This research examines how decentralization policy in Indonesia shapes public administration strategies in tourism destination development across two major cities in West Sumatera: Padang City and Bukittinggi City, which possess distinct geographical characteristics, governmental structures, and fiscal capacities. Through a comparative literature study finds that Padang City adopts a coastal modernization strategy oriented toward infrastructure and MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions), whereas Bukittinggi City develops a heritage conservation and community based governance approach. Decentralizations demonstrates a characteristics of asymmetrical governance, where fiscal capacity and geographical context significantly determine the local government’s ability to formulate tourism strategies. This study contributes to the theory of destination governance and decentralizations by ooffering the perspective that regional autonomy does not automatically enhance policy effectiveness: rather, it must be supported by institutional capacity, collaboration, and policy fit with the unique characteristics of the tourist destination.

This article aims to analyze decentralization policies in Indonesia’s national education system and to identify their impact on the implementation of education. The method employed in this study is library research. Data were collected by reviewing and examining various relevant sources, particularly journal articles related to the topic. The data analysis was conducted descriptively. The findings indicate that the decentralization policy, established through Law No. 22 of 1999 and later refined by Law No. 32 of 2004, marked a shift in education management from a centralized to a decentralized model, with the expectation of improving effectiveness, efficiency, and relevance to local needs. The policy has brought positive outcomes, such as increased regional participation, greater management efficiency, school autonomy, and stronger community involvement in decision-making. However, several challenges remain, including disparities in education quality between regions, limited infrastructure, weak managerial capacity, and unequal budget distribution. Decentralization in the national education system cannot be regarded as an instant solution for educational equity; rather, it must be accompanied by efforts to strengthen local government capacity, establish effective collaboration with the central government, and ensure proper oversight mechanisms. This article highlights the necessity of a collaborative strategy among the central government, local authorities, and educational institutions to achieve sustainable equity in access and improvements in education quality.

Increasing regional inequality due to rapid urbanization is a major developmental concern. The paucity of economic data at multilevel and multitemporal scales limits the regular monitoring of the regional inequalities. This study aims to investigate emerging regional inequalities in multilevel administration in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India from 2000 to 2020. The study used nighttime light (NTL), Landsat images, LandScan population density, the Census of India, and OpenStreetMap data. Methodologically, the study employed multiple NTL-based metrics: total nighttime light, normalized lit area, speed of change of lit area, 3D largest patch index, pixel-based time series trends, multilevel univariate and bivariate Gini, Lorenz curve, and random forest-based SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). The results indicate a post-2012 drop in NTL intensity in Delhi, linked to decline in population growth and decentralization policy priorities. In contrast, steady NTL growth was recorded in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, especially in satellite towns such as Gurgaon, Noida, Faridabad, and Ghaziabad. The Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve reveal that whereas inequality in Delhi has declined, it has grown in the surrounding states. Exclusionary and neoliberal forms of urbanization predominate in high-growth zones, whereas in-situ processes characterize scattered, market-driven settlements. Significant NTL gains along highways and industrial zones reflect infrastructure- and capital-driven development, resonating with the promoted inequality. However, the spatial diffusion of urban growth remains limited, and the persistence of monocentric tendencies is evident. The SHAP revealed diverse influential factors responsible for the regional inequalities in the NCR. The study’s findings can also contribute to United National Sustainable Development Goal 10 (i.e., reducing inequality) by monitoring the regular pattern and trend of inequality.

This article aims to discuss the relevance of implementing asymmetric fiscal decentralization in building non-traditional security in Papua. For over two decades, Papua has had a special autonomy status. Under the legal basis of Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for Papua, which was followed in 2002 by the asymmetric fiscal decentralization policy of the Central Government, it provides space for Papua to improve and develop non-traditional forms of security that are more dynamic and welfare-oriented. This study uses a qualitative method with a documentary analysis approach. This study utilizes accurate document data, which is analyzed using existing techniques. The results of the study indicate that the asymmetric fiscal decentralization policy has not been fully implemented in developing non-traditional forms of security (human security). This was identified as an area where numerous human security problems persist, ranging from unfulfilled food needs to a weak social life within society, including poverty and low human development. All of which are markers that such security problems are a nontraditional threat to Papua. Therefore, the state must review the special autonomy policy that can create non-traditional security and is oriented towards the welfare of Papua

