Daucus Species Research Articles

Early selection of carrot somatic hybrids: a promising tool for species with high regenerative ability

BackgroundSince its discovery, somatic hybridization has been used to overcome the sexual barriers between cultivated and wild species. A combination of two somatic cells might provide a novel set of features, often of agronomical importance. Here, we report a successful approach for production and selection of interspecific somatic hybrid plants between cultivated and wild carrot using dual-labelling of protoplasts and an early selection of fused cells via micromanipulator. Both subspecies used in this study are characterised by a very high regenerative ability in protoplast cultures. Thus, a precise and effective method of hybrid selection is essential to assure the development and regeneration of much less numerous heterokaryons in the post-fusion cell mixture.ResultsElectrofusion parameters, such as alternating current and direct current, were optimised for an efficient alignment of protoplasts and reversible membrane breakdown followed by a cell fusion. Four hundred twenty-nine cells emitting green–red fluorescence, identified as hybrids, were obtained. Co-culture with donor-derived protoplasts in the alginate feeder layer system stimulated re-synthesis of the cell wall and promoted cell divisions of fusants. Somatic embryogenesis occurred in hybrid-derived microcalli cultures, followed by plant regeneration. Regenerated hybrids produced yellowish storage roots and leaves of an intermediate shape between cultivated and wild subspecies. The intron length polymorphism analysis revealed that 123 of 124 regenerated plants were hybrids.ConclusionsThe developed protocol for protoplast fusion and an early selection of hybrids may serve as an alternative to combining genomes and transferring nuclear or cytoplasmatic traits from wild Daucus species to cultivated carrot.

Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence, Characteristics, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Oenanthe javanica

The plant mitochondria play a crucial role in various cellular energy synthesis and conversion processes and are essential for plant growth. Watercress (Oenanthe javanica) is a fast-growing vegetable with strong adaptability and wide cultivation range, and it possesses high nutritional value. In our study, we assembled the O. javanica mitochondrial genome using the Illumina and Nanopore sequencing platforms. The results revealed that the mitochondrial genome map of watercress has a circular structure of 384,074 bp, containing 28 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 34 protein-coding genes. A total of 87 SSR (simple sequence repeat) loci were detected, with 99% composed of palindrome repeats and forward repeats, while no complementary repeats were identified. Codon preference analysis indicated that watercress prefers to use codons encoding leucine, isoleucine, and serine with a preference for A/U-ending codons. Phylogenetic analysis showed that watercress is closely related to species of Bupleurum, Apium, Angelica, and Daucus, with the closest evolutionary relationship observed with Saposhnikovia divaricata and Apium graveolens. This study provides a valuable resource for the study of the evolution and molecular breeding of watercress.

Combining genome size and pollen morphology data to study species relationships in the genus Daucus (Apiaceae)

BackgroundThe genus Daucus (Apiaceae) comprises about 40 wild species and the cultivated carrot, a crop of great economic and nutritional importance. The rich genetic diversity of wild Daucus species makes them a valuable gene pool for carrot improvement breeding programs. Therefore, it is essential to have good knowledge of the genome structure and relationships among wild Daucus species. To broaden such knowledge, in this research, the nuclear DNA content for 14 Daucus accessions and four closely related species was estimated by flow cytometry and their pollen morphology was analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsThe flow cytometric analysis showed a 3.2-fold variation in the mean 2C values among Daucus taxa, ranging from 0.999 (D. carota subsp. sativus) to 3.228 pg (D. littoralis). Among the outgroup species, the mean 2C values were 1.775–2.882 pg. The pollen grains of Daucus were tricolporate, mainly prolate or perprolate (rarely) in shape, and mainly medium or small (rarely) in size (21.19–40.38 µm), whereas the outgroup species had tricolporate, perprolate-shaped, and medium-sized (26.01–49.86 µm) pollen grains. In the studied taxa, SEM analysis revealed that exine ornamentation was striate, rugulate, perforate, or the ornamentation pattern was mixed. At the time of shedding, all pollen grains were three-celled, as evidenced by DAPI staining. We also found high positive correlations between the length of the polar axis (P) and the length of the equatorial diameter (E) of pollen grains, as well as between P and P/E. However, when comparing cytogenetic information with palynological data, no significant correlations were observed.ConclusionsThis study complements the information on the nuclear DNA content in Daucus and provides comprehensive knowledge of the pollen morphology of its taxa. These findings may be important in elucidating the taxonomic relationships among Daucus species and can help in the correct identification of gene bank accessions. In a broader view, they could also be meaningful for the interpretation of evolutionary trends in the genus.

Inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers provide insights into thegenetic diversity and population structure of carrots (Daucus, Apiaceae)

Studies of genetic diversity and population structure are essential as an initial step in conservation and breeding programs for modern crops. Carrot (Daucus spp.) is among the ten most important vegetables worldwide, however, its genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships are not totally deciphered. Here, we explored the utility of 21 inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon markers to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of 38 accessions of Daucus and one accession of a related genus. The manual scoring revealed 309 bands based on their presence/absence. The dendrogram based on the UPGMA clustering algorithm and a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) indicated the presence of four clusters. The Daucus species with 2n = 18 chromosome (subclade A´) separated from the other two species D. pusillus and D. muricatus, which were positioned into two individual clusters. The other clade includes the Daucus from the B group. It was also noticed that few accessions were intermixed amongst clusters. Different genetic diversity parameters were estimated based on the four clusters (populations) defined by STRUCTURE software, demonstrating that clusters 3 and 4 possessed the lowest and highest diversity values, respectively. AMOVA showed variation between and within clusters of 41.85% and 58.15%, respectively. The highest population divergence (Fst) was observed between clusters 2 and 3 (0.579), on the other hand, clusters 1 and 4 depicted the lowest Fst with 0.160. Our research highlighted that iPBS markers were successful and effective to study Daucus genetic diversity. These results will contribute to the genetic improvement of carrots and sustainable management of its diversity.

Using carrot centromeric repeats to study karyotype relationships in the genus Daucus (Apiaceae)

BackgroundIn the course of evolution, chromosomes undergo evolutionary changes; thus, karyotypes may differ considerably among groups of organisms, even within closely related taxa. The genus Daucus seems to be a promising model for exploring the dynamics of karyotype evolution. It comprises some 40 wild species and the cultivated carrot, a crop of great economic significance. However, Daucus species are very diverse morphologically and genetically, and despite extensive research, the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships between them have still not been fully resolved. Although several molecular cytogenetic studies have been conducted to investigate the chromosomal structure and karyotype evolution of carrot and other Daucus species, detailed karyomorphological research has been limited to carrot and only a few wild species. Therefore, to better understand the karyotype relationships within Daucus, we (1) explored the chromosomal distribution of carrot centromeric repeats (CentDc) in 34 accessions of Daucus and related species by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and (2) performed detailed karyomorphological analysis in 16 of them.ResultsWe determined the genomic organization of CentDc in 26 accessions of Daucus (belonging to both Daucus I and II subclades) and one accession of closely related species. The CentDc repeats were present in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes of 20 accessions (representing 11 taxa). In the other Daucus taxa, the number of chromosome pairs with CentDc signals varied depending on the species, yet their centromeric localization was conserved. In addition, precise chromosome measurements performed in 16 accessions showed the inter- and intraspecific karyological relationships among them.ConclusionsThe presence of the CentDc repeats in the genomes of taxa belonging to both Daucus subclades and one outgroup species indicated the ancestral status of the repeat. The results of our study provide useful information for further evolutionary, cytotaxonomic, and phylogenetic research on the genus Daucus and may contribute to a better understanding of the dynamic evolution of centromeric satellites in plants.

Insights into genetic diversity and population structure of Indian carrot (Daucus carota L.) accessions.

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is acknowledged as a highly valuable vegetable crop. Despite having high demand, limited breeding efforts have been made to develop the varieties and hybrids suitable to wider climatic conditions due to improper characterization of the available germplasm. An accession panel (AP) consisting of 144 accessions of five different root colors representing Asiatic and Western gene pools collected from different parts of India was utilized in the present study. This diverse AP was used to assess the population structure and genetic diversity from 80 polymorphic DNA markers distributed throughout the genome. Population structure, neighbor-joining (NJ) tree, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA)-based diversity assessment divided the AP into three subpopulations/clusters. Greater than ninety percent polymorphism and the higher average polymorphic information content (͂> 0.50) coupled with higher gene diversity (He) indicating the broad genetic base of the population. Moderate to high Fst and gene flow (Nm) between the subpopulations revealed a moderate genetic differentiation among Indian carrot accessions owing to the highly outcrossing nature of carrot. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) exhibited higher variation among individuals within the subpopulations (69.00%) or total populations (19.00%) than among the subpopulations (13%) as expected in the single Daucus species used here. The information obtained in the study would benefit the carrot breeders to explore the genetic diversity of the Indian carrots in the carrot breeding program for widening the genetic base and multi-color target trait improvement.

