In the semiconductor industry, plasma etching has become a key process for fabricating precise and reliable patterns with high aspect ratios capacitors (HARC), allowing for complex device architectures. During continuous etching operations, the focus ring gradually erodes as a crucial component for maintaining plasma uniformity, particularly at the wafer edge. This degradation results in plasma instability and sheath distortion at the edge, leading to non-uniform etch profiles, tilting, and reduced productivity. This study investigates the effect of applying a separated DC edge bias to achieve more uniform plasma conditions and highly directional ion incidence by controlling the plasma sheath potential. The implementation of localized DC voltages at the edge enhanced etching uniformity and mitigated tilting issues, thereby showing the formation of well-defined and vertical trench. However, high DC voltages exceeding 280V generated harmful current flow from the edge to the wafer center, which triggered plasma instability and impaired precise sheath control. This electrical interference and etching non-uniformity were alleviated by modifying the impedance ratio of the focus ring to the wafer chuck. As a result, the proposed approach is expected to improve etching efficiency and overall yield in fabrication of next-generation memory devices.

Resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) based on two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit excellent resonance properties such as a large tuning range, ultralow power, and large dynamic range, leading to broad potential applications in sensing and signal processing. However, scalable fabrication of high-performance 2D NEMS arrays, particularly those with individually addressable electronic control, remains challenging and underexplored. Here, we report a mass transfer printing (MTP) method for the fabrication of large-scale electronically-independent molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) NEMS resonators with regular isolation spacing. MoS2 is precisely torn at the edges of polymer protrusions by the surface tension of auxiliary liquid, followed by dry-transfer to the pre-patterned substrate with microtrenches and electrodes. The MTP technique avoids lithographic processes that could lead to collapsing or failure of suspended 2D materials while obtaining electronically independent devices. Characterization of 84 monolayer MoS2 NEMS resonators demonstrates maintained material quality after transfer, structural integrity, highly tunable resonance frequencies in very-high-frequency (VHF) band, consistent tuning trend of quality (Q) factors, and significant signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Independent AC voltage excitation and DC voltage sweeping on different resonators confirm individual electronic control without crosstalk even for neighboring resonators. Furthermore, we design and experimentally demonstrate a functional decimal-to-binary converter building block using adjacent, electrically isolated resonators on a single chip, using gate voltage as input and amplitude at the specific frequency as output. The MTP-fabricated array of independently-addressable MoS2 resonators advances the large-scale integration of 2D NEMS devices, offering a straightforward and promising pathway for a plethora of applications built upon such device platform.

ABSTRACT This paper presents an efficient dual‐band rectenna for energy harvesting in IoT applications at the 5G (3.6 GHz) and Wi‐Fi max (5.8 GHz) bands. The rectenna consists of a dual‐band antenna, an impedance‐matching network (IMN), and a rectifier circuit designed on the FR4 substrate to make the system economical. The antenna is optimized on the substrate of a compact area equal to . A heptagonal patch with a heptagonal slot and tuning stubs provides proper impedance matching and bandwidth. The partial ground design yields a measured gain of 4.97 and 7.07 dBi at 3.6 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna exhibits an omnidirectional radiational pattern with improved radiation efficiency. The received EM signal is then rectified using an HSMS‐2860 Schottky diode‐based rectifier circuit. The circuit is connected to the antenna via an IMN. The proposed IMN reduces the rectenna complexity by utilizing minimum transmission lines for dual‐frequency operation. It shows the maximum measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 54% and 46% at 3.6 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The output DC voltage of 1.64 and 1.25 V is measured for 3.6 and 5.8 GHz, respectively, at a 1‐Kload resistance.

Purpose In the latest years, various innovative and hopeful applications for electronic industry are founded on memristors. They are novel, two-terminal and passive elements, having very good commutating and memory features. For design, synthesis and analysis of memristor circuits, scientists need simple, precise and fast-operating memristor models and suitable software. The purpose of this paper is to provide simplified and quickly functioning memristor models, paying attention on basic parasitic parameters – capacitance, resistance, inductance, additional small-signal DC current and voltage sources for shifting the i–v relations, and analysis of their influence on memristor operation. Models’ simplification ensures analyses of complex memristor-based devices. Design/methodology/approach The optimal values of memristor model’s coefficients and parasitic parameters are estimated, applying experimental voltage–current characteristics of Knowm memristors and using a gradient-descending technique in Simulink-MATLAB. Findings Analyses in MATLAB and LTSPICE approve the correct and fast operation of proposed memristor models, their good memory and switching properties and applicability in different electronic devices. Some potential applications of proposed models are discussed and a comparison with several widely used standard and modified models is conducted. Originality/value Simple modified models of a memristor with parasitic parameters are applied in MATLAB and LTSPICE for finding parasitic capacitance, resistance, inductance and small-signal DC voltage and current components. The amplitude response is analyzed, together with i–v relations at different frequencies in sine-wave and impulse modes.

