Experimental and simulation studies reported in the literature largely addressed the role of water as a secondary hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) or acceptor (HBA) in reline (a Type III deep eutectic solvent). In this work, the effect of reline acting as a ternary component on Pluronic assemblies with varying hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (P123 and F108) was investigated using coumarin 343 as a fluorescent probe through spectroscopic techniques. Through differential scanning calorimetry studies, a decrease in the critical micelle temperature values of Pluronics upon reline loading was observed. A red shift accompanied by a decrease in fluorescence intensity of negatively charged coumarin 343 (C343-) was observed upon reline loading in Pluronic systems, via UV-visible absorption and steady-state fluorescence studies. Differences in time-resolved fluorescence emission decay profiles between water-reline and Pluronic-reline mixtures confirmed the localization of C343- within the micellar systems. A decrease in the fluorescence anisotropy decay times for P123 and an increase for F108 were observed upon reline loading. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and small-angle neutron scattering measurements were also carried out to characterize the micellar systems. Ultimately, this work facilitates the rational design of hybrid nanocarriers for advanced biomedical applications.

The global solvability and optimal time decay rates for the chemotaxis-shallow water system with large Péclet number

Luminescent rare-earth oxide phosphors are of considerable interest for advanced lighting, anticounterfeiting, security applications, dosimetry, etc. because of their unique performance of sharp and distinct emission peaks, spectral tunability, long luminescence decay times, exceptional thermal stability, etc. In this work, the Eu3+-activated La2Zr2O7 (LZO) nanophosphors having a defect fluorite structure were synthesized by the nitrate-citrate gel combustion method, and the influence of monovalent alkali-ion co-doping (Li+/Na+/K+) on their defect chemistry and luminescence behavior was systematically studied. Among them, Li+ co-doped nanophosphor (La1.72Eu0.22Li0.06Zr2O7) showed a 1.5-fold increase in the PL emission intensity with better CIE chromaticity coordinates (0.6394, 0.3598), a higher correlated color temperature value (1973 K), and excellent color purity (89%), overcoming the shortcomings in the red component of LEDs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated oxygen vacancy-related defect centers in Li+ ion co-doped phosphor materials. Judd-Ofelt (J-O) analysis studied the increased asymmetric environment around the activator ion, Eu3+, upon co-doping. Furthermore, La1.72Eu0.22Li0.06Zr2O7 nanophosphor demonstrated latent fingerprint detection as well as dosimetry applications via gamma radiation. Hence, this Li+ co-doped Eu3+: LZO nanophosphor can be a plausible option for the red component in lasers, display devices, and solid-state lighting, latent fingerprint analysis, and dosimetry studies.

To implement and evaluate an efficient method for absolute temperature measurement using a gradient echo implementation of the echo planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) sequence. The gradient echo EPSI sequence (GREPSI) utilizes an oscillating readout gradient together with continuous signal readout after slab selective excitation. The metabolite peaks are separated from the large water signal using a novel free induction decay (FID) time shifting method. SNR comparisons were made between spectra acquired with strong, weak, and no water suppression on a brain phantom with physiological metabolite concentrations. Measurements were made using no water suppression with the phantom at discrete temperatures between 22°C and 42°C. GREPSI was also compared with single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) and chemical shift imaging (CSI) pulse sequences. Finally, a healthy volunteer was scanned. The FID shifting method allowed removal of the water spectrum and recognition of metabolite peak locations independent of water suppression. The standard deviation of the temperature measured at room temperature was 0.31°C, independent of water suppression, respectively. The absolute temperature measurements closely matched the corresponding water-bath temperature with accuracy within 2% at 42°C and precision on the order of 0.2°C using either NAA, Cre, or Cho as a reference. The in vivo temperature images of a normal volunteer were in the expected normal range. This study indicates that accurate and precise temperature measurements can be obtained with GREPSI in a scan time on the order of 2-5 min, for an 8-slice slab, depending on the FOV imaged.

