Public speaking is one of the most essential communication skills in both social and religious life (Lucas, 2019). Within the context of the boarding school environment, this skill functions not only as a means of conveying ideas, but also as a medium for developing self-confidence, leadership, and the ability to communicate Islamic values effectively (Harvy Ghaufar & Foreza, 2020; Muttaqin et al., 2025). In practice, not all students share the same perceptions of public speaking activities, since perception is influenced by cognitive, emotional, and social factors (OpenStax, 2020; Röhner & Schütz, 2023). This study aims to examine the implementation of public speaking activities at Salman Assalam Islamic boarding school Cirebon, to identify the obstacles encountered during their implementation, and to analyze students’ perceptions of these activities as part of the process of developing communication skills in the boarding school educational setting. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach (Creswell, 2014), as its primary objective is to gain an in-depth understanding of students’ perceptions of public speaking activities at Salman Assalam Islamic boarding school Cirebon. The research data were collected through in-depth interviews and direct observation of students involved in public speaking activities. Data analysis was conducted through three main stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Overall, the findings indicate that public speaking activities at Salman Assalam Islamic boarding school Cirebon serve not only as training for speaking in public, but also as a platform for shaping students’ communicative character through the sensory, cognitive, emotional, and social experiences they undergo (OpenStax, 2020). These four dimensions of perception are interconnected and form a comprehensive understanding of how students evaluate, experience, and respond to the process of communication learning in the boarding school. The success of public speaking activities is strongly influenced by the support of instructors, a conducive learning environment, and students’ reflective experiences at each stage of implementation (Aziz et al., 2020; Röhner & Schütz, 2023). In general, public speaking activities play a significant role in fostering self-confidence, communication skills, and students’ character in accordance with the educational values upheld by Salman Assalam Islamic Boarding School Cirebon.

A neglected area of patient safety research is how the characteristics of mental health staff and teams may influence incidents, specifically, through unintended and harmful consequences of clinical care. While the research literature into patient safety has increased, there is still a need to further consider safety on mental health wards, for example, the role of the staff team in containment and conflict. This review aims to explore the question, 'How do staff and team characteristics relate to safety incidents in adult inpatient mental health settings?'. The review will follow Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review framework. CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science will be searched. Literature published after 1999, that includes extractable quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods data exploring the relationship between staff and team characteristics on incidents in adult inpatient mental health settings, will be suitable for inclusion. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool will be used for quality appraisal and data analysis and will comprise data reduction, display and comparison. No new data or access to participants will be involved in this review. As such, ethical review will not be required. Dissemination will include publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and international conferences. This review has been registered on PROSPERO (ref. CRD420251119981; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251119981).

This study aims to analyze the concept of a culture of tolerance and peace from an Islamic perspective through the Rahmatan lil 'Alamin approach and its relevance in realizing world peace. This study departs from the thoughts of Shaykh Al-Zaytun, who emphasized that religion essentially aims to bring happiness, peace, and harmony to all humanity without distinction of religious, cultural, or national background. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical library research method. Data sources were obtained from religious texts, historical documents such as the Medina Charter and the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution, as well as various scientific literature relevant to peace education, cultural diplomacy, and interfaith dialogue. Data analysis was conducted through the content analysis method with the stages of data reduction, thematic classification, interpretation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that a culture of tolerance is the main foundation in building sustainable peace at the national and international levels. Peace education based on Rahmatan lil 'Alamin values ​​has proven to play a strategic role in shaping the character of an inclusive, moderate, and diversity-respecting society. The implementation of tolerance values ​​through educational institutions, particularly Islamic boarding schools (pesantren), can serve as an instrument of social transformation by instilling a dialogical and non-violent attitude. Furthermore, cultural diplomacy and interfaith dialogue serve as forms of soft power in international relations, encouraging global cooperation without conflict. The values ​​of Pancasila and the principles of the Medina Charter demonstrate the harmony between Islamic teachings and modern constitutions in creating a peaceful pluralistic society. Therefore, the integration of Rahmatan lil 'Alamin (blessing for the universe) values ​​into education, social policy, and international relations is a crucial strategy for realizing a just and sustainable world peace.

Although classroom management has been a concern in various educational studies, research that specifically discusses teachers’ strategies in managing classrooms to improve students’ discipline and concentration in Fiqh learning at madrasahs remains limited. This study aims to analyze the strategies of Fiqh teachers in classroom management to improve students’ discipline and concentration, identify the obstacles faced by teachers in its implementation, and explain the efforts made to overcome those obstacles. This study employed a qualitative approach with a field research design, involving one Fiqh teacher as the key informant and several eighth-grade students as supporting informants selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through observation, structured interviews, and documentation, and were then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the Fiqh teacher implemented several classroom management strategies, namely arranging students’ seating, applying classroom rules, using varied learning methods such as lectures, question-and-answer, and discussion, as well as supervision and a personal approach to students. These strategies proved capable of creating a more orderly and conducive learning atmosphere, thereby improving students’ learning discipline and concentration. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing effective classroom management strategies in creating a conducive learning environment, increasing students’ engagement in the learning process, and enriching classroom management studies in the context of Islamic Religious Education at madrasahs. The implications of this study indicate that teachers and educational institutions need to develop more adaptive and effective classroom management strategies, while also opening opportunities for further research on the relationship between classroom management and learning motivation, student character, and the learning environment at madrasahs.