Current Control and DC Capacitor Dynamic Interaction in a Cross-Timescale Manner in DFIG-WT Dominated Power Systems

Wear and dielectric breakdown behavior of DLC coatings with different electrical properties under DC voltage lubrication environments

An experimental platform is developed with the aim of evaluating the performance of grid forming strategies in bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. The test bench is developed connecting a battery simulator to a grid simulator using a power converter that acts as an EV charger. This EV charger is composed of two stages: a DC/DC that increases the DC voltage of the battery, and a DC/AC that exchanges active and reactive power with the grid. The interface between the EV charger and the grid is done using an LCL filter, which is designed to meet the power quality requirements of the grid standards. The controller is a cRIO-9040, which integrates the control algorithms for both DC/DC and DC/AC stages, and a high acquisition task (10 kHz). The results obtained in the test bench are compared with the simulations carried out in Matlab/Simulink, showing the appropriateness of the experimental setup to validate control algorithms. Key words. Vehicle to grid (V2G), grid forming (GFM), test bench.

Lipid estimation of microalgae via Finite element simulation using voltage discharging technique.

Avionics systems in aircraft rely on precise power management to regulate battery charge and control power distribution across electrical systems. This study focuses on designing and constructing a digital ammeter-voltmeter system with a seven-segment display to accurately measure battery charge, discharge, and generator load in helicopters. The system replaces traditional analog meters with an electronic solution that provides real- time numerical readings. By using TC7107 IC, this electronic circuit accurately monitors DC and AC voltage and current levels, ensuring reliable power management. The implementation of this system in two-seater helicopters improves safety and operational efficiency by enabling precise monitoring of power conditions and increase the reliability and accuracy of helicopter operator monitoring. The system is capable of localization, operation, and implementation, and its model simulation has been performed. The results of which are presented in the text of the article, indicating better operational performance and stability of the helicopter's electronic system.

ABSTRACT The incessant pursuit of the large-scale, complex-geometry components catalyses the emergence of the new additive manufacturing process. The robotic-arm assisted screw-extrusion additive manufacturing (SEAM) process has been considered an ideal solution for meeting those ever-increasing demands. However, due to the lack of an integral controller, such a process faces a unique challenge to synchronise the extrusion flow with the motion. To tackle this challenge, this study proposes a velocity-dependent feedforward extrusion controller to tune the extrusion volume in real-time. This study shows that the extrusion volume of the custom-built screw-extrusion system is linearly dependent on the rotation velocity of the screw, which can be tuned by the external DC voltage signal. By extracting the velocity signal from the robotic system, the proposed extrusion controller can effectively tune the extrusion volume without accessing the robotics’ motion controller. Further micro-scale characterisation reveals that the proposed controller can significantly reduce the undesired overflow and underflow, leading to more refined surface finish and consistent wall thickness. The findings of this study not only provide a systematic and practical guideline for flow manipulation in robotic SEAM systems but also contribute to the broader field of motion-synchronised extrusion control for six-axis robotic arms.

This paper investigates the critical role of Direct Current to Direct Current (DC-DC) converters in satellite power systems, emphasizing the need for efficient and reliable energy conversion under dynamic space conditions. A novel Fuzzy Model Control (FMC) strategy is proposed for a quasi-Trans-Z-Source DC-DC boost converter, addressing the inherent challenges of nonlinear power dynamics and multiport energy flow management in space applications. The proposed approach enhances mode transitions, improves solar energy extraction from photovoltaic (PV) panels, and ensures stable voltage regulation under fluctuating load conditions. A comprehensive theoretical analysis of the circuit topology highlights its advantages over conventional boost converters, including continuous input current, higher voltage gain, and reduced passive component stress. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed FMC achieves ± 1.5% voltage regulation accuracy, reduces current ripple by 28%, and improves transient response time by 35% compared to a conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controller. The overall system efficiency reaches 94.7% under nominal conditions. Furthermore, the control strategy effectively manages constraints such as duty cycle limits and dynamic disturbances, confirming its real-time applicability for spaceborne platforms such as nanosatellites and CubeSats.