This study presents the fabrication and magnetically tunable photoresponse behavior of p⁺-Si/CZFO/AZO and p⁺-Si/CZFDO/AZO trilayer heterostructures prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic characteristics of Co0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 (CZFO) and Dy3+ doped Co0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 (CZFDO) spinel ferrite thin films were studied thoroughly. Photoresponse characteristics of the fabricated trilayer devices under broadband illumination (39.6 [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text], 300-1100 [Formula: see text]) demonstrate that the CZFDO based photodetector exhibits nearly threefold higher photocurrent density ([Formula: see text]), faster rise ([Formula: see text]) and decay times ([Formula: see text]), and greater responsivity [Formula: see text] and specific detectivity ([Formula: see text]) compared to the CZFO based device at + 5 [Formula: see text] bias. The application of an external magnetic field (0 to 3000 [Formula: see text]) further enhances the photocurrent by promoting spin aligned carrier transport and reducing recombination losses, confirming magneto-photoelectric coupling. The values of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] also change significantly with the application of a magnetic field for both devices. The best obtained values of rise and fall times are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the CZFDO based device at + 5 [Formula: see text] bias and 3000 Oe field. Interestingly, both devices retain partial photocurrent even after removing the field. These heterostructure devices with high photocurrent to dark current ratios and fast switching action can play the role of magnetically tunable broadband photodetectors, suitable for potential applications in magneto-optoelectronic sensors and spintronic devices.

Meso-fluorinated porphycenes reveal photophysical properties that vary significantly with the number and position of the substituents. 9,10-difluoro-2,7,12,17-tetra-tert-butylporphycene emits weakly, whereas two derivatives bearing the fluorines on the oppositemesopositions: 9,19- and 9,20- exhibit much higher fluorescence quantum yields and longer decay times. For weakly emitting porphycenes, fluorescence can be increased by placing the chromophore in a viscous solvent. The same effect is observed for two novel porphycenes in which a methyl group is placed next to a fluorine: 9-fluoro-2,7-di-tert-butyl-10,19-dimethylporphycene and 9,20-difluoro-2,7-tert-butyl-10,19-dimethylporphycene. These results can be explained by calculations that reveal, in the lowest excited singlet state, a highly nonplanar structure, from which rapid depopulation toS0can occur. The energy required to attain such geometry is of the order of a few kcal/mol. The relative energies calculated for the three difluorosubstituted porphycenes correlate well with the experimentally obtained fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. Based on these results, we propose a model that postulates that the nonradiative deactivation channel in the lowest excited singlet state of porphycenes originates from geometry distortion due to the loss of aromaticity.

We present a real-time method based on the propagation of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in the space of electronic states to compute near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of molecules from the ground or a valence excited state. Transition dipole moments between a core and a valence state are computed from linear-response time-dependent density functional theory implemented in the Amsterdam Modeling Suite package by using Slater-Condon rules following two distinct core and valence excited-state calculations. The implementation is compatible with any singly excited ansatz and generalizable to correlated wavefunction methods. The method has been applied to the ultrafast internal conversion observed in the gas-phase thymine, when excited to bright ππ* (S2) state. We have computed the NEXAFS O K-edge from the electronic ground state, S2, and the dark nπ* (S1) state. We have reproduced the experimental spectrum [Wolf etal., Nat. Commun. 8, 29 (2017)] after the pump, showing the peak at 526.5eV associated with S1. The stochastic Schrödinger equation has been used to get a time-resolved NEXAFS signal, introducing the experimental S2 → S1 decay time of 60fs. An implicit pump initializes the thymine in the S2 state, and an x-ray pulse probes the system at various delay times (and distinct thymine structures), leading to a time-resolved spectral profile that captures the S2 → S1 population transfer. Slower relaxation from S1 to the ground state has been also considered in a multiple-channel modeling of the dynamics. Ground- and excited-state NEXAFS spectra of cis and trans isomers of azobenzene have been also computed.

