in Modular Fuel Cell Vehicles

The advanced modular powertrains are envisioned as primary part of future hybrid fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The existing papers in the literature solely cope with the hardware side of modularity, while the software side is also vital to capitalize on the total capacity of these powertrains. Driven by this motivation, this article puts forward a comparative study of two novel decentralized convex optimization frameworks based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to solve a multi-objective power allocation strategy (PAS) problem in a modular FCV (MFCV). The MFCV in this article is composed of two fuel cell (FC) stacks and a battery pack. Despite the existing centralized strategies for such a modular system, this manuscript proposes two decentralized PASs (Dec-PASs) based on Consensus ADMM (C-ADMM) and Proximal Jacobian ADMM (PJ-ADMM) to bridge the gap regarding the appreciation of modularity in software terms. Herein, after formulating the central PAS optimization problem, the principle of utilizing such decentralized algorithms is presented in detail. Subsequently, the performance of the proposed Dec-PASs is examined through several numerical simulations as well as experiments on a developed small-scale test bench. The obtained results illustrate that decomposition into decentralized forms enables solving the complex PAS optimization problem faster and provides modularity and flexibility. Furthermore, the proposed Dec-PASs can cope with fault and malfunction and thus augment the durability and robustness of modular powertrain systems.

TRANSFER PEMERINTAH PUSAT SEBAGAI WUJUD DESENTRALISI FISKAL DALAM PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAERAH SEBAGAI BENTUK UPAYA MENGATASI KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN, EFEKTIF ATAU TIDAK?

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of central government transfers to local governments in the current era of autonomy as a form of fiscal decentralization as a form of eliminating inequality in Indonesia. The writing method uses qualitative methods with comprehensive analysis and obtaining secondary data. Central Government and the use of public funds according to the priorities and aspirations of the community. Therefore, conditions like this, the role of private investment and regionally-owned companies are highly expected as the main drivers of regional economic growth and development. This means that fiscal decentralization in this autonomous era cannot be said to be fully effective

Nadzór i sądowa kontrola działalności uchwałodawczej organów samorządu zawodów medycznych

Substantive decentralization is the entrusting of public authority to autonomous entities based on a criterion other than territorial affiliation. Thebasic form of substantive decentralization is the self-government of the professions of public trust. Such self-governments include, among others, self-governments of medical professions – the self-government of pharmacists, doctors,nurses and midwives, laboratory diagnosticians, physiotherapists, and psychologists.The self-governing bodies of the medical professions perform their tasksthrough the organs which, within the framework of the powers granted tothem by the law, conduct the legislative activity. The resolutions of the self-government bodies are passed with a simple majority of votes in the presence ofat least half the members of the body. Resolutions are subject to the supervisionof the Minister of Health, except for the self-government of psychologists, forwhich the legislator has not provided for supervisory interference. The onlymeans of supervision available to the Minister of Health is to appeal a reso lution of a self-government body to the Supreme Court. As part of the judicialreview of the resolution-making activity of the self-governing bodies of themedical professions, the Supreme Court may uphold a resolution if it followsthe law or repeals it if it is contrary to the law. If a resolution is overturned,the Supreme Court, except for the apothecaries’ and laboratory diagnosticians’self-governments, refers the case for reconsideration, indicating guidelines tothe self-government body as to how the case should be resolved. The SupremeCourt acts in a non-procedural mode. The Supreme Court does not reviewresolutions adopted in individual cases of corporate members.The subject of this study is focused on the analysis of the scope of supervisory interference and judicial control of the normative activity of the self-government of the medical profession. Thus, with the exclusion of those resolutionsof self-governing bodies which resolve individual cases of members of the corporation.

Decentralizacja – podstawowe zagadnienia teoretyczne

DECENTRALIZATION: BASIC THEORETICAL ISSUES
 The article examines decentralization as a feature of organizational structures. In order to show the complexity of decentralization, the analysis comprises four perspectives. In the subject perspective, the structural characteristic of decentralization is indicated and its specificity in public organizations is pointed out. The object perspective distinguishes components of the concept of decentralization and forms (types) of decentralization of the state and implementation of public tasks. In the teleological perspective, the objectives of decentralization, its advantages and disadvantages as well as limitations are indicated. The last perspective – processual – allows to demonstrate two additional features of decentralization, i.e., its gradualness and dynamics.