Physico-chemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of an essential oil from the flowering umbels of wild Daucus carota L. subsp. carota growing in Algeria

ABSTRACT Aromatic and medicinal plants are an important source of molecules with antimicrobial effects, particularly in their volatile extracts. Species of the genus Daucus are considered among the richest plants in secondary metabolites, such as essential oils, which have an inhibitory effect on the development of bacterial colonies and harmful strains of fungi. Aiming at enhancing use of native plants in Algeria, we investigated essential oil from the flowering umbels of Daucus carota subsp. carota harvested in the region of Aith Laaziz (Algeria). Hydro-distillates were tested for their antimicrobial activities on bacteria and yeasts pathogenic to humans. The extraction produced a high yield of 3.65% essential oil. Analysis of the essential oil by GC (FID) and GC/MS allowed the identification of 47 compounds, four of which were predominant, represented by 53.4% of sesquiterpenes, carotol (10.38%), germacene D (9%). These secondary metabolites were shown to have moderate antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis and S. aureus , and yeast strains ( C. albicans and S. cerevisiae) . However, it should be noted that the MIC values are quite low (0.125-0.5%) but MBC and MFC values are average (0.5-1%).The essential oil is not very active against Gram - bacteria E.coli, P. aeruginosa and P. fluoresces where the MIC values are low (0.5 to 1%).

Multivariate analysis of morphological diversity among closely related Daucus species and subspecies in Tunisia

The genus Daucus includes about 20–25 species worldwide. Northern Africa represents a major center of diversity of Daucus, with Tunisia thought to contain 11 species and seven subspecies. The greatest taxonomic problems, however, and the greatest economic importance relative to immediate use in breeding, is in a group of species and subspecies in the Daucus carota L. clade, all containing 2n = 18 chromosomes. We assessed morphological diversity from a Daucus L. germplasm collection of nine individuals each from 45 accessions (405 individuals in total), at the National Gene Bank of Tunisia, of the following wild and one cultivated members of this clade: D. carota subsp. capillifolius (Gilli) Arbizu, D. carota subsp. carota, D. carota subsp. gummifer (Syme) Hook. f., D. carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcangeli (cultivated), D. sahariensis Murb., and putative hybrids of D. carota subsp. carota and subsp. capillifolius. A prior study showed the effectiveness of fruit characters to identify several species and subspecies in the collection, but distinction between some closely related D. carota subspecies was difficult. In order to resolve the taxonomic classification, we tested 32 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters from leaves, stems and flowers on a field collection of 45 accessions corresponding to the different species/subspecies. The Shannon–Weaver diversity (H’) index was used to study the phenotypic diversity. The estimated H’ ranged from monomorphic for umbel type, position of involucral bracts on primary umbel, anther color, and symmetry of peripheral flowers to highly polymorphic for other traits. The highest (0.98) and the lowest (0.26) H’ values were recorded for flowering pattern within plants and foliage coverage. Multivariate analyses of principal components and dendrograms of all data and canonical discriminate analysis of the quantitative data supported the subdivision of the Daucus collection into five groups with various degrees of distinctness: (1) D. sahariensis, (2) D. carota subsp. capillifolius, (3) D. carota subsp. carota, very similar to (4) D. carota subsp. gummifer, and (5) D. carota subsp. sativus intergrading with putative hybrids between D. carota subsp. capillifolius and D. carota subsp. carota. Individual character state distribution plots provide useful characters and insights into taxonomic problems in the D. carota clade that we here discuss in reference to ongoing molecular studies in Daucus.

Is the host range ofAlternaria daucirestricted to carrot?

The host range of Alternaria dauci was investigated in a greenhouse. Two strains were inoculated onto nine cultivated Apiaceae species, two wild Daucus species and six cultivated non-Apiaceae species representing six botanic families. Lesions of various intensities were observed on all dicot species, but no symptoms developed on the two monocots studied. Typical A. dauci conidia were observed after in vitro incubation of necrotic leaves. Fungal strains were isolated from lesions and A. dauci was diagnosed on the basis of conidium morphology and specific conventional PCR findings. Genotyping of individual isolates performed with microsatellite markers confirmed the presence of the inoculated strain. Our results strongly suggest that species other than carrot can be alternative hosts. Those results are important to consider for a better management of Alternaria leaf blight in carrot fields.

