Death Of Family Member Research Articles

Perceptions ofthe COVID-19 Pandemic and Perceived Health Impacts; Gender Perspectives on Tourism Worker Groups

Workers in the tourism sector automatically lose their jobs due to restrictions on mobility and a ban on gatherings during the pandemic. The pandemic has caused mental health problems due to the economic breakdown, distance from social life and loss due to the death of family members. This qualitative study aims to analyze perceptions and the perceived health impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and on tourism workers in Yogyakarta. The approach used is a case study, conducted in June-September 2021. Female and male informants were involved to see if there were differences in the gender perspective. Survivors and non-survivors were involved to see differences in perceptions. The number of informants consists of 8 people, using the principles of adequacy and suitability. In-depth interviews were conducted online (phone whats app and google meet). Data were analyzed using content analysis method. The results of the study found that the economic impact was felt equally by male and female workers. Gender differences do not affect the decision of superiors when reducing employees and reducing working hours. There is no psychological pressure due to the inequalities of communication between men and women in financial management. There are no complaints of family nutritional insecurity in women because they still get enough nutrition and food, and there is also no gender-based violence at home or at work. The psychological and social impacts were not evident for women, but were found in male informants who were shown to be reluctant to socialize because they were ashamed of losing their jobs. This research is expected to contribute to gender-based policies for handling pandemics and workers in the non-formal tourism sector.

Neustadt a.d. Aisch

The historical reappraisal of the German past is a continuous process. The concept of Vergangenheitsbewältigung is an integral part of the society, especially considering the political climate drifting slowly but steadily toward right-wing belief. However, there is a noticeable difference in approaching the past on the collective level or the individual level. While the collective is constituted and established in the public sphere, the individual is operating within the private realm. The work depicts the process of uncovering unexpected facts within the family. The three-channel audio-visual installation conceptualizes the revelation of an uncomfortable truth inside a family in two separate conversations, held between the wife and granddaughter, and the daughter and granddaughter of the deceased family member. Both conversations are captured in alternating audio tracks over the same visual.

Parents' Anticipated Discussions About Death With Young Children.

Guided by family communication patterns theory and terror management theory this mixed-methods investigation explored how parents (N = 112) of young children (ages 3-6) described the way they would discuss death when it comes up in conversations. Responses were coded inductively, resulting in four themes: explanations that death is inevitable, explanations that death is in the distance, the use of religion to frame discussions of death, and finally, discussing afterlife connections to deceased family members. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate whether parents' conformity or conversation orientations were associated with the frequency with which parents discussed death with their child and the content of parent vignette responses. Quantitative analysis revealed parents' conversation orientations were associated with the frequency with which they discussed death with their child and conformity orientations were associated with parents' use of religion and discussing afterlife connections to deceased family members in their responses.

Sleeping It Off: Sleep Quality Moderates the Association Between Family Bereavement and Heart Rate Variability

While previous studies evince a strong link between family bereavement and worse cardiovascular functioning, factors that may influence the association remain unexplored. This study examined the relation between experiencing the death of an immediate family member and heart rate variability (HRV) and whether the associations differed by sleep quality. The sample included respondents from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Biomarker Project who reported losing an immediate family member – parents, spouse, siblings, or children – within a year before project (n = 94) and those who did not experience any deaths (n = 872). Results showed that the death of a family member was associated with worse HRV only among those who reported having a poor sleep quality and not for those with good sleep quality. These findings suggest that poor sleep quality may indicate psychophysiological vulnerability for those who experienced the death of an immediate family member.

Prediction of COVID-19 Stress among Community Dwelling Older Adults: The Role of Anxiety and Resiliency

Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has been an unparalleled source of stress. Older adults with anxiety are vulnerable to higher levels of stress during the pandemic. However not all older adults with anxiety will experience severe stress; resiliency may decrease such negative outcomes. There have been few, if any, longitudinal studies that followed older adults before and during the pandemic. Our data of community dwelling older adults (aged 60-92) is unique in that it allowed for an investigation of psychological variables that increase and decrease negative outcomes during the pandemic. Our longitudinal study examined the influence of pre-pandemic anxiety and resiliency on the severity of COVID related stress. Methods: The pre-pandemic data was obtained in September 2018, and the pandemic data was collected in June 2020. In the baseline survey we obtained measures of anxiety and resiliency. During the pandemic we measured the severity of COVID related stressors. We hypothesized that anxiety would predict higher level of COVID-stress, whereas resiliency would be associated with decreased severity of COVID-stress. Further we predicted that resiliency would attenuate the association between anxiety and COVID-stress. Results: Using OLS regression, we found that anxiety predicted higher COVID-stress, whereas resiliency predicted lower COVID-stress. However, resiliency did not moderate the association between anxiety and COVID-stress. Conclusion: Older adults are subject to many unavoidable negative life events, such as death of family members and chronic health problems. Resiliency may help buffer against such adversities. Development of intervention programs to enhance resiliency may increase psychological resources and foster healthy aging.

How Gender Shapes the Effects of Immediate Family Members’ Deaths on Adults’ Psychological Well-Being

The deaths of family members constitute one of the most serious negative life events experienced in adulthood. The impact of these losses on psychological well-being may differ considerably by the structural relationship between the deceased and the survivors, and by the genders of both family members; however, few studies have been able to explore these variations by generation, gender, and time since death. In this paper, we use mixed-methods data to explore how depressive symptoms are affected differentially in adulthood by the deaths of mothers, fathers, and siblings, as well as by the gender of survivors. We address these questions using data collected from approximately 600 adult children nested within 250 later-life families, in which approximately 55% experienced the death of at least one parent and 15% experienced the death of a sibling in the previous decade. Preliminary multilevel regression analyses showed that deaths of siblings predicted sisters’ but not brothers’ depressive symptoms. In the case of parents, only mothers’ deaths were found to predict daughters’ depressive symptoms, whereas neither parents’ deaths predicted sons’ well-being. Further, these patterns differed little by time since death. Qualitative data revealed that women were more likely to report that both their mothers’ and siblings’ deaths had led to higher conflict within the sibling network, which previous research has shown predicts psychological well-being. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the salient role of gender in shaping well-being in the face of events of deaths of parents and siblings in adulthood.

AI-generated characters for supporting personalized learning and well-being

Advancements in machine learning have recently enabled the hyper-realistic synthesis of prose, images, audio and video data, in what is referred to as artificial intelligence (AI)-generated media. These techniques offer novel opportunities for creating interactions with digital portrayals of individuals that can inspire and intrigue us. AI-generated portrayals of characters can feature synthesized faces, bodies and voices of anyone, from a fictional character to a historical figure, or even a deceased family member. Although negative use cases of this technology have dominated the conversation so far, in this Perspective we highlight emerging positive use cases of AI-generated characters, specifically in supporting learning and well-being. We demonstrate an easy-to-use AI character generation pipeline to enable such outcomes and discuss ethical implications as well as the need for including traceability to help maintain trust in the generated media. As we look towards the future, we foresee generative media as a crucial part of the ever growing landscape of human–AI interaction. Digitally recreating the likeness of a person used to be a costly and complex process. Through the use of generative models, AI-generated characters can now be made with relative ease. Pataranutaporn et al. discuss in this Perspective how this technology can be used for positive applications in education and well-being.

Developing a consensus protocol for genetic testing in frontotemporal dementia

AbstractBackgroundFrontotemporal dementia (FTD) is genetic in around 30% of people. The aim of the study was to develop a consensus protocol for genetic testing in FTD.MethodsA Delphi methodology was used to achieve consensus recommendations from an international consortium of FTD and neurogenetics specialists. Participants were presented with a number of scenarios involving an asymptomatic individual from a family with a history of FTD but no known genetic mutation, who is requesting predictive testing. Consensus was defined as a recommendation being selected by >80% of respondents.Results1) If an affected relative is alive and able to consent for diagnostic testing, a sample should be taken to ascertain whether there is a genetic form of FTD in the family before the asymptomatic individual can pursue predictive testing. 2) In the case where the affected relative is alive but unable to consent to diagnostic testing, experts decided that a blood or saliva sample could be taken if possible, and with the family’s agreement diagnostic testing could be performed to ascertain whether a mutation is present prior to predictive testing. 3) When there is no living affected relative but a sample of DNA or tissue has been stored, experts agreed that diagnostic testing should be performed on the sample, independent of family history, prior to offering predictive testing. 4) In the case where there is no living relative and no stored DNA or tissue but there is known pathology in a deceased family member that is pathognomonic for a specific genetic form of FTD, the consensus was to perform predictive testing based on that pathology. 5) Where there is no stored sample available, experts were in agreement that predictive testing should not be offered.ConclusionsThis revised protocol will provide guidance to clinicians for FTD‐specific genetic testing.