This research is motivated by the emergence of a constitutional anomaly: the recentralization of strategic natural resource management authority, which undermines the principle of regional autonomy as mandated by Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution. Although Law Number 23 of 2014 has regulated the distribution of concurrent government affairs, the enactment of recent sectoral regulations, such as Law Number 6 of 2023 and Law Number 2 of 2025, has conversely pulled licensing and fiscal management authority back to the central government. This study aims to formulate a natural resource governance transformation model that integrates local government independence with the principle of national legal certainty across the forestry, mineral and coal, oil and gas, geothermal, and fisheries sectors. The research method employed is normative legal research using statute, conceptual, and case approaches, analyzed qualitatively and prescriptively. The results indicate systematic norm disharmony and fiscal barriers resulting from central intervention—such as the 0% royalty policy—which significantly reduces fiscal capacity and regional administrative authority. The research concludes that accelerating regional independence requires legal policy reconstruction by implementing the FPIC principle to synchronize rights and guarantee national legal certainty and regional investment stability. The implications of this research demand harmonizing sectoral regulations that respect regional attributive authority and strengthening legislative oversight functions to realize accountable natural resource governance within a just Rule of Law framework.

Wages are one of the important issues in Labor Law, particularly from the workers' perspective. The enactment of Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation in Indonesia, which was later revoked by Law No. 6 of 2023, introduced substantial changes to the structure of Labor Law, specifically in the existence of Alpha Coefficient as a substitute for KHL. This Alpha Coefficient is replacing the KHL and representing functions as an economic index sector variables in Indonesia. This study aims to examine two main issues: first, the legal and conceptual implications of replacing KHL with the Alpha Coefficient in calculating minimum wages; and second, the effect of this change on the authority and role of the Regional Wage Council as part of Indonesia’s fiscal decentralization policy. The research employs a statutory and conceptual approach supported by a review of the development of the national wage system. The findings indicate that the existence of the Alpha Coefficient enhances legal certainty by establishing a definitive parameter in wage calculations, thereby improving workers’ welfare protection. Furthermore, the Regional Wage Council’s position is strengthened through the restoration of tripartite negotiations, ensuring a more balanced and decentralized fiscal and also wage-setting mechanism. The Alpha Coefficient significantly increase the workers wealth by, following the main rights on Indonesian Constitution.

This study investigates how centralized governance structures undermine the achievement of sustainable development by systematically eliminating local grassroot territorial development vectors and initiatives. It examines how centralization reduces the representation of diverse sustainability strategies as systems transition from local to regional/national level. Using Belarus as a case study, this research discovers the effects of this transition. The study thoroughly explored 47 sustainable development planning documents from Belarus, spanning from 2005 to 2020, and encompassing diverse levels of governance, including Local Agenda 21 plans, municipal strategies, and regional planning documents. The SWOT indicators extracted during the analysis were systematically categorized within the advanced sustainability framework into the following four categories: social, environmental, economic, and institutional/participatory. A quantitative analysis of local development vectors loss was conducted using a novel evaluation tool designed to measure indicator diversity across various planning scales. The findings show that approximately 85% of the diversity of local sustainability vectors is lost due to aggregation/in hierarchical planning processes. This phenomenon can be explained by reference to three mechanisms: administrative inertia (institutional resistance to novel approaches), funding constraints (central budgets default to standardized territorial development vectors), and structural barriers (limited local autonomy despite formal decentralization policies). Social and environmental development vectors demonstrate greater losses than economic ones, indicating that context-specific local solutions are systematically ignored at higher scales. The results indicate that the formal decentralization approach is ineffective in preserving local sustainability without complementary institutional reforms. The study enhances existing knowledge of sustainability science by demonstrating how central governance restricts the implementation of localized solutions to environmental and social challenges. This demonstrates that formal decentralization policies, without institutional reforms, do not lead to sustainable development. The methodology developed here can also be applied to other highly centralized systems.