Detailed comparative studies of spectral and fluorescent properties of curcumin in solutions at room temperature (293 K) and in rigid glass matrices of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and ethanol at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) were carried out. It was shown that the transition to low temperature, accompanied by a decrease in the efficacy of non-radiative processes, manifests itself (depending on the solvent) in a 3- to 7-fold increase in the fluorescence quantum yield and fluorescence decay time, a sharp decrease in the Stokes shift, and the appearance of a vibrational structure in the fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra of curcumin. Rigid glass matrices were used to record phosphorescence, the attribution of which to curcumin was confirmed for the first time by the correspondence of its excitation spectrum to the fluorescence excitation spectrum at 77 K. The phosphorescence maximum of curcumin was shown to be located at = 635 nm, which differs significantly from the data ( = 730 nm) of the most cited work on curcumin photonics. The quantum yield of curcumin phosphorescence and its decay times were estimated for each solvent. By monitoring the luminescence of curcumin-sensitized singlet oxygen generation in the 1270 nm region, its quantum yield (φΔ) was determined in a number of organic solvents. The obtained values φΔ are 1.4-2.0 times higher than the literature data from 30 years ago.

Polarization-sensitive photodetectors that simultaneously deliver self-powered operation, broadband response, and high polarization selectivity remain challenging due to intrinsic trade-offs between carrier separation efficiency and anisotropic photoresponse in low-symmetry materials. Here, we report a CuI/ReS2 van der Waals heterojunction photodetector that addresses these challenges through a synergistic approach based on interface-engineered built-in electric fields coupled with intrinsic in-plane anisotropy. The heterojunction enables efficient photocarrier separation, while the dark current is effectively suppressed, resulting in stable self-powered operation. Under 365 nm illumination at zero bias voltage, the photodetector exhibits an open-circuit voltage of -175 mV, a short-circuit current of 25 pA, and a responsivity of 8.02 mA/W. At a bias voltage of 1 V, the photodetector demonstrates broadband photodetection from 365 to 810 nm, with a peak responsivity of 590.59 mA/W, a detectivity of 6.18 × 1010 Jones, an on/off current ratio of 103, and rapid rise and decay times of 7.93 and 8.73 ms. Moreover, the CuI/ReS2 photodetector exhibits polarization sensitivity, achieving a polarization ratio of 2.84 at 660 nm. We demonstrate polarization-encoded imaging, highlighting the capability of the device for real-time optical information processing. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy for integrating self-powered operation, broadband detection, and polarization sensitivity, offering a promising platform for compact intelligent optoelectronic systems.

Dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine (dppz) is well known for its ability to interact with DNA and is ideally suited for sensitizing near-infrared (NIR)-emitting lanthanide ions such as Nd3+, Er3+ and Yb3+. The combination of these properties gives perspective for the utilization of lanthanide complexes incorporating a dppz moiety for biomedical applications. Here, we present the synthesis of novel lanthanide complexes with an embedded dppz moiety [Ln(DO3A-dppz)] (Ln = all lanthanides except Pm; DO3A = 1,4,7,10-tetraazadodecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid) derived from clinically used [Ln(DOTA)] complexes (DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazadodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid). Structural analyses of all the complexes reveal interesting behavior, showing a share of isomers in the structures linked to lanthanide contraction and ionic radii. Photoluminescence studies provide excitation and emission spectra of the complexes with compatible central ions Nd3+, Er3+, Yb3+ and Eu3+, along with decay times of the complexes with Yb3+ and Eu3+. All complexes are weakly soluble in water with good stability in Tris-HCl buffer, and their affinity towards model calf-thymus DNA was tested using a SYBR Green I displacement assay. Overall, the obtained results are promising for the development of [Ln(DO3A-dppz)] complexes towards future applications in biomedical imaging.