The creativity development of children aged 4–5 years in visual arts activities at KB Bhakti Pertiwi, Kampar Kiri Hilir Subdistrict, has not developed optimally, as indicated by the children’s continuing difficulties in expressing ideas and imagination through drawing, coloring, and pasting activities. This study aims to describe teachers’ strategies in developing children’s creativity through visual arts activities. This study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The research subjects consisted of 13 children aged 4–5 years, with two main informants, namely the principal and the classroom teacher. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and were then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that teachers’ strategies in developing children’s creativity were implemented through three main stages, namely planning, implementation, and evaluation. At the planning stage, the teacher prepared the RPPH, media, and interesting visual arts materials that were appropriate to the children’s characteristics. At the implementation stage, the teacher gave children the freedom to express themselves through drawing, coloring, and collage activities without pressure, accompanied by motivation and positive support. At the evaluation stage, the teacher assessed the process and the children’s work results and provided appreciation for every effort made. The research findings showed that most children were in the categories of Developing as Expected and Developing Very Well. Thus, learning strategies that provide freedom of expression, emotional support, and the use of varied art media contribute to the optimal development of early childhood creativity.

Islamic education during the Old Order era is a crucial issue in the history of Indonesian education because it developed amidst the country's unstable political dynamics, the ideological struggles of nationalism, Islam, and communism, and the initial efforts to establish a national education system after independence. This topic is relevant to study because Islamic education policies during the 1945–1966 period not only determined the position of madrasahs, religious studies, and Islamic Religious Colleges (PTKI) within the national system, but also laid the foundations that have been influential to this day. This study aims to analyze the politics and policies of Islamic education during the Old Order era by highlighting the influence of national political dynamics, the strategic role of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, the process of establishing and developing PTKIs, the regulation of religious studies in the National Education System Law, and the challenges and opportunities faced by Islamic education during that period. This study uses a qualitative, field-study design combined with historical studies. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, documentation studies, and literature reviews of archives, regulations, and institutional records. Then, they were analyzed interactively and thematically through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions using source and method triangulation. The results of this study indicate that Islamic education policy during the Old Order era was heavily influenced by the country's political configuration and tended to be compromising. The Ministry of Religious Affairs proved to be a key actor in maintaining the existence of madrasahs, expanding religious instruction in public schools, and building the foundation of Islamic higher education through PTKI (Islamic Higher Education Institutions). This study also found that the regulation of religious instruction in Law No. 4 of 1950 in conjunction with Law No. 12 of 1954 reflected a form of state accommodation to Islamic aspirations, but did not fully guarantee substantive equality in its implementation. This finding contributes to the study of the politics of Islamic education by demonstrating that the development of Islamic education was the result of negotiations between the state, religion, and society, not merely a pedagogical process. Thus, this study concludes that the Old Order era was a crucial phase that shaped the institutional and political foundations of Islamic education in Indonesia.

This study aims to determine the strategies used by teachers to foster creativity in fourth-grade students in art classes through collage materials at SDN Pasirjati Elementary School and to identify the factors that support and hinder creativity. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method to gain an in-depth understanding of the learning process. The subjects of this study consist of fourth-grade teachers and fourth-grade students selected through purposive sampling. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, literature study, and documentation, while data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model, which included the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing and verification. The results showed that each teacher systematically planned teaching modules, used visual media, and applied a learning-by-doing model that emphasized hands-on practice. Collage learning using inorganic plastic waste had a positive impact on the development of students' creativity in both cognitive and non-cognitive aspects. Supporting factors included student interest and active participation, a conducive classroom atmosphere, and the availability of easily found materials, while inhibiting factors were related to differences in student characteristics and interests.

This study aims to analyze the public relations strategy of the Dinas Komunikasi and Informatika Kabupaten Sragen in promoting “Jelajah Sukowati” on the Sragenkab.go.id website. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data source for this study is the Sragenkab.go.id website. The data in this study consists of interviews with informants and photo documentation uploaded to the Sragenkab.go.id website. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses four data analysis techniques based on the Miles and Huberman model, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing (verification). The results of the study show that the Public Relations Dinas Komunikasi and Informatika Kabupaten Sragen has implemented these four strategies through problem identification, program planning, program implementation, and program success evaluation. In addition, SWOT analysis shows that public relations has utilized its strengths and opportunities, although there are still several weaknesses, such as inconsistent posting times and the lack of a comment section for the public, which is used as a benchmark for the success of the strategies implemented. The implementation of the public relations strategy of the Public Relations Dinas Komunikasi and Informatika Kabupaten Sragen has proven to be a bridge between the people of Sragen Regency and the Sragen Regency government in publications related to regional potential.