Traditional radio frequency (RF) electronics rely on discrete devices, such as diodes, transistors, capacitors, and antennas capable of operating in the GHz frequency domain. Unfortunately, integrating these components to realize large-area RF electronics presents formidable challenges. Herein, we demonstrate wafer-scale, solution-processed indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) Schottky diodes with a cut-off frequency exceeding 160 GHz. The diodes feature planar asymmetric self-aligned nanogap electrodes patterned via adhesion lithography (a-Lith) and a flash lamp annealed solution-processed IGZO as the semiconducting layer. An enabling feature of the devices is the Ohmic contact facilitated by an ultra-thin (10 nm) ZnO layer deposited atop the aluminum electrode without increasing the manufacturing complexity. The ZnO interlayer shifts the work function of the aluminum electrode closer to the conduction band of IGZO, reducing the injection barrier and improving electron injection. The ensuing diodes show reduced turn-on voltage (≈0.08 V), higher on-current, high rectification ratio (≈105), and ultra-low junction capacitance (<15 pF). RF rectifier circuits made of these IGZO diodes yield a maximum output DC voltage of 0.74 V with an extrinsic cut-off frequency exceeding 160 GHz, making them the fastest large-area diodes reported to date. Our technology offers scalable manufacturing with unprecedented performance and creates new opportunities for emerging applications.

With the advancement of smart management technologies, research on self-powered silicon PIN photodetectors has become increasingly important. In this paper, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-driven silicon PIN photodetector based on power management circuitry is proposed. Through rectification and filtering, the pulse signal from the TENG is converted into stable DC voltage, providing reverse bias for the photodetector. With a 5 MΩ sampling resistor, the system generates a voltage of 0.4 V in the absence of light, which gradually increases to 7.3 V and saturates as the light intensity increases to 300 Lux, demonstrating good compatibility and near independence from the TENG rotation speed. Additionally, a light communication system is constructed, with the TENG-driven silicon PIN photodetector as the receiver unit and a signal transmission unit consisting of a finger-pressed TENG combined with an LED. This system successfully transmits Morse code signals such as “SOS” and “TENG”.

Multilevel inverters (MLIs) have emerged as a foundational component in modern power electronics, particularly in medium- and high-voltage applications where conventional two-level inverters are no longer sufficient to meet performance, efficiency, and reliability standards. One of the primary motivations behind the widespread adoption of MLIs is their ability to synthesize high-quality output voltages with lower total harmonic distortion (THD), thereby improving power quality and system compatibility. This harmonic reduction is crucial in industrial and utility-scale applications, where precise voltage waveforms are essential for the reliable operation of motors, transformers, and sensitive loads. This paper introduces a novel multilevel inverter topology based on the cascaded connection of fundamental inverter modules. The proposed configuration is designed to operate efficiently in both symmetrical and asymmetrical modes, making it highly suitable for integration with renewable energy sources such as fuel cells and photovoltaic systems. In the symmetrical arrangement, each module utilizes identical DC source magnitudes, whereas in the asymmetrical configuration, unequal DC voltage levels—derived through binary or trinary progression—are employed to generate a greater number of output voltage levels using fewer components. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the proposed topology significantly reduces the number of power switches and passive components required, leading to lower power losses and enhanced overall inverter efficiency. Additionally, the total standing voltage stress on the semiconductor switches remains within acceptable limits, thereby improving reliability and operational safety compared to conventional multilevel inverter designs. The flexibility and simplicity of the proposed structure make it an ideal candidate for low- to medium-power renewable energy applications. To validate the functionality and effectiveness of the design, both simulation and experimental results are presented for 11-level, 15-level, and 19-level inverter configurations. The results confirm that the proposed inverter achieves high-quality output voltage waveforms with minimized harmonic distortion and improved performance across various load conditions.

Electron transport driven by the phase coherence and interference of quantum many-body wavefunctions is a fascinating phenomenon with potential technological significance. Superconductivity, for example, enables dissipationless transport through macroscopic phase twisting, while charge-density waves show broadband noise and AC-DC interference once their phase is depinned. We identify an analogous phase-coherent dynamics in the intervalley-coherent (IVC) state frequently observed in rhombohedral multilayer graphene. We show that a static magnetic field drives an oscillating intervalley current, which produces an oscillating orbital magnetization and thereby a detectable AC Hall response. This mechanism is similar to the Josephson effect observed in superconductors but now happening in momentum space. In this analogy, the static magnetic field acts as the DC voltage, while the oscillating intervalley current is the AC Josephson current. We provide microscopic calculations of all the phase-number free-energy parameters in rhombohedral trilayer graphene, establishing this effect as an experimental signature of IVC order.