Conflicted or close: Which relationships to the deceased are associated with loss-related psychopathology?

Prior studies have shown that pre-loss closeness and conflict with a deceased person are associated with the severity of symptoms of prolonged grief and/or depression. Nevertheless, mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood. We propose a theoretical model in which past closeness and conflict are related to prolonged grief and depression via concrete and symbolic continuing bonds (CB). The aim of our study was to test this model in a sample of bereaved family members. Individuals (N = 244) who had lost a family member from 0.5 to 8.0 years before the survey completed the Quality of Relationships Inventory-Bereavement Version, the Continuing Bonds Scale, the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The findings partially confirmed our model. Closeness was positively and moderately associated with symptoms of prolonged grief but not with symptoms of depression. Conflict was positively and weakly associated with symptoms of depression and prolonged grief. All of these relationships were only partially mediated by concrete/maladaptive and symbolic/adaptive CB. The differences in the relationship of past closeness and conflict to prolonged grief and depression symptoms suggest that inter- and intrapersonal mechanisms of prolonged grief and depressive symptoms may be distinct. If future, especially longitudinal studies, confirm our model, CB would be a possible target for interventions for bereaved persons who had a close and/or conflicted relationship with a deceased family member and experience loss-related psychopathology. Continuing bonds (CB) are a potential target of interventions for bereaved persons who had a close and/or conflicted relationship with a deceased family member and experience symptoms of prolonged grief and/or depression. Internalization of the capacity to care for yourself and feel autonomous in a safe and stable therapeutic relationship may lead to increased self-confidence, promote working through past experiences in the relationship with the deceased, and gradual reduction of concrete forms of CB. Increasing awareness and acceptance of emotional experiences may contribute to the appreciation of past relationship with a deceased person and the growth of symbolic forms of CB. Future research should focus on verifying the effectiveness of the attachment-informed therapeutic approach to working with CB.

Mental health among displaced and non-displaced populations in Valledupar, Colombia: do inequalities continue?

ABSTRACT During the long-lasting civil war in Colombia, thousands of people were displaced mainly from rural to urban areas, causing social disruption and prolonged poverty. This study aimed at analyzing the traumatic experience many years ago on the current psycho-emotional status of displaced families as well as the ongoing inequalities regarding displaced and non-displaced communities in one of the most affected areas by the armed conflict. An interview survey was conducted among 211 displaced families and 181 non-displaced families in 2 adjacent compounds in Valledupar, Colombia. The questionnaire used questions from the validated national survey and was revised and applied by staff members of the departmental secretary of health who conducted additional in-depth interviews. The study showed that the living conditions of the displaced community were precarious. The past traumatic events many years ago and the current difficult living conditions are associated with psychological problems being more frequent among the displaced people. The displaced people had experienced more violent acts and subsequently had a larger number of emotional symptoms (fright, headache, nervousness, depression, and sleeplessness). Other stress factors like economic problems, severe disease or death of family members and unemployment prevailed among displaced persons. The non-displaced lived in a more protected environment with less exposure to violence and stress, although belonging to a similarly low socio-economic stratum. It is recommended to take measures for a better protection of the displaced community, improve their access to the job market, offer different leisure activities and facilitate public transport.

Health Impact and Risk Factors Affecting South and Southeast Asian Women Following Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review.

