Daylight Illuminance Research Articles

Multi-objective optimization of transparent building envelope of rural residences in cold climate zone, China

Due to the lack of effective supervision, guidance, training mechanism, there are serious problems in daylighting, energy efficiency, and thermal comfort of the existing rural residences in cold climate zone, China. In this paper, the multi-objective optimization was introduced to study the shape, size and constructure of the transparent building envelope of rural residences in cold climate zone, China. It began with the field investigation and the establishment of the prototypical models. Then the daylighting, heating and cooling load and thermal comfort of the building were simulated, and the multi-objective optimization was performed. The results indicated that the multi-objective optimization of the transparent building envelope could significantly improve daylighting, energy efficiency, and thermal comfort performance of the rural residences. The best values of the northward, the westward and the southward window-to-wall ratio are 0.10, 0.11, 0.12 respectively for the no-sunspace model, and that is 0.13, 0.13, 0.43 respectively for the sunspace model. Compared with the prototypical models, the useful daylight illuminances for the optimal no-sunspace model and sunspace model increased by 6% and 17% respectively, the heating and cooling load decreased by 23% and 17% respectively, and the predicted percentage of dissatisfied decreased by 12% and 9% respectively.

Dynamic lighting schedules to facilitate circadian adaptation to shifted timing of sleep and wake.

Circadian adaptation to shifted sleep/wake schedules may be facilitated by optimizing the timing, intensity and spectral characteristics of light exposure, which is the principal time cue for mammalian circadian pacemaker, and possibly by strategically timing nonphotic time cues such as exercise. Therefore, circadian phase resetting by light and exercise was assessed in 44 healthy participants (22 females, mean age [±SD] 36.2 ± 9.2 years), who completed 8-day inpatient experiments simulating night shiftwork, which included either an 8 h advance or 8 h delay in sleep/wake schedules. In the advance protocol (n = 18), schedules were shifted either gradually (1.6 h/day across 5 days) or abruptly (slam shift, 8 h in 1 day and maintained across 5 days). Both advance protocols included a dynamic lighting schedule (DLS) with 6.5 h exposure of blue-enriched white light (704 melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance [melEDI] lux) during the day and dimmer blue-depleted light (26 melEDI lux) for 2 h immediately before sleep on the shifted schedule. In the delay protocol (n = 26), schedules were only abruptly delayed but included four different lighting conditions: (1) 8 h continuous room-light control; (2) 8 h continuous blue-enriched light; (3) intermittent (7 × 15 min pulses/8 h) blue-enriched light; (4) 8 h continuous blue-enriched light plus moderate intensity exercise. In the room-light control, participants received dimmer white light for 30 min before bedtime, whereas in the other three delay protocols participants received dimmer blue-depleted light for 30 min before bedtime. Both the slam and gradual advance protocols induced similar shifts in circadian phase (3.28 h ± 0.37 vs. 2.88 h ± 0.31, respectively, p = .43) estimated by the change in the timing of timing of dim light melatonin onset. In the delay protocol, the continuous 8 h blue-enriched exposure induced significantly larger shifts than the room light control (-6.59 h ± 0.43 vs. -4.74 h ± 0.62, respectively, p = .02). The intermittent exposure induced ~60% of the shift (-3.90 h ± 0.62) compared with 8 h blue-enriched continuous light with only 25% of the exposure duration. The addition of exercise to the 8 h continuous blue-enriched light did not result in significantly larger phase shifts (-6.59 h ± 0.43 vs. -6.41 h ± 0.69, p = .80). Collectively, our results demonstrate that, when attempting to adapt to an 8 h overnight work shift, delay shifts are more successful, particularly when accompanied by a DLS with high-melanopic irradiance light stimulus during wake.

Self-assembly of ferria – nanocellulose composite fibres

An environmentally benign synthesis of a magnetically responsive carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibril-based material is reported. Applied experimental conditions lead to the in-situ formation of magnetite nanoparticles with primary particle sizes of 2.0–4.0 nm or secondary particles of 3.6–16.4 nm depending on whether nucleation occurred between individual carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils, or on exposed fibril surfaces. The increase in magnetite particle size on the cellulose fibril surfaces was attributed to Ostwald ripening, while the small particles formed within the carboxymethyl cellulose aggregates were presumably due to steric interactions. The magnetite nanoparticles were capable of coordinating to carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibrils to form large “fibre-like” assemblies. The confinement of small particles within aggregates of reductive cellulose molecules was most likely responsible for excellent conservation of magnetic characteristics on storage of this material. The possibility for using the material in drug delivery applications with release rate controlled by daylight illumination is presented.