Essential oil profiling in callus of some wild and cultivated Daucus genotypes

Essential oil profiling in callus of some Daucus genotypes growing in Syria has been investigated in this work. Genotypes included three wild Daucus species (D. carota L, D. guttatus Sm. and D. bicolor Sm.) in addition to two carrot cultivars: red and yellow (D. carota L. subsp. sativus). Seeds were germinated in vitro and the roots of the resultant plantlets were used to initiate and grow callus. Essential oils extracted from callus were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Data analysis of callus:seed content ratio has shown a general sesquiterpene increment trend. A distinctive increase in the sesquiterpene carotol was noted in callus of the two wild species D. bicolor and D. guttatus. The results of our study clearly show the importance of callus culture as an alternative method to the use of whole plants or seeds as a source of essential oils, specifically sesquiterpenes in wild and cultivated carrots.

Nuclear DNA content variation within the genus Daucus (Apiaceae) determined by flow cytometry

The genus Daucus (Apiaceae) comprises species from around the world, covering a wide climatic range, and showing great morphological plasticity. Both cultivated and wild forms are described within the genus. The aim of the present study was to estimate the genome size variability in the collection of diploid Daucus species differing in chromosome number (2n=18, 20 or 22) and originating from various regions of the world. In total, the 2C DNA content in 19 accessions of nine wild Daucus species, as well as in 22 wild and 26 cultivated accessions of Daucus carota L. was measured by flow cytometry. The 2C DNA content varied over 3-fold, from 0.920pg in D. carota subsp. maximus (2n=18, Spain) to 3.019pg in D. littoralis (2n=20, Israel). The interspecific genome size differences within wild Daucus species were pronounced, e.g. D. carota (2n=18, Greece) possessed 0.940pg/2C DNA, D. broteri (2n=20, Cyprus) 2.218pg/2C and D. montevidensis (2n=22, South America) 1.295pg/2C. In the group of 22-chromosome Daucus species, high similarity in nuclear DNA content among different accessions of one species was observed, in contrast to the 20-chromosome Daucus species, suggesting possible taxonomical misclassifications of accessions within the latter group. The nuclear DNA content of non-cultivated forms of D. carota varied from 0.920pg/2C in subspecies maximus (Spain) to 1.154pg/2C in subspecies halophilus (Portugal), which reflects 20% difference. In turn, in the group of cultivated carrots we observed a high homogeneity among the studied accessions, the 2C DNA content ranged between 0.950pg (‘Kuroda type II’, China; ‘Imperial Long Scarlet’, Japan; ‘Koral’, Poland) and 0.977pg (‘Cape Market’, South Africa). The mean 2C value calculated for both wild and cultivated forms of D. carota amounted 0.973pg.

Morphometrics of Daucus (Apiaceae): a counterpart to a phylogenomic study.

Molecular phylogenetics of genome-scale data sets (phylogenomics) often produces phylogenetic trees with unprecedented resolution. A companion phylogenomics analysis of Daucus using 94 conserved nuclear orthologs supported many of the traditional species but showed unexpected results that require morphological analyses to help interpret them in a practical taxonomic context. We evaluated character state distributions, stepwise discriminant analyses, canonical variate analyses, and hierarchical cluster analyses from 40 morphological characters from 81 accessions of 14 taxa of Daucus and eight species in related genera in an experimental plot. Most characters showed tremendous variation with character state overlap across many taxa. Multivariate analyses separated the outgroup taxa easily from the Daucus ingroup. Concordant with molecular analyses, most species form phenetic groups, except the same taxa that are problematical in the molecular results: (1) the subspecies of D. carota, (2) D. sahariensis and D. syrticus, and (3) D. broteri and D. guttatus. Phenetic analyses, in combination with molecular data, support many Daucus species, but mostly by overlapping ranges of size and meristic variation. The subspecies of D. carota are poorly separated morphologically, are paraphyletic, and all could be recognized at the subspecies rank under D. carota. Daucus sahariensis and D. syrticus are so similar morphologically that they could be placed in synonymy. Combined molecular and morphological data support three species in accessions previously identified as D. broteri and D. guttatus. Molecular and morphological results support the new combination Daucus carota subsp. capillifolius.