This paper aims to analyze leadership strategies in improving lecturer performance at Private Islamic Higher Education Institutions (PTKIS), particularly at STAI Al-Hikmah Tebing Tinggi and STIT Batubara. The research focuses on lecturer performance, coordination patterns between PTKIS leaders and study programs, and leadership strategies to improve the implementation of the three pillars of higher education. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a multisite design in two research locations. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, verification, and conclusion drawing, with validity testing through source and method triangulation. The results of the study show that the performance of lecturers at both institutions has been carried out in a planned and sustainable manner through the synergy of higher education leadership with study programs. Leadership coordination serves as a strategic mechanism in integrating academic policies with the implementation of the three pillars of higher education through planning, monitoring, evaluation, and professional development. Leadership strategies include the development of pedagogical competencies, strengthening a culture of research and scientific publication, science-based community service, creating a conducive academic environment, and a sustainable reward system. The discussion shows that collaborative leadership can improve the professionalism, motivation, and productivity of lecturers. However, challenges such as limited facilities, administrative burdens, and variations in lecturer competencies still need to be addressed, requiring visionary leadership and continuous guidance.

This research aims to analyze the management of ASWAJA based local content curriculum to build the character of students who are faithful, devout and noble. This is a case study approach descriptive qualitative research, carried out in religious-based educational institutions. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation studies, then analyzed using data reduction. Result of research showed that at the planning stage, the curriculum was designed by determining Aswaja-based subjects, selecting competent teachers, and providing relevant learning resources. Curriculum implementation involves developing a syllabus, preparing lesson plans, and implementing learning methods that integrate Aswaja values. Evaluation is carried out reflectively and summatively to measure the success of curriculum implementation. However, several obstacles such as the lack of innovative learning methods and teacher rotation are challenges that needed to be overcome. This research confirmed that Aswaja values have strategic potential moderate, inclusive, based on local wisdom. For optimization, synergy is needed between educational institutions, the community and the government in ensuring the sustainability of local content curricula as a solution to face the moral crisis in the modern era.

This study aims to analyze the management of Christian spiritual programs to improve students’ religious character at SMKS Multistudi High School, Batam. The research used a mixed methods approach with a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were obtained through questionnaires completed by 41 students, while qualitative data were collected through interviews with the principal, the vice principal for student affairs, the Christian Religious Education teacher, and the Rohkris advisor, as well as activity documentation. Quantitative analysis used descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The research results showed that students’ religious character was in the good to very good category, indicated by increased discipline, responsibility, politeness, and social concern. The findings indicate that the improvement in religious character was influenced by program management, including structured planning, clear task distribution, habit-based implementation, and continuous evaluation. Programs integrated with Christian Religious Education strengthened the internalization of values in school life. Thus, the quality of spiritual program management became the main factor in the success of shaping students’ religious character, not simply the existence of religious activities

This study aims to analyze and describe diagnostic learning strategies in the internalization process of a love-based curriculum at Madrasah Aliyah Al-Ittifaqiah. A love-based curriculum is understood as an educational approach that emphasizes compassion, empathy, responsibility, and spirituality as the foundation for students’ character development. The primary challenge in its implementation lies in ensuring that values are not confined to cognitive understanding but are manifested in students’ attitudes and behaviors.This research employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with the principal and teachers, and analysis of instructional documents. Data analysis was conducted through systematic data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that diagnostic learning strategies were implemented through initial mapping of students’ characteristics, identification of learning needs and socio-religious backgrounds, and continuous formative assessment. Teachers utilized diagnostic results to design contextual, reflective, and exemplary-based learning processes.The study concludes that diagnostic learning plays a significant role in strengthening the internalization of love-based values through habituation, educational dialogue, and integration of values into classroom activities. It recommends enhancing teachers’ competencies in diagnostic assessment and developing structured character evaluation instruments to support the sustainability of love-based curriculum implementation in madrasah education.

This study was grounded in findings indicating a decline in academic achievement and various forms of learning difficulties originating from both internal and external student-related factors. The research aimed to examine the implementation of individual counseling services using the Person-centered therapy technique in addressing students’ learning difficulties at SMP Negeri 2 Gunungsitoli Idanoi. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The research subjects consisted of school counselors and students experiencing learning difficulties. Data were analyzed systematically through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing to ensure coherent and in-depth interpretation. The findings revealed that the implementation of individual counseling using the Person-centered therapy technique effectively assisted students in identifying the sources of their learning difficulties, enhancing self-awareness, and fostering greater motivation and responsibility in the learning process. A warm, empathic, and unconditionally accepting counseling relationship emerged as the key factor contributing to the success of the intervention. These results affirm that a person-centered approach represents an effective guidance and counseling strategy for improving students’ learning quality and supporting their sustained personal and academic development.