Assessment of the overall energy performance of an SPD smart window in a hot desert climate

In this study, the overall energy consumption and visual comfort of a switchable suspended particle device (SPD) smart window were investigated as part of the glazing integration of an adaptive building designed to consume less energy in a hot desert climate. A typical floor of a commercial office building in Riyadh was chosen for the energy and visual comfort simulation, which was based on Energy-Plus and Diva-for-Rhino software for cardinal orientation. A comprehensive simulation analysis of various state of SPD glazing, namely opaque (OFF), transparent (ON) and automated controlled (based on solar radiance: from 100w/m2 – 900w/m2), was conducted and the results were compared against traditional single glazing and double-glazing low emissivity (DG low-e) coated windows for reference. The simulation results indicated that switchable SPD smart windows (in the OFF and automated states) achieved a promising reduction of net energy by up to 58% against DG low-e, apart from at the northern orientation. Conversely, the opaque (OFF state) had a counterproductive impact on lighting energy consumption and visual comfort. Acceptable daylight autonomy (DA300lux) and Useful daylight illuminance (UDI100lux–2000lux) was observed for the SPD smart window in the ON and automated controlled states; moreover, it offered a significant reduction in daylight glare probability (DGP). Thus, controlled switchable SPD glazing can be a good alternative to standard glazing in a hot desert climate in terms of reducing energy use and providing visual comfort.

Building energy analysis using EC and PDLC based smart switchable window in Oman

Worldwide energy consumption and CO2 emissions increase yearly and the building industry contributes the most out of all the other sectors. The residential building sector of the building industry provides the largest portion of energy consumption. Reducing energy gains through elements of the building envelope such as windows is a way to combat increasing energy consumption. Smart switchable glazing can contribute to energy savings by adjusting its properties in response to user settings or an external stimulus. This study explored the potential energy savings of electrochromic (EC) and polymer disperse liquid crystal (PDLC) switchable glazing against common static window glazing for a residential building in Oman. The results showed that switchable windows displayed better optical properties than static windows, with electrochromic windows under daylight illuminance control having the highest total energy savings at 23.56% reduction compared to a single-glaze window. In a PDLC window configuration, using silver coated glass as the inner pane in the double glazing reduces energy consumption even further.

Kinetic facades: An evolutionary-based performance evaluation framework

Multi-functional kinetic facades have great potential to adapt to the environment, reduce building energy consumption, regulate shading and natural ventilation, and improve human thermal and visual comfort. However, due to their complex nature, kinetic facades systems are often associated with highly onerous time-consuming design and fabrication processes, which significantly limit their diffusion and market uptake. This research aims to propose an integrated, systematic framework that supports kinetic facades’ performance design and decision making since projects’ early design stages. The proposed method makes use of Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEA) which have proven successful in providing optimum solutions for complex problems. The efficacy of the framework is then validated based on a case study analysis to improve daylighting performance in an office building context. The results indicate that the integration of the proposed framework can provide a variety of data to support performance evaluation and to identify the most efficient kinetic facades solutions; moreover, this method provided a variety of optimal solutions using Pareto front and the Ranking Method; each being advantageous in a specific set of criteria as evidenced by improved useful daylight illuminance by up to 30%, daylight autonomy by up to 20% while keeping the under-lit and over-lit values as low as under 10%. Finally, future research can focus on the integration of soft computing methods to create a smart and intelligent performance evaluation framework for kinetic facades.