Phylogenomics of the carrot genus (Daucus, Apiaceae).

• We explored the utility of multiple nuclear orthologs for the taxonomic resolution of wild and cultivated carrot, Daucus species.• We studied the phylogeny of 92 accessions of 13 species and two subspecies of Daucus and 15 accessions of related genera (107 accessions total) with DNA sequences of 94 nuclear orthologs. Reiterative analyses examined data of both alleles using ambiguity codes or a single allele with the highest coverage, trimmed vs. untrimmed homopolymers; pure exonic vs. pure intronic data; the use of all 94 markers vs. a reduced subset of markers; and analysis of a concatenated data set vs. a coalescent (species tree) approach.• Our maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood trees were highly resolved, with 100% bootstrap support for most of the external and many of the internal clades. They resolved multiple accessions of many different species as monophyletic with strong support, but failed to support other species. The single allele analysis gave slightly better topological resolution; trimming homopolymers failed to increase taxonomic resolution; the exonic data had a smaller proportion of parsimony-informative characters. Similar results demonstrating the same dominant topology can be obtained with many fewer markers. A Bayesian concordance analysis provided an overall similar phylogeny, but the coalescent analysis provided drastic changes in topology to all the above.• Our research highlights some difficult species groups in Daucus and misidentifications in germplasm collections. It highlights a useful subset of markers and approaches for future studies of dominant topologies in Daucus.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Parts of Daucus littoralis Smith subsp. hyrcanicus Rech. f.

Daucus littoralis Smith subsp. hyrcanicus Rech. f (Apiaceae) is an endemic species in north of Iran. The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from different parts (leaves and stems, roots, flowers and fruits) of this plant have been investigated by GC and GC-MS for the first time. The essential oils of all parts were characterized by high amounts of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (62 to 67 %) especially germaceren D (22 to 36 % in leaves, stems, flowers and roots) and acorenone B (19.7 to 57.5 % in all parts). So this can be considered as a remarkable difference between this species and other Daucus species. The high amounts of phenylpropanoids (8 to 30.3 %) were also found in all parts. Fruits oil was characterized by higher amounts of phenylpropanoids(30.3 %) while other parts were consisted of 8 to 10 % of these compounds. Myristicin was identified in leaves/stems, roots and fruits oil of this plant as one of the major components (8.6 %, 9.5 % and 15.2 % respectively). Elimicin (15.1 %) was identified as a major component in fruits but in lower amount (0.4 to 3.6 %) in other parts. All the essential oils have antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with MIC value ranged of 20-40 μl/ml.

Characterization of centromeric histone H3 (CENH3) variants in cultivated and wild carrots (Daucus sp.).

In eukaryotes, centromeres are the assembly sites for the kinetochore, a multi-protein complex to which spindle microtubules are attached at mitosis and meiosis, thereby ensuring segregation of chromosomes during cell division. They are specified by incorporation of CENH3, a centromere specific histone H3 variant which replaces canonical histone H3 in the nucleosomes of functional centromeres. To lay a first foundation of a putative alternative haploidization strategy based on centromere-mediated genome elimination in cultivated carrots, in the presented research we aimed at the identification and cloning of functional CENH3 genes in Daucus carota and three distantly related wild species of genus Daucus varying in basic chromosome numbers. Based on mining the carrot transcriptome followed by a subsequent PCR-based cloning, homologous coding sequences for CENH3s of the four Daucus species were identified. The ORFs of the CENH3 variants were very similar, and an amino acid sequence length of 146 aa was found in three out of the four species. Comparison of Daucus CENH3 amino acid sequences with those of other plant CENH3s as well as their phylogenetic arrangement among other dicot CENH3s suggest that the identified genes are authentic CENH3 homologs. To verify the location of the CENH3 protein in the kinetochore regions of the Daucus chromosomes, a polyclonal antibody based on a peptide corresponding to the N-terminus of DcCENH3 was developed and used for anti-CENH3 immunostaining of mitotic root cells. The chromosomal location of CENH3 proteins in the centromere regions of the chromosomes could be confirmed. For genetic localization of the CENH3 gene in the carrot genome, a previously constructed linkage map for carrot was used for mapping a CENH3-specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, and the CENH3 locus was mapped on the carrot chromosome 9.