ABSTRACTAstrocytes actively contribute to sleep regulation through intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling. Yet, whether astrocytic dynamics within sleep‐promoting hypothalamic nuclei vary across the nycthemeral cycle in a sex‐dependent manner remains unknown. The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) is a key sleep‐promoting nucleus whose neuronal circuitry has been extensively characterized. However, the local astrocytic Ca2+ activity remains poorly defined. Here, we investigated astrocytic Ca2+ signaling in the VLPO of male and female mice across the nycthemeral cycle. Using two‐photon Ca2+ imaging in acute VLPO‐containing brain slices prepared at Zeitgeber Time (ZT)‐2, corresponding to the onset of the rest period, and ZT‐14, corresponding to the beginning of the active period, we combined single‐event analyses with graph‐based network approaches to characterize astrocytic activity across scales. At the level of individual events, spontaneous astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics exhibited marked state dependence and sexual dimorphism. In males, Ca2+ events were smaller and faster at ZT‐14 than at ZT‐2 (shorter duration and accelerated rise and decay time). In contrast, in females, ZT‐14 was characterized by increased event amplitude and frequency, consistent with upregulated Ca2+ signaling during the active phase. At the network level, functional connectivity remained stable in males. Conversely, females exhibited robust network remodeling at ZT‐14, including increased astrocyte recruitment, higher node degree of correlations, and a marked rise in the number and proportion of highly connected astrocytes. Together, these findings reveal sex‐specific astrocytic signaling strategies in the VLPO across the nycthemeral cycle and underscore the need to incorporate sex as a biological variable in astrocyte‐based sleep research.

To further alleviate the difficulty of integrating personalized tutoring with humanistic care in traditional English teaching tasks, this study proposes a human-computer collaborative intelligent teaching model based on the dynamic cognitive clustering model (DCCM). The model employs an improved K-means++ algorithm incorporating time decay factors and a sliding window mechanism to efficiently achieve dynamic clustering of students' cognitive states. This study set up four experiments to validate the effectiveness of the model: (1) A clustering experiment on the TOEFL11 dataset demonstrated that the proposed model achieved an Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) of 0.87, outperforming traditional methods such as K-means++ and DBSCAN (Density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise). (2) A four-week intervention experiment conducted in college English subjunctive mood instruction showed that the cognitive conflict activation mechanism resulted in a Conflict Resolution Rate (CRR) of 78.3%, with a 52.1% reduction in structural errors made by students. (3) A comparative experiment on different writing teaching models revealed that under the DCCM model, teachers' weekly workload was reduced by 37%, while students' writing scores improved by 34.2%. (4) An eight-week writing teaching follow-up experiment found that learners' error density decreased by 51.9%, and 43.3% of students improved by at least one level on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). These results suggest that the teacher-led framework, combined with real-time feedback provided by Artificial Intelligence (AI), proves effective in enhancing teaching efficiency and reducing teacher stress. This finding offers useful insights for similar teaching environments, though its generalizability requires further validation in more diverse scenarios. This study offers a human-computer collaborative approach that integrates algorithmic innovation and educational principles, highlighting the significant value of merging technological tools with pedagogical wisdom to optimize instructional outcomes and alleviate teacher workload.

Abstract Transient broadening of the SOL density profile can modify main-chamber first-wall particle fluxes and divertor loading, yet its control parameters remain debated between divertor-regime transitions, neutral dynamics and changes in cross-field transport. We investigate fueling-driven SOL density-profile evolution and post-fueling relaxation on MAST-Upgrade (MAST-U) in ohmic L-mode, using two otherwise similar double-null Conventional Divertor discharges (I p = 450 kA, B T = 0.33 T) with identical 50 ms low-field side (LFS) gas puffs; the only intentional difference is the puff start time. Upstream Thomson scattering shows that both discharges develop a transient far-SOL density profile modification, expressed as an increased SOL-width metric and a far-SOL enhancement consistent with a shoulder-like signature. In the earlier-puff case, the SOL-width metric λ ne remains elevated after puff termination and the post-puff decay time scales are systematically longer across the analysed radii. Outer-target Langmuir probes indicate high-recycling conditions during the analysed window (few-eV T e with radially peaked j sat,∥ and q ∥ profiles, without signatures of deep detachment). The outer-divertor collisionality proxy Λ div is elevated in both cases and does not discriminate between the different post-puff persistence. The target-integrated ion flux proxy J sat dA evolves nearly identically in both discharges when aligned to the puff start. Taken together, these observations suggest that the late/post-puff upstream SOL evolution is not set by parallel exhaust to the outer target alone and is more consistent with upstream cross-field redistribution, with a possible role for plasma-neutral coupling and fueling geometry.