Application of luminous efficacies for daylight illuminance data generation in subtropical Hong Kong

PurposeDaylight plays a crucial role in the attainment of building energy savings. Harnessing daylight in building designs will require the need for daylight illuminance data. However, daylight illuminance data are scarce due to few measuring stations. Aside from being sparse, illuminance measuring stations can be expensive to set up, thus making the luminous efficacy model a better alternative. Hence, this study attempted to model horizontal luminous efficacies under the 15 Commission internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) standard skies. Therefrom, daylight illuminance was estimated from a proposed vertical luminous efficacy model.Design/methodology/approachMeasured solar irradiance, daylight illuminance and luminance distribution data were gathered from the local measuring station in Hong Kong. The luminance distribution data were used to classify the skies into the 15 CIE standard skies. Next, the solar irradiance and daylight data were used to derive the horizontal luminous efficacies under each standard sky. Furthermore, a vertical luminous efficacy model developed using the measured data was described, and this was used to predict vertical illuminance.FindingsIt was observed that Skies 1, 8 and 13 seem to be predominant in Hong Kong. Also, the result showed that constant luminous efficacies could be used for deriving illuminance data. Furthermore, horizontal luminous efficacy ranged from 40 to 190lm/W, indicating that daylight can provide sufficient visibility during working hours. The vertical luminous efficacy model proves to offer reasonable estimations of vertical illuminance data.Research limitations/implicationsFurther work needs to be done with more measured data to cover for spring seasons. The described model still needs to be fitted with different world climates to ascertain its universal applicability. The evaluations need to be done under obstructed sky conditions to cater for dense and clustered urban centres.Practical implicationsThe discussed luminous efficacy model could be used to derive illuminance data in the absence of measured daylight illuminance data, especially in the subtropical region. Also, the comparative advantage of daylight over artificial lighting was highlighted in this study.Originality/valueUnlike previous studies, this paper discusses the luminous efficacies of global, direct and diffuse components under the 15 CIE standard skies. Furthermore, the described luminous efficacy analysis provides an approach for deriving vertical and horizontal illuminance data. Such vertical data will be required for analysing building lighting requirements, sensible heat from electric lighting, and energy savings from daylighting controls. Also, the information on horizontal luminous efficacies will help evaluate solar roof and skylight designs.

Predicting annual illuminance and operative temperature in residential buildings using artificial neural networks

Simulation-based multi-objective optimizations is proving to be an effective approach for supporting the building design and finding a balance between daylight availability, thermal comfort and energy performance. This article investigates the potential for applying ANNs to predict both annual daylight illuminance and operative temperature, in order to reduce the overall simulation time. The main findings from deploying a simulation model is the importance of multi sensor-node calculations including long- and shortwave radiation for operative temperature. Operative temperature is usually calculated for the room center, in contrast to daylight where illuminance is calculated for a grid of sensor-nodes. The results show a significant difference in operative temperature at different locations in the room where shortwave radiation has greatest impact on the results. It is therefore important to address operative temperature in the same way as daylight illuminance, using a grid of sensor-nodes when exploring multi-objective optimization performance. However, these calculations are computational demanding and increase simulation time by 2000%. A fully connected neural network is developed with five hidden layers and five different neuron structures. In general, the ANN models are showing promising results which may be integrated in a multi-objective design workflow. The results show significant time saving potential by implementing ANNs. The overall time is reduced by 96% by using ANN models for predicting annual temperature and illuminance values.

Machine learning-based real-time daylight analysis in buildings

Daylight analysis is essential in building design to ensure indoor environment quality, including health and thermal comfort vis-à-vis energy. It is a repeating and time-consuming process of design options. Several studies conducted machine learning models to accurately predict daylight performance in particular design situations. Therefore, developing an AI-based real-time daylight analysis platform becomes more promising. However, buildings can be designed with arbitrary shapes, creating a real challenge for the AI to recognize any building layout. From that perspective, the idea of finding the design variables that characterize all the building layouts becomes the key solution. To unlock this challenge, we promote a novel method of creating design variables and building a machine learning model that can efficiently forecast daylight performance with different building layouts. The daylight metric was Useful Daylight Illuminance with four ranges, and the case studies were assumed medium-sized buildings located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. All the data for training and predicting were created by the simulation DIVA tool. Obtained results showed the excellent performance of the proposed approach, which brings more promising in developing a data-driven machine learning platform for real-time daylight validation. Moreover, the present framework can adapt to any specific machine learning model or daylight simulation tool and daylight metrics.