This study proposes an optimal control strategy for an electric vehicle (EV) powered by PV arrays and a battery employing a current-fed converter topology regulated via sliding mode control and linear quadratic regulator (LQR). To enhance the efficiency of the photovoltaic system, an ANFIS-based MPPT approach is implemented. Current-fed converters are particularly attractive for EV applications due to their inherent advantages in continuous input current, magnetic isolation, and high reliability under regenerative braking conditions. An LQR controller is then systematically designed to minimize a quadratic cost function, balancing tracking performance and control effort. The proposed scheme ensures robust voltage regulation and smooth tracking of the reference currents. Simulation results of SMC demonstrate better performance in terms of dynamic response and current ripple minimization compared to a linear quadratic regulator. The proposed system has been validated through Delfino F28379D in a hardware-in-the-loop setup.

Several applications require bidirectional power converters with high-voltage gain. While several topologies have been proposed, none of them exhibit Buck-Boost characteristics in both forward and reverse power transfer. Most proposals behave as a Boost converter in forward direction and as a Buck converter in the reverse direction. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel DC-DC bidirectional power converter that exhibits Buck-Boost characteristics in both power flow directions while providing very high wide voltage gain range. The proposed converter has, in addition, the ability to maintain continuous currents in the input and output. The theoretical analysis of the converter under bidirectional power flow conditions will be presented and examined, along with the design of its components. The validation of the characteristics and behavior of the proposed bidirectional power converter were tested in several laboratory experiments. The experimental results obtained from both power flow directions show agreement with the theoretical considerations.

ABSTRACT Managing renewable energy systems involves challenges such as optimising power flow, balancing generation with demand, addressing power variations, and reducing computational complexity. Ensuring efficient integration of renewable sources while maintaining power quality (PQ) remains a key concern. As a solution, this research introduces an advanced controller designed to enhance harmonic mitigation and maintain PQ in distribution systems using Renewable Energy Sources (RES). A novel hybrid control strategy is proposed for Shunt Active Filters (SHAFs), combining a Proportional Integral Derivative Accelerometer (PIDA) controller with a Puma Optimiser (PO). The PIDA controller adjusts SHAF fundamental and harmonic loop parameters, including terminal and DC voltages. A comprehensive dataset is generated and optimised using a minimum-error objective function, enabling PO to produce refined control signals and accurate parameter predictions. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and evaluated against established approaches. Results show improved harmonic mitigation accuracy, with relative accuracy values approaching zero for most test cases, outperforming methods such as SSO, DA, and BFO while reducing system complexity. Experimental validation further confirms the model’s superiority. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is reduced from 4.42 to 1.04 in simulations and from 4.85 to 1.051 in experiments, demonstrating enhanced power quality and system stability.

Multilevel inverters (MLI) have become the frontier in high-power medium voltage systems because of their unique property of generating sinusoidal voltage through smaller voltage increments. It articulates in propelling the output voltage in the shape of a sinusoid using small steps, thereby lowering THD and lesser device voltage stress, lower electromagnetic interference (EMI), which makes its availability in green energy applications. However, in contrast to the above-listed benefits, increasing voltage levels necessitates the use of a large number of switches and direct current sources. In this article, a new approach for coining an asymmetrical voltage generation module operated in the ratio of 1:5 using four dc voltage sources with less switch counts to acquire more voltage levels is presented. The performance of the designed structure is modified by establishing various dc source voltages to explore its merits compared with traditional topologies. The functioning of the mentioned MLI topology is studied in Matlab/Simulink, and a similar hardware structure is constituted to demonstrate its response for RL load conditions.

Quasi z source inverters have several uses and benefits in today's technology. The suggested inverter is useful for grid-connected applications such as reduced component rating, single-stage operation, continuous input current, and DC rail. The purpose of this research is to test the efficacy of an ANFIS controller in a single-phase grid-connected quasi z-source inverter. It was suggested that SMC and ANFIS be used for capacitor voltage regulation in order to get a complicated response quickly with big input and output variation. Getting both steady-state and dynamic-state performance out of the converter that was suggested. Matlab Simulink was used to acquire the findings on the performance of the SMC with the suggested ANFIS converter.