Molecular phylogeny of Daucus (Apiaceae): Evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences

The Apiaceae genus Daucus consists of approximately 25 species (including carrots) which are characterized by the presence of bracts in pedunculate umbels, dorsally compressed mericarps, hairs on primary ridges, and uniseriately arranged spines on the secondary ridges of the fruit. Taxonomically, Daucus has been considered to be one of the most problematic genera in the Apiaceae due to the highly variable fruit morphology. Despite taxonomic controversy and economic importance of the genus, no rigorously constructed estimate of phylogenetic relationships exists. To examine generic limit and relationships among species of Daucus and its putatively related taxa, phylogenetic analyses of characters derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences were conducted. Two major clades emerged within Daucus, but neither of them have been previously recognized using morphological characters. The phylogeny also provides taxonomic status of recently reported new species of Daucus, D. arcanus and D. conchitae.

Plant regeneration from leaf-derived protoplasts within the Daucus genus: effect of different conditions in alginate embedding and phytosulfokine application

Protoplasts of four Daucus carota subspecies and three wild Daucus species were isolated from 2-week-old shoot cultures during overnight incubation in an enzyme mixture composed of 1 % (w/v) cellulase Onozuka R-10 and 0.1 % (w/v) pectolyase Y-23. Before the culture, they were embedded in autoclave- or filter-sterilized alginate solution. Modified thin alginate layer (TAL) and extra thin alginate film (ETAF) techniques were applied for protoplast immobilization. A rich mineral-organic medium based on the formulation of Kao and Michayluk supplemented with 0.1 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.2 mg l−1 zeatin, and optionally 100 nM phytosulfokine (PSK), a peptidyl plant growth factor, was used for protoplast culture. Plating efficiency was genotype-dependent and in 40-day-old cultures, it varied from 10 % for Daucus pusillus to 73 % for D. carota subsp. sativus. A considerably higher ability in colony formation was observed in the modified TAL culture system using filter-sterilized alginate and in the presence of PSK in the protoplast culture medium. Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis stimulated by PSK application occurred for five out of the seven Daucus accessions used in the present study. We believe our data may facilitate the use of wild Daucus in somatic hybridization with cultivated carrot.

Cercospora carotae . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora carotae , a colonizer of leaves, and less frequently, other overground parts of cultivated carrot and other species of Daucus . Some information on its habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe), North America (Canada (British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Quebec), Mexico and USA (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, South Dakota, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)), Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala and Panama), South America (Argentina, Brazil (Distrito Federal, Rio Grande do Sul), Chile, Guyana and Venezuela), Asia (Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, India (Jammu and Kashmir), Japan, Jordan, Nepal, Pakistan, South Korea and Taiwan), Australasia (Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia) and New Zealand), Caribbean (American Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago), Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Stavropol krai, Republic of Tatarstan), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and UK) and Ukraine), Indian Ocean (Mauritius) and Pacific Ocean (Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Tonga and USA (Hawaii)) and hosts.

Molecular Phylogeny of <I>Daucus</I> (Apiaceae)

Abstract We studied the phylogeny of 22 accessions of Daucus and seven accessions in related genera, with DNA sequences from eight nuclear orthologs and one plastid (psbA/trnH) region. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of the concatenated data matrix of 7,212 aligned nucleotides provided excellent bootstrap support for many clades. Concordant with prior molecular results Pseudorlaya pumila was firmly imbedded within Daucus, as was Margottia gummifera, a new finding. All accessions of D. capillifolius, D. carota, and D. sahariensis formed a 2n = 18 clade with all other species within the Daucus clade with chromosome numbers of = 20, 22, and 44 (D. glochidiatus). Sister to the D. carota clade was a clade containing Margottia gummifera and Pseudorlaya pumila, sister to these species was D. crinitus, sister to all the above was D. muricatus, and sister to all of the above was a clade containing the remaining Daucus species. Bayesian analyses of individual regions analyzed separately and averag...

Molecular and morphological evidence supports the resurrection of a neglected species of Daucus (Apiaceae) from North Africa

A neglected species of Daucus (Apiaceae), D. mauritii, endemic to northern Morocco, is revived. A full description, illustrations and photographs are provided, and a lectotype is designated. This species has previously been synonymized under D. muricatus. However, although D. mauritii shares morphological features with D. muricatus and D. aureus, it shows a unique combination of characters that warrants recognition as a distinct species. Analysis of (internal transcribed spacer, ITS), trnQ-rps16 intergenic spacer and rps16 intron sequences indicates that D. mauritii is closely related to D. aureus. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169, 320–337.