Comparison analysis on simplification methods of building performance optimization for passive building design

Building performance optimization (BPO) is effective for designers to explore passive building alternatives based on defined performance metrics. As the first step of BPO, the simplification of design problems has been performed in diverse methods. However, its identification and selection are still a challenge. This study firstly develops a simplification matrix based on two criteria of complexity and flexibility to categorize existing passive design options. Secondly, four simplified configurations are compared to evaluate their impact on the quality and correlation of optimized solutions. A prefabricated building was selected as the case study, and three performance metrics were defined as energy use intensity, thermal discomfort ratio and dissatisfaction of daylight illuminance. In the results, the low-complexity model with high flexibility outperforms the other simplifications with expected improvements of 20.16%, 15.14% and 47.09% for three metrics. However, the difference in improvements between low- and high-flexibility models lies within 2%. Based on the results, the low-complexity model with low flexibility would be the most promising simplified method, as it can integrate engineering information into BPO with a negligible performance gap. Moreover, it is also found that the correlation varies significantly between low- and high-complexity models, which is caused by the variation of the transparent parameter from window to glass. Finally, the multi-objective genetic algorithm II has an advantage in convergence speed over the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II.

Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults.

Ocular light exposure has important influences on human health and well-being through modulation of circadian rhythms and sleep, as well as neuroendocrine and cognitive functions. Prevailing patterns of light exposure do not optimally engage these actions for many individuals, but advances in our understanding of the underpinning mechanisms and emerging lighting technologies now present opportunities to adjust lighting to promote optimal physical and mental health and performance. A newly developed, international standard provides a SI-compliant way of quantifying the influence of light on the intrinsically photosensitive, melanopsin-expressing, retinal neurons that mediate these effects. The present report provides recommendations for lighting, based on an expert scientific consensus and expressed in an easily measured quantity (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (melaponic EDI)) defined within this standard. The recommendations are supported by detailed analysis of the sensitivity of human circadian, neuroendocrine, and alerting responses to ocular light and provide a straightforward framework to inform lighting design and practice.

Analysis of dynamic louver control with prism redirecting fenestrations for office daylighting optimization

Daylighting with redirecting complex fenestration system (CFS) may improve the indoor luminous environment. This study is to explore the strategies for controlling louver tilts of dynamic micro-prism film louvers corresponding to different solar incident angles, to optimize the work-plane illuminance (WPI) at the middle/back zone of the analyzed large-depth office, based on the simulation results of daylight filtering. To reduce the rotation frequency of the slats, several slat tilt angles were tested to adapt to the changes of different sun incident angles. The study compared the annual daylight performance and glare levels of the three CFSs with dynamic metal louvers, dynamic micro-prism film louvers, and micro-prism film, using the Five-phase method (5-PM). The results showed that the dynamic micro-prism film louvers combined with the proposed control strategy provided a better daylighting luminous environment, regarding the improved useful daylight illuminance (UDI) at inner space, and yielded less glare occurrence rates at space close to windows, compared with dynamic metal louvers and double glazing. Furthermore, the study proposed the combined dynamic louvers that consisted of micro-prism film slats and metal slats to reduce the possible glare on the premise and improve the indoor illuminance at the inner space. The simulation results showed that the combined dynamic louvers could reduce the discomfort glare occurrence rate by 68.9%, compared to the discomfort rate with double glazing at the front zone; UDI300-2000 lx of the combined louvers could be improved by 23%, compared with that of double glazing at the front zone. Compared with the metal louvers with similar low glare occurrence rate, the combined louvers could improve UDI100-300 lx at front/middle/back zones by 7.9%, 29.1%, and 2.9%, respectively, and UDI300-2000 lx by 40.0%, 11.7%, and 5.7% at these zones, respectively.

Optimized office lighting advances melatonin phase and peripheral heat loss prior bedtime

Improving indoor lighting conditions at the workplace has the potential to support proper circadian entrainment of hormonal rhythms, sleep, and well-being. We tested the effects of optimized dynamic daylight and electric lighting on circadian phase of melatonin, cortisol and skin temperatures in office workers. We equipped one office room with an automated controller for blinds and electric lighting, optimized for dynamic lighting (= Test room), and a second room without any automated control (= Reference room). Young healthy participants (n = 34) spent five consecutive workdays in each room, where individual light exposure data, skin temperatures and saliva samples for melatonin and cortisol assessments were collected. Vertical illuminance in the Test room was 1177 ± 562 photopic lux (mean ± SD) , which was 320 lux higher than in the Reference room (p < 0.01). Melanopic equivalent daylight (D65) illuminance was 931 ± 484 melanopic lux in the Test room and 730 ± 390 melanopic lux in the Reference room (p < 0.01). Individual light exposures resulted in a 50 min earlier time of half-maximum accumulated illuminance in the Test than the Reference room (p < 0.05). The melatonin secretion onset and peripheral heat loss in the evening occurred significantly earlier with respect to habitual sleeptime in the Test compared to the Reference room (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that optimized dynamic workplace lighting has the potential to promote earlier melatonin onset and peripheral heat loss prior bedtime, which may be beneficial for persons with a delayed circadian timing system.