(1) Background: Following natural disasters, women have a higher prevalence of adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Given that the South and Southeast Asia regions are highly disaster prone, a review was undertaken to identify the potential health impact and key risk factors affecting women after disasters in the countries located in South and Southeast Asia regions. (2) Methods: A systematic literature search of four databases yielded 16 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidance, between July 2008 and March 2021. (3) Results: The majority of studies reported women’s negative/poor mental health, identifying a significant association of socio-demographics, during disaster exposure, post-disaster, and pre-existing risk factors. The six most-cited influences on women’s mental health found in the reviewed literature were being female, adult age group, having no formal education, poverty or low economic status, poor physical health/physical injuries, and death of family members. Women’s health during the post-disaster period was generally reported as poor among all the countries of the South and Southeast Asia regions. (4) Conclusions: Appropriate social support and the availability of free healthcare access for women are warranted in disaster-affected areas. This review offers a valuable contribution to the knowledge of women’s health complications/challenges and associated risk factors related to disasters, essential for the development of strategies to help reduce this burden in the future. Further research is required on natural disasters to identify ways to reduce women’s health impacts after natural disasters, especially in the context of low-income and lower-middle-income countries.

PROCUREMENT OF ULAYAT LAND FOR SUBSIDED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN HARAU DISTRICT LIMA PULUH KOTA REGENCY

Ulayat rights are the rights that owned by a legal alliance, where the citizens of the community have the right to control the land. The Regional Regulation of West Sumatra Province, Article 2 paragraph (1) Number 6 of 2008 concerning Communal Land and Its Utilization states that the main principle of customary land is permanent based on the Minangkabau traditional philosophy “jua ndak makan bali, gadai ndak makan sando” (shall not bargaining; may not be pawned). The provisions of the regulation state that ulayat land may not be traded and may not be pawned, its ownership status may not change, except for importunate situation and condition, namely maik tabujua dalam rumah (for the death of family member), gadih gadang ndak balaki (wedding), rumah gadang katirisan (misfortune), mambangkik Batang tarandam (efforts to enforce). Land acquisition for the construction of subsidized housing is not a land acquisition according to Law Number 2 of 2012 concerning Land Procurement for Public Interest. The formulation of the problems discussed are first, the process of acquiring communal land for the construction of subsidized housing in Harau District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, secondly the land registration process after the acquisition of customary land occurs, thirdly the legal consequences of acquiring customary land used for the construction of subsidized housing in Harau District, Lima Regency. Dozens of Cities againts customary law communities. This study uses an empirical juridical approach with the aim of finding out whether the law in the book is in accordance with the law in action. The results of the research study indicate that the process of acquiring communal land for the construction of subsidized housing is carried out by buying and selling. The construction of subsidized housing is managed by a legal entity in the form of a Limited Liability Company. The status of land ownership is just as the user of the facility that called with Hak Guna Bangunan

Sex Disparities in Organ Donation: Finding an Equitable Donor Pool.

BackgroundThe majority of living organ donors are women, but few are deceased organ donors, which increases risks associated with sex mismatched organs. We sought to identify reasons for sex disparities in organ donation and strategies for equity.Methods and ResultsUsing Amazon's Mechanical Turk, we examined US adults' perceptions regarding donation in a mixed‐methods survey study. Results were compared by sex with Fisher's exact test and T‐tests for quantitative results and qualitative descriptive analyses for write‐in responses. Among 667 participants (55% women), the majority of men (64.8%) and women (63.4%) self‐identified as registered donors. Women's willingness to donate their own organs to family members (P=0.03) or strangers (P=0.03) was significantly higher than men. Donors from both sexes were guided by: desire to help, personal experience, and believing organs would be useless to deceased donors. Non‐donors from both sexes were guided by: no reason, medical mistrust, contemplating donation. When considering whether to donate organs of a deceased family member, women were equally guided by a family member's wishes and believing the family member had no further use for organs. Men had similar themes but valued the family member's wishes more. Among non‐donors, both sexes would consider donation if more information was provided.ConclusionsIn a national survey, both sexes had similar reasons for becoming and not becoming an organ donor. However, compared with men, women were more willing to donate their organs to family members and strangers. Improving education and communicating wishes regarding organ donation with direct relatives may increase sex equity in deceased organ donation.