New public management and corruption: Empirical evidence of local governments in Indonesia

This study is relevant because it examines the determinants of corruption in local governments that have a negative impact on the success of sustainable development. This study aims to examine the effect of New Public Management (NPM), as measured by fiscal decentralization, financial reporting quality and independent audits, on the level of corruption. The sample consisted of 433 local governments in Indonesia based on data from 2011–2017. PLS-SEM was used as a data analysis technique. The results test shows that fiscal decentralization positively affects corruption with a path coefficient of 0.19 and a p-value of 0.004. The quality of financial reporting has a negative effect on the level of corruption with a coefficient of –0.26 and a p-value < 0.001. Hypotheses testing results also show that audit finding positively affects corruption with a coefficient of 0.10 and a p-value < 0.10. On the other hand, follow-up audit results have no significant effect on corruption with a p-value > 0.10. This study concludes that the NPM mechanism in the form of fiscal decentralization positively affects corruption. These results imply that fiscal decentralization needs to be balanced with good governance, among others, by increasing the quality of financial reports and independent audits.

Examining the powers decentralized to community resource management areas in Ghana

Decentralizing forest control to community-based groups is a widely promoted form of governance around the world. Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) in Ghana, a form of forest decentralization, is a relatively recent government strategy to reduce forest loss, promote restoration, and improve local control and participation in resource management. This paper examines the powers devolved to CREMAs in Ghana, using a political ecology lens. Using a variety of qualitative research methods, the paper found that CREMAs receive limited powers from the State and these powers mainly restrict local access to resources, an action the State has often failed at. The results also suggest that CREMAs impose responsibility on local people without accompanying resources and often at the expense of security and safety of local volunteer enforcers. The findings also highlight the lack of coherence between forest decentralization and exiting political decentralization processes; the incoherence between the different institutional regulations for CREMAs; and tensions between new and traditional forms of local resource governance. The study suggests that critical approaches to evaluating the performance of decentralized regimes could be a useful approach to understanding the drivers of vulnerability among local resource users, dependents, and their institutions.

Institutional Models for Managing Rural Development in the Economy of the European Union Countries: Specifics, Priorities, Tools

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to create an effective model of the current institutional environment that can ensure the unity of economic processes in the management of rural territories in Ukraine based on the best foreign practice. The purpose is to summarise the experience of the EU countries on the functioning of institutional models for managing rural development for adaptation in Ukraine. The task is to formulate conceptual approaches to the formation of an institutional model for managing rural development in Ukraine, considering the fundamental principles of building a system for rural development management in the EU countries. General scientific methods were used as a tool for obtaining information for informed management decisions in the field of rural development management: analysis and synthesis; induction, deduction and analogy; abstraction; generalisation; idealisation, etc. The main trends and priorities of the agricultural policy implemented by the European Union are considered. Centralised and decentralised rural development management systems are described. Heterogeneous management models between centralisation and decentralisation are presented. The multi-level nature of the management concept as a key specific component is substantiated. The functioning of the system of distribution of tasks between the European Commission, the national state, and the regions is considered. Models of distribution of programming and management competencies in various management systems, and the forms of relations between different levels of government have been improved. The procedure for the functioning of the rural development programming system in Germany is presented. The classification of different countries based on the distribution of responsibility for managing programmes that were intended for rural development is considered. Vertical coordination and relations between the state and regions in countries with a decentralised form of governance are analysed. Methodological approaches to the development of an institutional model for managing rural development are proposed. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of recommendations that improve the efficiency and consistency of management decisions on the establishment of an institutional model for managing rural development in the Ukrainian economy.