CdSe/CdZnS core/shell nanocrystal scintillators: Light yield, decay time, and solvent effects

Grid-forming control in Type-IV wind turbine generators can exacerbate drivetrain torsional oscillations due to rapid torque variations from DC-link voltage regulation. This paper proposes an active power control-based damping strategy that introduces damping torque indirectly via the grid-side converter, thereby avoiding direct interference with the machine-side DC-link voltage control action. A frequency-domain modeling framework is developed to guide a structured controller design procedure. In this process, the torsional mode is extracted from the rotor speed using a band-pass filter, the phase lag is compensated with a lead element, and the damping gain is determined iteratively using frequency-domain guidelines to balance damping performance and stability margins. Comparative analysis shows that the proposed method reduces the torsional oscillation envelope decay time to about 3 s, whereas existing methods exhibit slower decay and achieve over a 50% reduction in DC-link peak deviations under both phase-jump and voltage-dip scenarios. Real-time experiments on a 2<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim ~$</tex-math></inline-formula>kW hardware setup complement the simulation studies, and an additional wind farm-level case study confirms the scalability of the approach beyond the single-machine infinite bus assumption, providing strong practical validation of the proposed damper.

Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) utilizes molecular contrast agents to highlight critical structures or pathological tissues in real time. The premise of FGS is to enable precise surgical decision-making through accurate visualization and quantitative assessment of fluorophore distribution. However, strong effects of diffusion and absorption of fluorescent light in tissue confound fluorescence images, preventing accurate quantitative assessment of the concentration and distribution of fluorescent markers. These optical artifacts may lead to misinterpretation of tissue boundaries and compromised surgical precision, thereby diminishing the capabilities of FGS. Resolving topological depth maps of fluorophore distribution at the millimeter scale is an important first step in performing quantitative sub-surface fluorescence imaging. In this study, we present a spatiotemporal deep learning architecture that utilizes picosecond single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensor images to rapidly recover the depth topology of a fluorophore distribution embedded in diffuse media. The network is designed to work with wide-field, epi-illumination geometry and millimeter spatial resolution. A ConvLSTM-UNet deep learning network was developed for picosecond time-resolved image analysis. This network was trained on 5000 spatiotemporal maps simulated by the optical Monte Carlo method and convolved with the instrument response function (IRF) of the imaging system. The experimental setup utilized a SwissSPAD2 sensor synchronized with a 635nm picosecond laser diode. Using only 10 selected temporal gates as input, the network could recover depth maps. Reconstruction accuracy was evaluated using mean error metrics across various depths and background concentrations of a fluorophore with a simulated decay time of 100ps. A total of 75 different test fluorescence video data were evaluated. This set encompassed 15 unique inclusion shapes at five different depths. The network successfully reconstructed fluorescence topography up to 15mm with a mean absolute error of less than 0.6mm and mean depth variances below 0.5mm. The inference time was . Integrating temporal and spatial deep learning networks enabled depth mapping from time-resolved fluorescence data. Utilizing real IRF proved the applicability of SPAD sensors for sub-surface fluorescence mapping.

We report the synthesis and comprehensive optical characterization of a high TeO 2 concentration lead boro-tellurite (TBP) glass with composition 70TeO 2 –20B 2 O 3 –10PbO doped with different concentrations (0.5–2.0 mol %) of Eu 3+ ions. The Eu 3+ -doped TBP glasses exhibit high optical transparency, enhanced structural stability, and intense red photoluminescence under low-power 405 nm laser excitation (10 mW), with emission quantum efficiencies up to 80.3 %. Judd–Ofelt analysis and decay time measurements confirm the efficient radiative properties of the Eu 3+ ions in this glass matrix. A high-performance non-contact optical thermometry system was developed using the temperature-dependent luminescence intensity ratio ( LIR ) between the 5 D 0 → 7 F 2 (613nm) and 5 D 0 →7F 1 (592 nm) transitions and a valley at 602 nm, allowing for accurate temperature readout from 18 to 298 °C (291 to 571 K). The Eu 3+ -doped TBP glasses exhibited excellent reversibility, thermal stability, and sensitivity, with best thermometric response for the sample TBP:2.0Eu 3+ with maximum relative sensitivity of 0.89 % K -1 and temperature resolution as low as 0.26 K at 571 K. These results position Eu 3+ -doped TBP glasses as promising candidates for robust, low-cost, and high-resolution optical thermometric applications in harsh environments. • 0.7TeO 2 -0.2B 2 O 3 -0.1PbO (TBP) glasses were prepared with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% of Eu 3+ . • Optical and structural properties of Eu 3+ –doped TBP glasses were determined. • Quantum efficiencies of 76.9 up to 80.3% were obtained for Eu 3+ –doped TBP glasses. • Optical thermometry was measured with high sensitivity and reversibility. • The luminescence has robust and repeatable response over 18–298 °C temperature range.

