Arguments In Debate Research Articles

On-pump beating-heart coronary artery bypass grafting in high-risk patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Operative technique for surgical myocardial revascularization in high-risk patients remains an argument of debate. On-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with cardioplegic arrest and off-pump CABG have intrinsic limitations. The hybrid approach of on-pump beating-heart CABG (OPBHC) has been proposed over the years with conflicting results. This systematic review and meta-analysis intends to summarize the contemporary literature. A literature search was conducted through major electronic databases. The systematic review provided a total of 279 articles, of those 17 studies were included in the present study. Compared with on-pump CABG, OPBHC patients showed a preoperative higher risk profile but had reduced early mortality (risk ratio [RR], 0.59, 95% CI, 0.36-0.97) and reduced postoperative stroke (RR, 0.60, 95% CI, 0.39-0.91). Also, interesting trends towards reduced postoperative intra-aortic balloon pump use (RR, 0.56, 95% CI, 0.31-1.01) and myocardial infarction (RR, 0.48, 95% CI, 0.22-1.07) were observed. Baseline characteristics and postoperative complications were similar between OPBHC and off-pump CABG, but limited data are available. The risk of incomplete revascularization in OPBHC is lower than off-pump CABG (RR, 0.53, 95% CI, 0.33-0.87) but higher than conventional on-pump CABG (RR, 1.71, 95% CI, 1.23-2.39). OPBHC is an effective technique to perform surgical revascularization in high-risk patients as preventing haemodynamic deterioration and guaranteeing adequate end-organ perfusion. OPBHC represents an alternative technique to on-pump and off-pump CABG, in those cases in which complications deriving from cardioplegic arrest or manipulation of the heart are more likely. For these reasons, OPBHC might be useful in patients with recent myocardial infarction or with left ventricular dysfunction.

The Normative Grammar of Relational Analysis: Recognition Theory's Contribution to Understanding Short-Comings in IR's Relational Turn

AbstractThis Theory Note focuses on the resurgent interest in relationalism in constructivist IR theory. I begin by contextualizing current efforts to move constructivism toward this theoretical register. In particular, I focus on the framing influence of Mustafa Emirbayer's “Manifesto for a Relational Sociology,” showing how key theoretical concerns articulated there have resonated with the constructivist critique of rationalist and structuralist explanatory approaches in IR. These cross-purposes, however, also signal that the lacunae identified by Emirbayer should be of interest to IR constructivists seeking to promote a relationalist research project. I argue that in particular Emirbayer's identification of a gap on normative implications has not received adequate attention in IR debates. In the second part, I discuss Honneth's recognition theoretic approach as promising for supplementing a normative register that satisfies the “process-ontological” proclivities of relationalism as understood by IR constructivists. In the final part, I outline by way of an example some of the meta-theoretical and methodological implications of this version of recognition theory, contrast it with contending arguments in current debates, and commend its potential.

What Was Parliamentary Reporting? A Study of Aims and Results in the London Daily Newspapers, 1780–96*

AbstractThe nature of these newspaper reports – that is, the character of their principal content – has never been studied, despite its obvious importance and, as we shall see, its marked differences from our Hansard. This article relates their nature to a vital feature of parliamentary leadership, the ability to lead the argument in debate. The practical reasoning in parliamentary deliberation and justification, especially what speakers contributed towards the outcome or ‘the sense of the debate’, predominated in these reports. This implied a need for reporters to concentrate on the ‘substance’ of speeches and their bearing on the motion. One result was that speeches which were judged to define or develop arguments pro and con were treated at length, the defining speeches most extensively and others in proportion to what they added. Conversely, speeches which reiterated known positions or which were irrelevant to the arguments in hand were omitted or downplayed, even if they were important in some other way, while whole debates which added little to ongoing discussion could be treated quite briefly. But if being a front bencher did not guarantee coverage, being a back bencher was no bar: the criterion was the importance of a speaker's contribution, while the manner of coverage accented what was contributed. The reporters’ concerns emphasized debates that promised significant change in matters of national importance, but gave relatively little attention to recurrent or localised business as such. Their writing – they were known as debate writers or news‐writers – was interpretation answering to evaluative and selective criteria rather than a record in a simple sense. Their work is not to be understood in the same terms as a modern Hansard, and in particular not as a defective Hansard, but rather is such that it requires further work on a wide range of new research questions if it is to be understood to best effect, a requirement which suggests a need to study it critically before using it as source material.