Municipal Chief Manager in the Iraqi Legislation

The idea of ​​this research started from the great importance of the issue of the municipality chief manager in Iraqi legislation. It is one of the important topics in the Iraqi administrative system and the municipality as a form of administrative decentralization and a legal person. There is no doubt that the municipal chief manager performs his executive duties according to the law, and he differs in his work from the municipal council as it is an executive body that deals directly with the citizen. It needs a number of deputies to advance the service reality due to the increase in the population. Then we exposed his power, and it was found that he exercises administrative, legal, financial, and technical powers that help him in implementing them by employees, but he needs to grant other authorities, including appointment, for the purpose of addressing the shortage of staff to perform services, especially after transferring power to the provinces and in order to present an integrated picture of the municipal chief manager in Iraqi legislation. We adopted the analytical approach, with a statement of the position of jurisprudence regarding the appointment of the municipal chief manager and the position of the judiciary regarding providing protection in the event of an attack on the director.

Panchayati Raj Institutions in India

Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) is a system of rural local self-government in India. Panchayati Raj is a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of administration. It has 3 levels: village, block and district. “Panchayat” literally means assembly (yat) of five (panch) and ‘Raj’ literally means governance or government. Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj a decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own affairs, as the foundation of India’s political system. His term for such a vision was “Gram Swaraj”(Village Self-governance).The dream of 'Gram Swaraj' of our beloved father of nation, Mahatma Gandhi and motto of 'Power to People' are essence of true democracy. The task of capacity building of these large numbers of Panchayats is quite gigantic exercise. As per the assessment of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj even after 22 years of enactment of 73rd Constitutional (Amendment) Act and also after having three rounds of Panchayat elections in many States in India the empowerment of Panchayats have not taken place as envisioned in the 73rd Constitution (Amendment) Act in 1992.The 73rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1992 gave Constitutional status to the Panchayats as institutions of local self government and also for planning and implementing programmes for economic development and social justice. The Panchayati Raj System is not a new concept and therefore is considered as one of the best ways of governance of the rural India. However, the System of Panchayati Raj despite having derived their power and existence from the constitution of India. In this paper discuss Panchayati raj Structure, Evolution, 73rd Constitutional (Amendment) Act, Ministry of Panchayati Raj and Panchayati Raj System in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Keywords: Panchayati Raj, Constitution, Amendment and development

Forms of decentralization and their implications for educational accountability in Tanzania

This study investigated the forms of decentralization and how they can bring about educational accountability in Tanzania. Open-ended questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions and documentary reviews were methods for data collection. The findings indicate that the school committee as a representative organ of the community and parents in a decentralized educational management system, succeeded in improving the attendance rate, maintaining discipline, and controlling truancy among pupils. The findings also indicate that the teachers and school committee members appreciated the financial transparency in their schools. However, teachers commented that school committee members concentrated their attention on the Primary School Leaving Examinations (PSLE) and financial matters without ensuring that schools improve the environment in which education is provided for teachers to be accountable for the pupils' learning. Further, it was, found that financial contributions from the parents and community members were a challenge because of a lack of awareness of the importance of education for their children. It is argued in this paper that although financial contributions from the community members are necessary for the school development plans, the government needs to play a leading role in the provision of education to safeguard the poor and fight inequality in education.

Policy in Community-Based Environmental Conservation and Protection: A Comparative Study Between Brazil and Indonesia

Community-based environmental conservation and protection is one form of decentralization in the management of an area. Community-based initiatives are considered a sustainable collaborative alternative. The implementation of community-based initiatives can be found in various countries, such as the Voluntary Environmental Agents (VEA) in Amazon, Brazil and Social Forestry (SF) in Indonesia. This study aims to review the lessons learned from the CBC successful practice of VEA Program in Amazon, Brazil; determine whether these lessons can be adapted to enhance the positive impact of SF implementation in Indonesia, and; formulate relevant recommendations for SF implementation in Indonesia. A qualitative approach with descriptive-comparative method on references that are relevant to VEA and SF implementation was used in this study. There are several conditions that contribute to the successful VEA implementation: strengthening of local community initiatives, institutions, and capacities; formalization of community-based conservation schemes with supportive regulations; effective control system of the state; continuous support from external institutions, and; continuous and independent financing of activities. These conditions are relevant to be implemented in Indonesia. There is a fundamental difference between the implementation of VEA in Brazil and SF in Indonesia. Community-based initiatives in Brazil prioritized environmental sustainability to be able to “leverage” community’s economic and social sustainability in long term, while practices in Indonesia did not reflect this. This is illustrated by: lack of public awareness and concern for long-term environmental sustainability; negative impacts on the environment from SF implementation, and; vision of SF implementation which tends to be based on short-term targets.