Recently, catheters incorporating both contact force (CF) sensing and local impedance (LI) measurement-an indicator of tissue temperature-have become clinically available. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of superior vena cava isolation (SVCI) using this catheter and to investigate the characteristics of impedance during the procedure. This retrospective study included 64 patients undergoing initial SVCI using the StablePoint catheter (40 W, CF 10-20 g, 8-10 s). We analyzed the success rate of SVCI and impedance data collected from 1 402 ablation points, with particular attention to the dynamics of LI and generator impedance (GI). First-pass isolation was achieved in all cases without complications such as phrenic nerve or sinus node injury. The LI drop was significantly greater and faster than the GI drop in all segments. The 90% decay time of LI was consistently 5-6 s, suggesting effective lesion formation during the resistive heating phase. LI provides a more reliable and localized indicator of tissue response than GI. The temporal profile of LI supports its utility in guiding safe and effective lesion delivery, particularly in the thin myocardial tissue of the SVC. High-power ablation guided by LI and CF using the StablePoint catheter enables safe and effective SVCI with accurate real-time assessment of lesion quality.

Solid-state scintillators are widely used in particle and applied physics due to their versatility and resistance to diverse environments and operating conditions. This broad range of applications calls for thorough characterization of scintillating crystals. Among these materials, cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce) is a promising scintillator owing to its favorable timing characteristics, high light yield, good mechanical properties, and chemical stability. In this work, we report a comprehensive experimental characterization of a YAG:Ce crystal exposed to both γ and α radiation. We extract the scintillation decay time and light yield, and study their evolution from room temperature down to approximately -50°C. We perform a detailed investigation of the quenching factor for α particles in the energy range from about 6 MeV down to 1 MeV, finding a value that decreases from approximately 0.17 to 0.10. We also explore the possibility of pulse-shape discrimination based on the different signal evolution depending on the interaction type, demonstrating strong classification capabilities. These results provide a detailed assessment of the performance of YAG:Ce for radiation-detection applications and offer insight into its potential use in environments requiring reliable particle identification and stable response across a wide range of operating conditions.

This study investigates the effect of heat treatment on light emission within the thermal equilibrium region between the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the crystallization temperatures (Tc). Samples were prepared and analyzed in the glassy state and thermal analysis was used to determine the thermal stability zone. Heat treatments were performed at 450, 500, 550, 600, and 675°C. Most samples containing lithium oxide up to 50mol% exhibit a strong absorption peak at 450°C, which decreases with increasing heat treatment temperature. In contrast, samples containing more than 50% lithium oxide show a higher peak intensity at 500°C. Optical transmittance decreases as the annealing temperature approaches the glass transition temperature (Tg) and increases as it approaches the crystallization temperature. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the studied samples indicate the presence of either two phases or one phase of Li2B4O7, LiBO2, and LiB3O5 deposited in the heat-treated sample at 700°C, with crystal sizes in the nanoscale up to 18nm. This resulted in a decrease in decay time and a change in the emission color to white or blue. The optical band gap energy of the heat-treated samples increases by up to 10%. The Judd-Ofelt coefficients follow the order Ω2 > Ω6 > Ω4, consistent with the typical behavior of glass. The excitation and emission spectra show that the main excitation peak shifts from 393nm in the glass state to 403nm (heat-treated glass), while the dominant emission peak shifts from 596 to 600nm. The intensity of both excitation and emission increases with increasing heat treatment temperature. Correlational color temperature CCT values for heat-treated samples below 4000K indicate their suitability for laser and red-orange light emission applications, while some samples heat-treated at temperatures at 650°C or higher exhibit CCT values ​​above 4000K, approaching the bluish-white region.