Industrialisation plays a key role in the social and economic development of countries worldwide, especially developing countries such as Zimbabwe. However, due to stiff competition from advanced economies with better organised policies and state of the art technologies, developing countries have seen a slow-down of industrialisation. Zimbabwe’s economic slow-down in the last 30 years has been characterised by a general decline of industrial economic activities. Massive de-industrialisation and relocation of companies to Harare have affected industrial performance in Bulawayo, the second largest city, once the industrial hub of the country. This economic slowdown, high unemployment and poverty levels put re-industrialisation of Bulawayo on the spotlight. Data for this research was collected through a validated questionnaire administered to respondents of 145 companies in Belmont, Donnington and Kelvin industrial areas. Concerns and viewpoints on strategies for reindustrialization and revival of the Bulawayo Metropolitan Province industrialisation were shared by respondents. Results and discussion show that lack of concessionary funding, development of provincial value chains, redressing infrastructural renewal, revival and recapitalisation of the National Railways of Zimbabwe, resuscitating capital equipment rebates, operationalising the devolution and decentralisation policies as well creating viable industrial parks and special economic zones, clearing of external debts and formalising the economy emerge are key tenets of reindustrialisation strategies. The realignment of the reindustrialisation strategies with government national industrialisation development policies is necessary for the realisation of benefits of the 4th Industrial Revolution and also to remain regionally and internationally competitive. Zimbabwe’s vision of an upper-middle society by 2030 should be anchored on retooling and reindustrialisation as a panacea for industrial development, employment creation and economic growth.

This study aims to analyze the effect of fiscal decentralization, provincial minimum wages, and local revenue (PAD) on income inequality in the provinces on the island of Sumatra in the period 2018-2024, as well as review the findings in the perspective of Islamic economics. Income inequality in Indonesia, especially in the Sumatra region, is still a significant issue despite various decentralization policies and increased minimum wages. This research method uses a quantitative approach of panel data, which combines time series and cross section data. Data is obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics and other reliable sources. The analysis was conducted using panel data regression model through Random Effect Model (REM) approach selected based on the results of Chow, Hausman, and Lagrange Multiplier tests. All testing was done using EViews software. The results of the analysis show that simultaneously, fiscal decentralization, provincial minimum wages, and PAD have a significant effect on income inequality, although the direction and significance vary between variables and provinces. In the Islamic economic perspective, the reduction of income inequality is part of the principle of distributive justice which is required to ensure welfare and avoid the accumulation of wealth in certain groups. Therefore, the implementation of fiscal and labor policies is expected to be in line with Islamic values, such as justice, equity, and alignment with the weak.

The analysis of the implementation of the Administrative Decentralization Policy is something important to understand in the context of regional development, including in Manufahi City. Administrative decentralization is a process by which powers and responsibilities in the management of governance and public services are transferred from the central government to local governments or local government units. With the application of the policy of administrative decentralization it is expected to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and accountability of the organization of governance and public services at the local level. Timor-Leste, which broke away from the Indonesian state in 2002, has also shown its interest in decentralization. There are 5 articles regulating on the organization of government or decentralization of government, 71 articles on the organization of administration or arrangement of government, and 72 articles on the powers of local or regional governments. This decentralization is the commitment of the government to realize the constitutional mandate as explained above, which was conceived by the government as a priority of work, adopted and established as the mandate of the constitution of the RDTL, on decentralization, is the Decree Law (Government Regulation) Fifth Amendment (5) Decree Law No.3 of 2016 dated 16th March as has amended by Decree Law No

ABSTRACT Apartheid’s political economy, grounded in racial and class-based segregation, profoundly shaped South Africa’s urban and industrial geography. Through intertwined political, economic, and spatial strategies, the apartheid regime produced a highly uneven landscape of development. This paper adopts a Geographical Political Economy (GPE) framework to examine how state policies and institutional arrangements structured urban-industrial space, with a focus on the Bophuthatswana Bantustan within the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV) industrial complex. The GPE approach foregrounds the role of historical processes, power relations, and geographic context in shaping economic outcomes and spatial configurations. Drawing on archival sources, policy documents, and secondary literature, the paper analyses the mechanisms through which apartheid’s decentralization and industrialization policies entrenched uneven development. It demonstrates how state planning and territorial governance strategies reinforced racialized labor markets and fragmented spatial economies.The paper contributes to debates on the historical-geographical production of inequality in southern Africa by linking institutional legacies to contemporary urban-industrial policy challenges. It argues that post-apartheid development remains constrained by inherited spatial and institutional structures, particularly in Gauteng. The study underscores the value of historically informed spatial analysis in addressing persistent inequality and re-imagining more inclusive pathways for industrial and urban development.