Simple correlations between point daylight factor, average daylight factor and vertical daylight factor under all sky conditions and building design implications

The customary method for calculating daylight illuminance in a building is the daylight factor approach, which is assumed under the conventional overcast sky. However, such an approach is not flexible enough to predict diffuse illuminance in the presence of non-overcast skies. The daylight factor is invariant to building orientation and cannot take realistic and time-varying climatic conditions into account. Daylight in buildings is estimated using computer simulation techniques. However, full-scale computer simulations can be costly and time-consuming. Practitioners welcome simple calculation aids established via comprehensive analysis. Such easy tools would give building professionals and students basic and concise insight into the independency of different daylight parameters. Recently, daylight factor calculations have been extended to non-overcast skies. It means that the daylight factor approach can be a dynamic metric. This paper presents the calculation of the point daylight factor, the average daylight factor and the vertical daylight factor under all sky conditions, as well as building façade design implications. The performance of the three types of daylight factor for a typical room at various scattering angles is elaborated and evaluated; simple correlations between them are developed.

Assessing daylight performance in use: A comparison between long-term daylight measurements and simulations

Climate-Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM) methods have been validated against long-term measurements in laboratory settings and found to exhibit errors small enough to make such assessments useful for daylight performance prediction. However, real occupied spaces are affected by a higher number of uncertainties than laboratory or controlled conditions. This study aims at validating CBDM methods against measurements collected in an occupied classroom space, where a monitoring system based on High Dynamic Range Imaging was installed. Four vertical regions were identified on two of the room’s walls, and mean illuminance was calculated for these regions at every time step, both from HDR images and from simulated results. Two simulation methods were evaluated: the 2-phase and the 4-component methods. Sun and sky conditions for the simulations were derived from simultaneous monitored irradiation measurements. Both simulation methods led to moderate over-prediction of HDR-derived results, when considering instantaneous illuminance means and when looking at long-term metrics (cumulative irradiation and Useful Daylight Illuminance). Wall regions exposed to more direct sky- and sunlight were characterised by smaller systematic errors (rMBE = 4%) but similar variance (r2 = 0.83) than regions situated at the back of the room (rMBE = 17–34% and rMAE = 27–37%). Further studies are needed to identify and separate the sources of such errors.

Comprehensive analysis of electrical-optical performance and application potential for 3D concentrating photovoltaic window

The 3D concentrating photovoltaic is innovated integrated into the building as the window, which can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) cell and maintain the daylighting performance for the building. The lab test results showed that 3D concentrator photovoltaic daylighting (3D CPVD) modules could increase the maximum power by 2.89 times compared with bare cells, and its outdoor performance is comprehensively analyzed through the simulation and experimental research. The application prospect in globalization is also explored. Its electrical performance in outdoor environment under different weather and different open angles was tested and analyzed. 3D CPVD window with adjustable angle achieves the balance between daylighting and power generation. And it has the best electrical performance at 60° in low and middle latitudes. In addition, 3D CPVD windows with the transmittance of 9.47% can provide the brighter and more uniform interior daylighting environment. The simulation results show that the indoor annual useful daylight illuminance (UDI) is over 85%. Finally, the application prospects of the 3D CPVD window was analyzed by the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. Its energy payback time is less than 12 years in typical cities around the world, which shows its energy-saving and application potential.