Sanksi Terhadap Pelanggaran ASN yang Terbukti Berpolitik Praktis dalam Pilkada Serentak

Pilkada is held every 5 years as a momentum for the Indonesian population to determine regional leaders, as a form of decentralization for the regions. One of them that is of particular concern is the violation of the neutrality of ASN who participates in practical politics. The main problem is analyzing the legal process for violations of ASN who participate in practical politics and explaining the sanctions against ASN who are proven to be in practical politics. The research uses the normative type through regulation and conceptual. The conclusion shows that the legal process for ASN violations that are proven to be in practical politics is the authority of Bawaslu to report to KASN based on sufficient evidence then KASN makes estimation results to PPK to process letters from KASN, then sanctions against ASN are proven to be politically practical. Discipline Article 7 Government Regulation Number 53 of 2010 concerning Civil Servant Discipline.

The Impact of Budget Decentralization on Local Government Performance (Study at Municipal – City Governments in Jambi Province)

The Independence of local governments in planning, managing revenues and expenditures is a form of fiscal decentralization in government. Therefore, decentralization is an important factor for regions in managing and allocating resources such as infrastructure investment, as well as services to serve the community in order to encourage regional economic growth and community welfare. The purpose of the study was to examine the direct effect of budget decentralization, economic efficiency, and economic growth on the performance of local governments and the indirect effect of budget decentralization on the performance of city/municipal governments in Jambi through economic growth and economic efficiency. This study uses the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis technique to analyze the data obtained from the research population consisting of all city/district governments in Jambi. The research data is panel data obtained from secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency for the 2017-2019 period. The conclusion from the data analysis is that budget decentralization, economic efficiency and economic growth have a direct effect on the performance of the city/city government in Jambi and economic growth has a direct effect on the performance of the city/city government in Jambi. We find that budget decentralization has an indirect effect through economic efficiency and economic growth on the performance of municipal/municipal governments in Jambi. Keywords : Budget Decentralization, Local Government Performance DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-6-01 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

ANALISA YURIDIS KEDUDUKAN PEMERINTAH DESA DALAM PENGGUNAAN DANA DESA MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 6 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG DESA

State of Indonesia is a Unitary State, in the form of a Republic, where in all countries there is only one government, namely the Central Government, but a form of decentralization still needs to be carried out. Decentralization as the forerunner to the birth of regional autonomy which in the end also gave birth to village government as the smallest scope in implementing the autonomy system. This study aims to find out how the form of the position of the Village Government in Indonesian Constitutional Law in terms of organizing government activities on the use of village funds based on Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. The benefit of this research is to increase understanding of the form of the Village Government's position and its duties, authorities, rights and responsibilities based on the provisions of the Act. This writing uses the method in normative legal research, the author in his research collects secondary data related to the problems discussed then analyzed and stated descriptively. The division of power in the administration of government inIndonesia is horizontal and vertical. Horizontally, it is known as the division of legislative, executive and judicial powers, while the vertical division of power is the division of power between several levels of government. Village government is the administration of government affairs and the interests of the local community in the Government System of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. As the smallest level of government scope, it is carried out by the Village Government. The village government is the village head or what is called by another name assisted by village officials as an element of village administration. The Village Head is in charge ofadministering Village Government, implementing Village Development, developing Village community, and empowering Village communities. As the organizer of the Village Government, the Village Head is the holder of the highest authority in the Village Government system, while in the government system Indonesian, the Village Government is under the Regency/City government. In accordance with Law no. 6 of 2014, the implementation of Village Government is based on the principles of: openness, proportionality, professionalism, accountability, effectiveness and efficiency,wisdom local, diversity and participation.

Ku ustanowieniu sądu ultimae instantiae. Laudum sejmiku województwa podlaskiego z 1577 r.

