Dearth Of Results Research Articles

Revisiting the National Physical Education Content Standards: What Do We Really Know About Our Achievement of the Physically Educated/Literate Person?

Purpose:The purpose of this paper was to review the research literature in physical education to establish what is currently known about the extent to which the national outcome goals have been achieved.Method:Papers were selected through an initial search of the EBSCO database, with main identifiers included being physical education, physical activity, and physical fitness, combined with the descriptors that represented the key idea of each of the give content standards. Further journal articles were then obtained through the citations and references in the original documents.Results:While there is a dearth of results that directly accounts for the accomplishment of the standards, the research suggests that the expectations of performance, as outlined in the standards, are being realized by less than half of all students participating in physical education.Discussion:The discussion presents a model for moving research in the field forward, and suggests there is a need for descriptive studies which provide rich details of the contexts where highly effective, as well as sophisticated interventions whose goal is to produce significant change in selected student outcomes.

The Political Economy of Polarization: The Italian Case, 1963–1987

Economic voting in Italy has received scant attention in the literature, and the few studies available show little or no empirical support for economic voting hypotheses as applied to Italy. We argue that this dearth of results is primarily due to poor operationalization and study design. In contrast to previous studies that focused on the relationship between the state of the economy and the electoral performance of individual parties, we investigate the impact of prices, employment, and economic output on the polarization of the party system. Using data on seven Italian national elections covering the period 1963–87, we show that polarization is, in fact, closely related to macroeconomic performance. Additionally, in contrast to past studies of Italy, the results are robust with respect to the lag period of the economic variables.

Rain Height in Relation to 0°C Isotherm Height Over Some Indian Tropical Locations and Rain Attenuation for an Indian South Coastal Station for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Communication Systems

There is a dearth of results on rain height over Indian tropical stations.The results on rain height in relation to 0°C isotherm height over four stations having different latitudes are presented in this paper. Four stations have been chosen in such a way that all have different latitudes and are located in different geographical regions having different local weather conditions. The seaonal variation of rain height in relation to 0°C isotherm height has been found to be appreciable over the station located in Indian east coast and Gujarat region, while seasonal variation is not significant at lower and intermediate probability levels over the stations located in Indian south-east coast and island. The prevailing local weather conditions over different stations also have been discussed. Based on observed rain heights and rain rates, the attenuation of radio wave at different frequencies lying in the range from 10 GHz to 150 GHz for different probability levels over Indian south-east coastal station have been deduced and presented in this paper.

An application of FDTD in studying the end effects of slotline and coplanar waveguide with anisotropic substrates

In this paper, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied in conjunction with the generalized pencil of function (GPOF) technique to evaluate the reflection coefficient from shorted slotlines and coplanar waveguides (CPW) on anisotropic substrates, and to extract the propagation constant along the line from these data. For each frequency, the field solutions at different locations are processed by using the GPOF technique to extract two complex exponents that correspond to the forward and backward traveling waves, which provide all the information about the reflection coefficient and the dispersion characteristic of the transmission line. The advantage of combining the GPOF technique with the FDTD method is that the reflection coefficients can be obtained with a single run. Recognizing that there is a dearth of results for the reflection coefficients of slotline and CPW-line discontinuities with anisotropic substrates, the present problem is also solved by using the spectral-domain method for the purpose of validation, and the two results are found to compare quite well with each other. For further validation, the FDTD and GPOF solutions are derived for isotropic substrates, and are compared with the published theoretical and experimental results.

On the Objectives of Arms Control

The volume of literature on arms control contrasts sharply with the dearth of results in actual armaments limitation or control. This huge disparity between fullness of advice and leanness of practical results suggests a good deal about both the character of that advice and the magnitude of the practical difficulties-and especially about the failure of the former to adjust to the latter. The ample quantity of the writing on arms control in the face of what would seem to be such poor prospects of realization reflects also an aspiration, amounting often to religiosity, in much of the motivation for that writing. Although we must be grateful for whatever propels motivation in what we feel intuitively to be a good cause, we must also be suspicious of that kind of motivation which corrupts the endeavor.' All but a minute proportion of the works that I have seen on the general subject of arms control fail to be of any utility for the policymaker, and thus also for the student of policy making, exceptf insofar as some of those writings conveniently provide for the interested layman some technical knowledge about weaponry. That failure is naturally due to various characteristics, but one common characteristic that I should put at the top of the list is persistent failure to clarify and analyze objectives, which of course precludes any rigorous and consistent adherence to the soundest objectives. Naturally, this clarification should not have to be done over and over again, but it would be useful to have it be done occasionally.