This study aims to analyze the strengthening of Indonesia's west-east maritime axis through the synergy between the Sabang Strategic Area and the Nusantara Capital City (IKN) in supporting the development of the blue economy. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia faces the challenge of inter-island connectivity as well as a great opportunity to strengthen maritime sovereignty and national economic equity. The position of Sabang as the western gateway and the IKN in East Kalimantan as the center of the new government in the middle of the archipelago provides strategic potential in forming an integrative and sustainable maritime axis. The study method uses a state law approach by examining decentralization policies, institutional strengthening, and optimization of maritime law and regional autonomy. The analysis shows that the Sabang-IKN synergy is able to strengthen the state's role in integrating regions, improving sea connectivity, and supporting the development of a fair and sustainable blue economy. This synergy also emphasizes Indonesia's vision as the world's maritime axis through the management of marine resources that is in favor of the welfare of the people. In conclusion, the strategic collaboration between Sabang and IKN is an important instrument to realize maritime sovereignty, equitable development, and regional justice in accordance with the mandate of Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution. Policies that prioritize strengthening national connectivity, protecting maritime law, and regional empowerment are key in the implementation of strengthening the west-east maritime axis as a pillar of the constitution-based blue economy

This article examines the transformation of Indonesian land law from the paradigm of fundamental justice embodied in the 1960 Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) to a market-oriented framework shaped by the Omnibus Law on Job Creation and decentralization policies. This shift generates tensions between constitutional mandates, Pancasila values, customary law, and politico-economic interests that often marginalize structural justice. The study aims to analyze how these foundational values interact with Islamic legal philosophy through the maqāṣid approach to construct a more equitable and sustainable agrarian system. Employing a qualitative normative legal method combined with interpretive and comparative analysis, the research finds that a dialogical integration of UUPA principles, maqāṣid, and the social function of land can generate an alternative paradigm of land governance. The novelty lies in proposing a model emphasizing tawāzun (balance), ecological protection, and social equality. Theoretically, the article enriches global law-and-development discourse, while practically providing normative grounds for reconstructing agrarian policy toward justice and sustainability.

This study evaluates regional disparities in access to treatment and preventive screenings for high-mortality non-communicable diseases (NCDs) -specifically cancer and diabetes- in Chile, using data from the 2022-2023 National Health, Sexuality, and Gender Survey (ENSSEX). Four key indicators were analyzed: mammography (MAM), Pap smear (PAP), prostate-specific antigen test (PSA), and diabetes treatment (DIA). Disparities were assessed using both general and relative disparity indices (ID) to quantify regional inequalities. The general disparity index (IDg) revealed substantial differences in access to preventive screenings, with regional gaps reaching up to 20% for PSA tests, mammograms, and Pap smears. In contrast, disparities in diabetes treatment access were notably smaller (<5%). Better performance was observed in the northern and southern macrozones, while regions such as Tarapacá, Maule, and Metropolitana showed significant lags. The findings underscore persistent regional disparities in preventive healthcare services in Chile. Targeted decentralization policies and subnational prioritization are crucial to reducing these gaps. Addressing these disparities is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3.4 and lowering premature mortality from NCDs.

PONASI is an ecological complex which is located in the southern part of Burkina Faso. It abounds with fauna and floristic species. But these resources are in a phase of degradation. The aim of this study is to analyze the main factors contributing to the degradation of the PONASI ecological complex. In order to assess the degradation factors, a systematic approach was used. It is an approach that takes into account the various phenomena responsible for degradation and the interactions. Data collection techniques focused on documentary research, interviews, field surveys, the use of the snowball sampling method, and the processing of some climatic parameters. For this research, a total of twelve (12) villages were surveyed. The results showed that anthropogenic and climatic factors contribute to the degradation of the resources of the PONASI ecological complex. The anthropogenic factors consist of vegetation fires, wood cutting, grazing, and picking immature fruit, and agricultural encroachment. These factors are exacerbated by the limits of governance which result in a lack of legal texts' application, a weak appropriation of the decentralization policy by the local authorities. The results of this study have demonstrated that there are a multitude of factors that contribute to the degradation of the PONASI ecological complex. It is urgent to take the necessary measures to reverse this trend of degradation.