Presented in a historical context, the document of 1577 reflects the last phase of the nobility’s drive to establish a supreme court. Previously, the court was the prerogative of the king, who examined cases from across the state during the sessions of the diet. This was inefficient. The ever-increasing backlog of pending appeals caused dissatisfaction among the nobility. Disputes and discussions revolved around its form (central authority – the Tribunal, or a decentralized form – ultimae instantiae courts), its composition and method of selecting judges, as well as its scope of authority. The Podlasie province, newly incorporated (in 1569) into the Polish Crown, participated in the process, uniting its forces with the Sandomierz and Lublin provinces at the forefront of the battle for the court of appeal. The decentralized form of the court, described in the document, was treated as a temporary institution. Also, it was intended as a way to put pressure on the king and the parliament to establish a central court of appeal. In the course of these activities, the nobility of Podlasie led to the consolidation of the fourth assembly (Polish: sejmik), a provincial one (in addition to the existing three assemblies (Polish: sejmiki ziemskie,). The 1578 Sejm resolution on the establishment of the Crown Court met the claims of the nobility of the Podlasie province (as well as from other provinces) stated in the document. The supreme court was established. At the same time, this decision led to the stabilization of the operation of the assembly of Podlasie. Its main function was the annual election of judges to the Tribunal. The resolution is a testimony to the political maturity and high standards of legal decorum of the Podlasie nobility.

A survey on fuzzy based game theory approaches for supply chain uncertainties in E-Commerce applications

The supply chain (SC) is supported in a decentralized form by many stakeholders, all pursuing different goals in e-commerce applications. In contrast the vast majority of studies on e-commerce supply chains use a centralized model and ignore the undesirable behaviors of stakeholders when making decisions. Fuzzy-based game theory for supply chain uncertainty management has undergone a detailed study of the literature to explore the many applications and recent breakthroughs. This study examines a dataset that comprises several articles on supply chain-made structures, surroundings, judgements, and game theory principles and implementations. Following is a three-part review: the creation and application in supply chain management analysis of the Nash and Stackelberg solution ideas, the integration of game theory fuzzy play at various supply chain topologies. Another objective of descriptive analysis is to describe the difference between changes in supply and demand. Using game theory ideas, the paper finishes with an assessment summary and suggestions for future supply chain analysis research.

Blockchain and Industry 4.0 – A study

Everything around us is transforming with advancement in time, as a result, new technologies are developing with upcoming industry revolution, which is also widely popular as Industry 4.0. It includes new trends related to Cyber Physical system, Augmented Reality, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing and many more. Many physical infrastructures are transformed to virtual ones, which allowed decision making and planning in decentralized form. It also enabled users to accomplish real time communications with help of integrated computing algorithms. Main challenge involves decentralization and heterogeneous nature of systems. Blockchain can be solution to this problem, which targets at integration and management of heterogeneous systems. This paper discusses various solutions related to the conjunction of blockchain and Industry 4.0. It also explores various pros and cons of traditional security solutions and provides evaluation of present blockchain-based security solutions. It also discusses blockchain based application areas of Industry 4.0.

Asymmetrical sequential decentralization: Resetting the paradigm of regional autonomy

This paper explores the issues related to the future regional autonomy regulation in Indonesia as an evaluation material and efforts to find and reformulate the ideal form of decentralization as the basis for working relations between the central and the regional government. The “zigzag” pattern that has been applied in autonomy policy in Indonesia, between centralization or decentralization and between symmetrical or asymmetrical decentralization, does not indicate any grand design in the implementation of regional autonomy. Therefore, a new blueprint that is able to become a paradigm and guideline for the implementation of regional autonomy in Indonesia is needed in order to achieve regional fiscal independence. This research is normative legal research based on deductive logic to build positive law by using secondary data sources and legal materials (Marzuki, 2010). This research indicated that the meaning of decentralization as a process (Falleti, 2005) and the educational mechanism are significantly related to achieving regional independence. In essence, the transfer of knowledge concerning the government’s capability in management should be more prioritized and must be given first before handing over the autonomy authority.