Outside the house, there are no laws: musical practice and ritual dynamics at Shona kurova guva ceremonies

ABSTRACT In Zimbabwe, the ceremony known as kurova guva is widely held by Shona speakers in order to reintegrate deceased family members within the patrilineage as ancestral spirits, or vadzimu. Conducted a year after burial, kurova guva involves a heterogeneous musical environment that distinguishes it from other ritual events described in the literature on Zimbabwean music. Held by traditionalists and members of several Christian denominations, the ceremony also offers a potent reminder that indigenous ritual remains a vibrant part of the contemporary Zimbabwean experience. I illustrate how music is a central mode of ritual practice at kurova guva, where it is considered ritually efficacious in enabling participants to reclaim the spirit of the deceased as a lineage ancestor. At the same time, I suggest that musical practice also participates in the continual renegotiation, articulation, and social production of the ritual contours of kurova guva. Through the negotiation of music’s spatial and temporal dimensions, I illustrate how participants at kurova guva express the structured ambiguity at the heart of ritual process. My analysis suggests that the gap between discursive expectations and actualised musical experience constitutes a productive site for ethnomusicological analysis.

1173The impact of adverse and positive experiences on inflammatory outcomes in Australian and UK children

Abstract Background Inflammation is one of key mechanisms linking childhood experiences to later chronic disease risk. Childhood adversity is associated with inflammation, but little is known about positive experiences. We examine how adverse and positive experiences are associated with inflammatory markers in late childhood, and whether they have an interaction effect. Methods Data sources: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC; N = 1237) and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; N = 3488). Exposures: Adverse and positive experiences assessed from 0 to 11 (LSAC) and 0-14 years (ALSPAC). Adversity indicators included parent legal problems, family violence, mental illness, substance abuse, harsh parenting, parental divorce, neighbourhood violence, family member death, and bullying victimization. Positive experiences included positive parenting practice, trusting and supportive relationships, supportive neighbourhood and home learning environments, social engagement and enjoyment. Outcomes: Inflammation quantified by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA). Analyses: Linear regression was used to estimate relative change in inflammatory markers, adjusted for sociodemographics. Outcomes were log-transformed. Results Exposure to adversity was associated with higher levels of inflammation (e.g., CRP: β = 8.8%, 95% CI= -16.5% to 34.2% in LSAC), whereas exposure to positive experiences was associated with lower levels (e.g., CRP: β=-18.9%, 95% CI= -45.8% to 7.9% in LSAC), after adjusting for sociodemographics. There was no interaction effect of adverse and positive experiences on inflammation. Conclusions Adverse and positive experiences have independent and small effects on children’s inflammation across two cohorts. Key messages Positive experiences are critical to inform interventions to improve inflammatory outcomes for children who face adversity.

Suicidal Deaths Amid COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Autopsy-Based Study

Background: Suicide is a global issue, with an estimated 75.5% of the cases occurring in developingcountries, and India alone accounting for 26.6% of all global suicidal deaths. With an advent of COVID-19in the early months of 2020, India observed a rapid rise in suicidal deaths. Though, various media reportspredicted loneliness, mental illness and economical instabilities as the major triggering factors, there isa lack of analytical or descriptive studies confirming this hypothesis. In this context, the present crosssectionalstudy was planned to determine the socio-demographic profiles of the victims and the triggeringfactors of the suicidal deaths during the COVID-19 phase, in context to the victims of suicide from 2017 tothe Pre-COVID phase.Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted by analyzing the suicidal deaths from 2017 to30th June, 2020, interviewing the deceased family members during the COVID-19 phase and studying theInquest reports, with the documents from the Institutional Medical Record Section.Conclusion: The authors feel that suicide is an act of moment in mind, so any decision made under excitementor incitement is the real culprit. To curb the menace of suicide, state and society should ensure education,employment and socioeconomic well-being, along with strict law enforcement.

The Influence of Early Childhood Socialization on Political Decision Making in Adulthood: Benyamin Netanyahu’s Potential to Become a Peacemaker

This paper examines Benyamin Netanyahu’s potential to reject his current ‘hawkish’ views and to become a peace maker during his fifth (and probably last) term in office as the Prime Minister of Israel. Netanyahu continues to live in the shadow of the legacy of two deceased family members: his older brother Yonatan and his father Benzion. His brother Yonatan was killed in action in 1976 while leading his troops in the renowned counter-terrorism rescue mission ‘Operation Entebbe’. As a result, Yonatan became an Israeli national hero. His father Benzion, who worked as a prominent Israeli historian for decades but was rejected by the Israeli academic and political mainstream due to his ‘hawkish’ views, died in 2012 at the age of 102. It is my assumption that Netanyahu’s political activity up to the present has stemmed in part from his emotional hunger resulting from his need to measure up to the ‘larger than life’ images of his father and brother. The fact that both influential figures are deceased may now enable him to give greater expression to the more pragmatic sides of his personality in the future, and to enter history books – on his own – as a peacemaker.