Prognostic factors of resected lung cancer with chest wall involvement

Chest wall involvement in bronchogenic carcinomas is observed approximately 5% to 8% of resectable lung cancer. These carcinomas are classified as T3 or T4 depending on the structures involved, but in such cases, extended resection is needed to maximize the chances of durable disease control. Surgical resection, whose technical feasibility was firstly described in 1947, is the key element in the management of these patients and the effective role of multimodality regimens or the part of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy in the R0-chest wall invading NSCLC without nodal involvement is the argument of debate. Regardless of pT or pN, overall 5-years survival for these patients ranges from 10% to 61.4% in the different series. However, the prognosis of these patients depends on several factors. Different prognostic factors have been consistently reported in the literature for those patients. The most important are the presence of nodal involvement, with the worst prognosis in N1 et N2, incomplete resection of the tumor and pathological R1 or R2 disease, depth of chest wall infiltration and extension of resection. Age and female sex are other reported factors. Even if multimodality management encompassing chemotherapy and radiotherapy strategies in lung cancer invading chest wall is debated, a multidisciplinary approach, integrating surgery, neoadjuvant and adjuvant radio, and chemotherapy is the key to offer patients the best available solutions in the optimal timing.

Gender specification of Polish nouns naming people: language system and public debate arguments

Changes in language practices take place against a backdrop of social pressures for greater gender equality. The topic of the current paper concerns the grammatical and social complexities of a language reform for gender fair representation in the Polish context. The “socially-motivated” language reform, which aims to enhance social equality, is underpinned but also challenged by the language systemon the one hand and by public debate on the other. Therefore, grammatical constraints afforded by the language system need to be investigated in the context of the social attitudes to gender relations in Poland as well as attitudes to the proposed linguistic innovations. It is our aim here to reflect upon the current social debate about the process of ongoing language change, more specifically to consider the relevant linguistic and social arguments. These arguments used are discussed, as revealed in a close analysis of a range of texts of varying genre, social reach and significance, written as a reaction to usage dilemmas often faced by the speakers. The texts were collected between January 2014 and November 2019. The paper concludes with suggestions of the best policy to deal with a highly controversial socio-linguistic issue.

The racial coding of performance debate: race, difference, and policy debate

It is time for debate to do away with performance debate—not the practices this label describes, but rather the label itself. This article argues that performance debate is racially-coded language that devalues black participation in debate, and that, along with the label’s lack of benefit for coaching or thinking about debate arguments or strategy, warrants its dismissal from everyday use. Not only is it racially-coded and unhelpful, it also disincentivizes black participation which is always rendered as other. Racially-coded rhetorics are a particularly insidious way to express racist ideas under the guise of race-neutral language. As such, one way to express displeasure with or a distaste for black debaters, and to discourage their participation, is to describe their debate as performance debate as opposed to debate. In order to make policy debate, where performance debate has its genesis, more inclusive to minoritarian debaters and more pedagogically sound, debate participants must reject the performance debate label in order to resist re-inscribing the racially-divided history of policy debate.

Quality Of Arguments Used In The First-Round Presidential Debate: Critical Pragmatics And Stephen Toulmin’s Perspective

It is important for politicians to have a good argumentative skill. For state leaders, the ability to think logically, to use rhetoric, and to argue systematically, scientifically, sharply, and eloquently is very crucial. The year 2019 is the political year for Indonesia. Political campaigns leading to the presidential and the legislative election, both in national and regional levels, will happen in 2019. The focus of this research is to investigate the depth and breadth of the arguments stated by the presidential candidates and how those arguments are presented. The research substantial data source is in the form of speech transcript of the recorded video of the first-round presidential debate by two pairs of president and vice-president candidates. The research data were the debate arguments found in the video transcript and the contexts surrounding them. The data gathering method used observation by employing recording and note-taking techniques. After the data were gathered, they were selected and classified based on their types for further analysis. The analysis method was distributional method and content analysis. Both data analysis methods were applied to yield significant results of the study. The results showed that there are simple patterns of argument containing claim, subclaim, data, and warrant. The orders of elements of arguments might be varied. The research results also showed that there were various pragmatic meanings found in the arguments used by the president and vice-president candidates. The results of the study which was analyzed using the critical pragmatic perspective reflect how far the candidates were concerned with the marginalized, the underprivileged, and the subjugated people.

Creating a ‘FatherConfessor’: the origins of research ethics committees in UK military medical research, 1950–1970. Part I, context and causes

Part I provides the historiographical context and examines the causes which led to the creation of the first independent research ethics committee (REC) at Porton Down, Britain’s biological and chemical...