Predicting Daylight Illuminance for 15 CIE Standard Skies Using a Simple Software Tool

Estimation of internal daylight availability is the key step in evaluating various daylighting schemes. Interior daylight is often expressed as daylight factor under the traditional International Commission on Illumination (CIE) overcast sky. Nonetheless, such approach may be inflexible to estimate the kinetic situations as the solar locations vary under cloudless skies. Recently, the CIE adopted 15 standard skies covering the usual skies found in the world. The interior daylight illuminance is influenced by the sky conditions in terms of luminance levels and distributions with respect to the window-facing orientation at any given period. The daylight coefficient concept considering the variations of the sky luminance patterns can be employed to accurately compute the indoor daylight level. A full-scale computer simulation can be costly in modeling the building geometry with a long simulation time. Moreover, additional times and advanced skills are required for preparation and post-processing. Simple design programs would be convenient and helpful in preliminary design phase when various designs and schemes are being studied and analyzed. This paper adopts a simple computer program for computing the interior daylight under the 15 CIE standard skies. The capability of the suggested software was assessed against the simulated results using a computer program, namely, RADIANCE, and the field measurement readings. The running time based on the simple program was far less than that using RADIANCE. The findings showed that the internal daylight simulated by the proposed simple software were in good agreement with the simulated results by RADIANCE and measured readings. The peak daylight factor discrepancy was &amp;lt;2%, and the RMSE was 14.5% of the corresponding measured average values.

Estimation of sky and externally reflected components under various obstructed CIE skies

In many urban cities, the external obstructions may significantly reduce the amount of daylight entering to the indoor space. The estimation of daylight illuminance gained via vertical fenestration is important in energy-efficient building design and operation. Practitioners welcome simple calculation aids established via comprehensive analysis. Such methods would give building professionals and students basic and concise insight into the independency of different daylight parameters. It is also very useful in initial architectural and building façade layout stage. Computer simulations can be conducted after the design schemes have been finalized. This paper presents manual calculation procedures to predict sky and externally reflected components at the interior points under various obstructed CIE sky conditions. Performance of the proposed method was evaluated by comparing with simulated results of a sophisticated lighting program and real scale measurements. The findings showed that the predictions based on the proposed approach were in good agreements with the simulated and measured outcomes. The study can provide a reliable practice for architects and building designers to estimate the internal daylight at early design and planning stage.

Diffractive microstructures of zoom lenses for visible and near-infrared ranges based on novel optical plastics

Subject of study. The possibilities of minimizing the negative effect of the secondary diffraction orders of diffractive microstructures included in structurally simple zoom lenses on the formed image are considered. Objective. The study aims at demonstrating the effectiveness of novel optical plastics in the design of diffractive microstructures for the correction of chromatism and the extension of the operating spectral range of the objectives using three-component eight- and four-lens refractive–diffractive zoom lenses for the visible and near-infrared ranges as an example. Method. Combined mathematical modeling within geometrical optics approximation and rigorous diffraction theory is used. Main results. We demonstrate that, even in structurally simple objectives, new optical plastics allow bilayer diffractive microstructures to be assembled ensuring the absence of halo and any other visually observable negative effect of secondary diffraction orders on the quality of the formed image in all the specified ranges of focal length variation both under daylight and scotopic illumination. Practical significance. The reported results demonstrate the effectiveness of diversification of advanced commercially available optical plastics using the diffractive microstructures of zoom lenses as an example. These results are aimed at stimulating further efforts toward the development and mass production of optical plastics.

Investigation into the daylight performance of expanded-metal shading through parametric design and multi-objective optimisation in Japan

This paper presents a parametric and Multi-Objective Optimisation approach to investigate daylight performance of the expanded-metal shading depicting the sky conditions in Kitakyushu, Japan. The study is an initial design method utilising a robust computational calculation aiming to verify expanded metal as an environmentally friendly building material concerning its function as a shading device. The proposed platform generatively iterates the logic of expanded metal as dynamic design variables, such as Bond, Strand, Length, Height and Angle, to achieve the optimisation goals of minimising Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) while simultaneously maximising Spatial Daylight Autonomy, Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) and the openness of the expanded-metal profile. Ladybug and Honeybee were utilised in a parametric platform, Grasshopper, to perform daylight simulation, while Octopus was employed to optimise the results. A thorough analysis was conducted to determine the significance of each expanded-metal parameter in achieving the daylight and View objectives. The results showed that adopting the proposed framework successfully fulfilled the LEED v4.1 daylight requirements by reducing ASE by 100% and improving UDI by approximately 50% over the baseline model. Furthermore, the iteration process revealed a wide range of aesthetic patterns, providing another factor for designers to consider during the design decision-making process.