“Cleaning Out the Closet:” Communicated Narrative Sense-Making of Bereavement

ABSTRACT Communicated Narrative Sense-Making Theory was applied to 14 semi-structured interviews to explore stories of sorting through a deceased family member’s belongings/changing the home after death (“cleaning out the closet”). Family stories about “cleaning out the closet” yielded retrospective storytelling content themes regarding why changes were made/not made, how family members communicated when deciding to make any changes, and what changed or didn’t change as a result of “cleaning out the closet.” These results advance the claim that “cleaning out the closet” functions as a unique site where the instrumental task meets narrative communication openings for families, and that this task offers key opportunities for sense-making, socialization, and well-being during the turbulent period of bereavement.

Experiences of Volunteers and Patient Satisfaction in Home Based Palliative Care, Puducherry, South India-A Descriptive Qualitative Study.

Background: Increasing burden of non-communicable diseases and ageing population has parallely increased the need for Palliative care. Unavailable, inaccessible, and inadequate palliative care services in our setting increased the need for volunteers. In Puducherry, palliative care programme was implemented through trained volunteers in 2015. Objectives: To explore the experiences of volunteers who provide palliative care and also to get feedback on volunteering from the patients who received care. Settings and Design: A descriptive qualitative study was carried out at two Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) working for palliative care in and around Puducherry. Methods and Material: Participants were selected purposively to include seven volunteers and eight patients to attain information saturation. The time period of this study was between September and October 2018. Analysis Used: Manual thematic analysis was done to identify codes, which were grouped to form categories and themes. Results: Factors that facilitated participants to take up the role of volunteers were witnessing the death of family members with unmet palliative care when required and experiences in organizations working for elderly and disabled children. Improvement in patients' condition and patient satisfaction motivated them to continue, despite lack of resources and social support. Their perception was of having become bolder and empathetic by working as palliative care volunteers. Patients reported satisfaction with the provision of drugs and other materialistic support like clothes and sweets during festivals; however, their basic and financial needs remained unmet. Conclusion: The palliative care programme or the National programme for elderly should focus on components that would improve the quality of palliative care by reducing patients' dissatisfaction. Support in terms of provision of drugs, financial help and nutrition is necessary to improve both the patients' and volunteers' satisfaction in palliative care services.

Gender Differences in Traumatic Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms After the Rwandan Genocide Against the Tutsi.

The effects of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide against the Tutsi are widespread and long-lasting, but little is known about how posttraumatic consequences differ regarding gender. In the present study, we estimated the associations between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in a Rwandan community sample and examined whether the associations differed by gender. The sample comprised 498 adults (75.2% women) living in Rwanda's Huye District in 2011. We used a validated self-report checklist to assess the eight most frequent traumatic experiences during the Genocide. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) was used to assess PTSS. Associations between trauma exposureand PTSS were estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM), with additional SEMs stratified by gender. The prevalence of exposure to each traumatic event ranged from 15.1% to 64.5%, with more severe PTSS among individuals who reported personal physical injury, β = .76, 95% CI [0.54, 0.98]; witnessing sexual/physical violence against a loved one, β = .51, 95% CI [0.20, 0.81]; a close relative/friend's death, β = .54, 95% CI [0.24, 0.83]; property destruction, β = .35, 95% CI [0.048, 0.51]; or a family member's death due to illness, β = .21, 95% CI [0.00, 0.41]. Men who saw people killed and women who witnessed sexual/physical violence against a close family member reported elevated PTSS. The psychiatric impact of the Rwandan Genocide continues into the 21st century. Increased attention should be paid to the long-term and demographic patterns of distress and disorder, especially in the absence of widespread clinical mental health services.