Partisan Policymaking in the Extended Party Network: The Case of Cap-and-Trade Regulations

American political parties frequently advance contradictory arguments in policy debates, but scholars know relatively little about where these arguments originate. Outside research-producing institutions are likely culprits. Have the research and advocacy efforts of these groups helped structure policy discussions along party lines, thereby contributing to partisan polarization? I answer this question by tracing the diffusion of policy language related to cap-and-trade regulations across actors and over time. Utilizing quantitative network and text analysis techniques, as well as qualitative textual analysis, I find that outside groups inform policy discussions through their early research. First, prominent organizations develop ideas and talking points that then spread to other groups. Second, members of Congress adopt these talking points and use them to justify their views to their constituents. Importantly, the diffusion of arguments is most likely among actors with shared partisan commitments, resulting in two relatively cohesive and distinct partisan communities that advance partisan policy narratives. These findings have important implications for our understanding of partisan polarization, outside group influence, and the capacity for Congress to address meaningful public problems.

O Programa Mais Médicos no Brasil sob a ótica do ciclo das políticas públicas: argumentos para debate a partir da análise de Heider Pinto e colegas

O Programa Mais Médicos no Brasil sob a ótica do ciclo das políticas públicas: argumentos para debate a partir da análise de Heider Pinto e colegas

Medicaid's Institutions for Mental Diseases (IMD) Exclusion Rule: A Policy Debate-Argument to Retain the IMD Rule.

Medicaid's Institutions for Mental Diseases (IMD) Exclusion Rule: A Policy Debate-Argument to Retain the IMD Rule.

Looking into the shadow: the eugenics argument in debates on reproductive technologies and practices

Eugenics is often referred to in debates on the ethics of reproductive technologies and practices, in relation to the creation of moral boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable technologies, and acceptable and unacceptable uses of these technologies. Historians have argued that twentieth century eugenics cannot be reduced to a uniform set of practices, and that no simple lessons can be drawn from this complex history. Some authors stress the similarities between past eugenics and present reproductive technologies and practices (what I define throughout the paper as ‘the continuity view’) in order to condemn the latter. Others focus on the differences between past and present practices (what I define throughout the paper as ‘the discontinuity view’) in order to defend contemporary reproductive technologies. In this paper, I explore the meanings of the word ‘eugenics’ and the relationship between its past and present uses in terms of contemporary debates on reproductive technologies and practices. I argue that moral disagreement about present technologies originate in divergent views of condemnable and justifiable features of the past.

Transnational News Consumption and Digital Content Mobility

Over the latest decade, the availability of news media from various countries of the globe has increased dramatically as both media production and consumption have been steered towards digital and social platforms. This de-territorialized news ecology has been widely researched in terms of content and distribution, while its broader consequences for news audiences have been less studied. Focusing on the case of Sweden, this article analyses social variations in transnational news consumption including platform selections, motivations, and attitudes connected to this news use. Results show that transnational news consumption is more widespread among people with a background in other countries than Sweden, but all together, more than a quarter of the Swedish population and nearly half of the younger generation are weekly consumers of news from other countries. Hence, transnational news consumption is no longer restricted to a specific elite-segment of society, which has been a common argument in scholarly debates around the globalization of news. Another central finding is that transnational news consumption is rooted in a willingness to understand the outside world through alternative perspectives, rather than in a dissatisfaction with the quality or trustworthiness of the news produced by Swedish outlets.

Burning roots: Stakeholder arguments and media representations on the sustainability of tree stump extraction in Finland

The sustainable use of forest resources is an intensively debated topic, raising environmental, socio-cultural and economic concerns. The debate culminates around forest bioenergy. The bioenergy debate has been characterized by a strong polarisation between different perspectives on environmental impacts. In particular, the claims about carbon sequestration have been contrasted with other ecological impacts. This article focuses on the debate over the use of tree stumps as a relatively novel source of forest bioenergy. To shed light on the constellation of the different arguments and actors in the debate on the sustainability of forest bioenergy, we conducted an empirical qualitative analysis of Finnish argumentation on tree stump removal, using media and interview data and relating the emerging sustainability arguments to the dimensions debated in the EU biofuel sustainability policy. The analysis shows the variation of views across Finnish expert stakeholders and the fora where the arguments are made. Climate impacts dominate the media discussion, while other sustainability dimensions are covered in expert discussion. Our findings have implications for the interpretation and use of scientific arguments in energy debates, in particular regarding environmental sustainability.