This study investigates the effects of fiscal decentralization on the negative dimensions of subjective well-being (e.g., negative affect balance / deprivation) in a sample of 22 European countries over the period 2011–2021. Using dynamic spatial panel data analysis, the research examines how fiscal decentralization shapes perceptions of life quality. The findings reveal no significant relationship between expenditure-side fiscal decentralization and negative affect balance. However, revenue-side fiscal decentralization is found to have a significant and positive impact on the negative dimensions of subjective well-being, indicating that it increases individuals’ negative emotional experiences and perceptions of deprivation. Moreover, the study confirms the presence of significant spatial dependencies on the negative dimensions of subjective well-being, highlighting the role of cross-country interactions in shaping these outcomes. These findings suggest that revenue-side fiscal decentralization may have adverse implications for individuals' life quality, emphasizing the need for policymakers to carefully consider these potential negative effects when designing decentralization policies.

To develop and validate predictive models for healthcare workforce transition success under decentralization using Support Vector Machine (SVM) analysis and to identify key determinants across organizational support domains. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 430 healthcare personnel transferred from Ministry of Public Health facilities to Provincial Administrative Organizations in Thailand (2023-2024). Thirty-seven predictors, including demographics, benefits, and welfare domains, were analyzed. Four kernel functions were compared using 10-fold cross-validation, and feature importance was assessed. Class imbalance was addressed with the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). The linear kernel achieved superior cross-validated performance (accuracy: 69 ± 4%, sensitivity: 46 ± 5%, specificity: 82 ± 4%, AUC: 0.64). SMOTE improved sensitivity to 54 ± 5% while maintaining specificity at 79 ± 5%. Five stable predictors were identified across validation folds: competitive compensation (0.427), career development opportunities (0.358), fair promotion processes (0.336), hazardous work compensation (0.285), and educational leave opportunities (0.252). Comparative analysis showed that SVM outperformed logistic regression (66% accuracy), random forest (66%), and gradient boosting (65%). This study represents the first application of machine learning techniques to predict healthcare personnel transition success in decentralization contexts. The SVM model effectively identified critical factors influencing workforce transitions, emphasizing the importance of balanced organizational support mechanisms. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for healthcare administrators implementing decentralization policies, offering generalizable insights for workforce management during health system reforms.

The plan to divide West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB) into two provinces, namely NTB Province and Sumbawa Island Province, has sparked debate in terms of constitutional law and decentralization policy. This study aims to analyze the legal basis for the formation of these new autonomous regions, while also examining the territorial challenges faced by NTB in the context of equitable development and public services. Using a normative and sociological approach, this study finds that constitutionally, the formation of Sumbawa Island Province is possible, but it must meet administrative, technical, and territorial requirements in accordance with laws and regulations. The main challenges lie in infrastructure inequality, human resource readiness, and local socio-political dynamics. Therefore, the decision to divide the province must take into account a thorough legal analysis and the real needs of the local community.

Fiscal Policy Decentralization Innovation in Groundwater Tax Collection: A Study of Policy Implementation in Tebing Tinggi City

Globalization has become one of the most influential forces shaping political and social policies in Indonesia, producing both opportunities and challenges for national sovereignty, governance, and cultural identity. This research aims to analyze how globalization influences Indonesia’s political and social policies and to examine the extent to which Indonesia demonstrates agency in responding to global pressures. Employing a qualitative research design, the study was conducted from June to August 2025 in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, and Bandung, with data collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. Findings reveal that globalization has strongly influenced political reforms such as decentralization, democratization, and human rights policies, while also shaping social policies in education, cultural preservation, and social welfare. At the same time, Indonesia demonstrates a dual and hybrid approach, selectively adopting global norms while maintaining national priorities and local identity. Globalization has also generated paradoxical effects, fostering openness and innovation while simultaneously stimulating cultural resistance, social inequality, and identity reassertion. The study concludes that Indonesia exemplifies adaptive globalization, negotiating global pressures with local values and strategic interests. This research contributes theoretically by integrating political and social perspectives in the globalization discourse and practically by providing insights for policymakers to design inclusive, culturally sensitive, and context-responsive policies.