Mega-events and the Preservation of Urban Heritage: Literature Gaps, Potential Overlaps, and a Call for Further Research

Despite mega-events being long perceived as great opportunities by urban policy makers, several cities have recently withdrawn bids for the Olympic games. The disconnect between the planning of mega-events and the urban environment is a reoccurring argument in public debate, but missing in research. In this article, we consider how the relationship between mega-events and urban heritage has been discussed in literature, examining the gaps and potential overlaps, why they exist, and further argue the need to bridge disciplines. In conclusion, we outline new perspectives for studying and learning from the crossroad of the two policy fields, namely, cultural mega-events.

The Grammatical Errors in Debate Arguments Made by Students of Global English Language Center

The thesis entitled Grammatical Errors in Debate Arguments Made by the Students of Global English Language Center. The objectives of this study were (1) to find out the kinds of errors made by the students of Global English Language Center in their debate arguments and (2) to find out the causes of errors made by the students of Global English Language Center in their debate arguments. The writer used descriptive-qualitative method of research. The population of this study was all the students of Global English Language Center. The sample was chosen by using purposive sampling. The samples were 12 students which were grouped into two debate sessions. The data were calculated and analyzed based on surface strategy taxonomy and linguistic category taxonomy to know the errors. Samples' personal reasons and personal judgement were used to know the causes of the errors. The findings showed that there were four types of errors that the students made which are omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. Misformation is the major error made by the students. Nervousness, time limit, native language interference, and the insufficient grammar learning were the causes why the students made errors.

The Grammatical Errors in Debate Arguments Made by Students of Global English Language Center

The thesis entitled Grammatical Errors in Debate Arguments Made by the Students of Global English Language Center. The objectives of this study were (1) to find out the kinds of errors made by the students of Global English Language Center in their debate arguments and (2) to find out the causes of errors made by the students of Global English Language Center in their debate arguments. The writer used descriptive-qualitative method of research. The population of this study was all the students of Global English Language Center. The sample was chosen by using purposive sampling. The samples were 12 students which were grouped into two debate sessions. The data were calculated and analyzed based on surface strategy taxonomy and linguistic category taxonomy to know the errors. Samples’ personal reasons and personal judgement were used to know the causes of the errors. The findings showed that there were four types of errors that the students made which are omission, addition, misformation, and misordering. Misformation is the major error made by the students. Nervousness, time limit, native language interference, and the insufficient grammar learning were the causes why the students made errors.

Tell the story: How to write for American Ethnologist

ABSTRACTTo write a successful article for a major anthropology journal, authors can employ a number of strategies. The first and most essential is to familiarize themselves with the journal's mission. For AE, authors must ground their arguments in current debates in the discipline, make a clear contribution to anthropological theory, support this contribution with ethnography, and demonstrate its relevance to contemporary sociocultural problems. Moreover, AE authors must cite other authors appropriately, cohesively structure the article, and avoid various problems that afflict much of academic writing—such as evasive metadiscourse, inflated diction, serial citation, and unnecessary literature reviews. To maximize the article's online discoverability, authors should judiciously compose their titles and abstracts and carefully choose their accompanying keywords. [writing, composition, publishing, editing, theory, ethnography, American Ethnologist]

Implicit standards of public argument in presidential debates: what the 2016 debates reveal about public deliberation

ABSTRACTThe functioning of presidential debates commonly has been evaluated based on a consideration of polling and other studies testing their influence on campaigns and how well they have educated the public. What has not been recognized is that in some cases where there is agreement about the content and results of the debate, it is possible to draw inferences about public deliberation. This essay uses a close analysis of the 2016 general-election presidential debates in order to illuminate public deliberation in the 2016 campaign.

Meeting the commander-in-waiting: Undecided voters and the 2016 vice-presidential debate

ABSTRACTThe vast majority of published communication scholarship regarding political campaign debates focuses on the actions of the presidential candidates. Considerably less research, by comparison, has contributed to our understanding of the role of vice-presidential candidates. Experimental research has revealed that exposure to presidential debates can influence viewers’ political information efficacy, cynicism, polarization, and feeling thermometer evaluations of the candidates, but very little research examines the why behind these shifts. Based on a focus group of undecided voters who watched the 2016 vice-presidential debate, this study presents exploratory analysis of how a vice-presidential debate influences the political attitudes and behaviors of uncommitted voters. We first review prior research on the vice-presidential candidate's rhetorical role in the campaign as well as research on the impact of vice-presidential debates, followed by a description of our study's methodology, and conclude with an extended analysis of the 2016 vice-presidential debate arguments and how undecided voters responded.