Abstract We present the data reduction methodology used for the COSMOS-Web survey JWST NIRCam data. Covering 0.54 deg 2 with four broadband filters (F115W, F150W, F277W, F444W) and a total exposure time of approximately 270 hr, COSMOS-Web represents the largest contiguous field surveyed during JWST Cycle 1, posing unique data reduction challenges due to its extensive scale. By combining the official JWST Calibration Pipeline with custom improvements for noise removal, background subtraction, and astrometric alignment, we achieve high-fidelity science-ready mosaics. We detail the systematic approach employed in the three stages of the JWST Calibration Pipeline. The data, collected in three epochs from 2023 January to 2024 January, encompass 152 visits and have been processed into 20 mosaic tiles to optimize computational efficiency and data processing. The final data products achieve 5 σ depths of 26.7–28.3 AB mag in 0 . ″ 15 apertures. The processed and calibrated datasets are made available to the public.

With the full arrival of the big data era, data has gradually become a core strategic asset for scientific decision-making across industries. However, raw data often suffers from issues such as missing values, noise, inconsistencies, and redundancy due to diverse sources and inconsistent formats, which directly impair the quality and credibility of data analysis. As a critical component of the big data analysis process, data preprocessing plays a vital role in enhancing data quality and standardizing data formats. The effectiveness of preprocessing directly determines the accuracy and reliability of subsequent modeling and analysis. This paper systematically reviews and summarizes the core technologies involved in data preprocessing for big data analysis. Based on an extensive literature review and inductive analysis methods, it focuses on analyzing the fundamental principles and typical processing methods of key preprocessing steps, including data cleaning, data integration, data transformation, and data reduction. By examining practical applications in industries such as financial risk control, medical diagnosis, and e-commerce, the paper explores the real-world scenarios and outcomes of these technologies. Additionally, it delves into major challenges in current data preprocessing, including the complexity of data quality assessment, computational efficiency issues in high-dimensional data processing, and the growing importance of data privacy and security protection. The study concludes that efficient and intelligent data preprocessing is a prerequisite for fully unlocking the value of big data. Future research directions will increasingly focus on developing and optimizing automated, adaptive preprocessing technologies and integrated frameworks.

Islamic education in Indonesia plays a crucial role in shaping the character of the younger generation, particularly at the elementary school level. As technological developments and globalization influence students' mindsets and behavior, it is crucial to explore innovative ways to instill religious values ​​that can foster noble character. This study aims to analyze the development of a religious program at Az-Zikri Islamic Elementary School in Bone Regency, with the goal of shaping students' character through worship and social ethics. This study employed a descriptive, qualitative case study approach. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews and documentation of religious activities at the school. Data analysis employed the Miles and Huberman model, which encompasses data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Key findings indicate that programs such as congregational prayer, memorization (tahfidz), morning dhikr (recitation of the Quran), and Islamic literacy activities successfully improved students' discipline, independence, and social awareness. Furthermore, these religious activities also contributed to the development of more empathetic, respectful, and inclusive social attitudes. The results of this study provide a significant contribution to religious education, demonstrating that structured worship practices can enhance students' religious and social character.

Critical thinking is an essential component of mathematics learning, particularly when students are required to solve word problems that demand reasoning, interpretation, and systematic decision-making. However, evidence from previous studies shows that many junior high school students still struggle to apply critical thinking skills effectively, especially in the topic of Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables (SPLDV). This study aims to analyze the types of errors made by students when solving SPLDV word problems based on indicators of mathematical critical thinking skills. This qualitative descriptive study involved 36 eighth-grade students from SMP Negeri 1 Ciranjang. The data were collected through five open-ended test items developed according to four indicators of mathematical critical thinking: interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference. Students’ written responses were scored using an established rubric, and the data were analyzed through the processes of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that students frequently experienced several types of difficulties, including: (1) failing to identify the known and asked information; (2) using unsystematic problem-solving procedures; (3) constructing incorrect or incomplete mathematical models; (4) applying inappropriate strategies; (5) performing inaccurate or incomplete calculations; and (6) being unable to draw conclusions aligned with the context of the problem. These results indicate that students’ mathematical critical thinking skills related to SPLDV remain weak and require improvement. Therefore, structured guidance, explicit reasoning instruction, and consistent practice are needed to strengthen students’ problem solving abilities.

Students’ mathematical reasoning ability (MRA) is an essential component of mathematics learning, particularly for solving non-routine problems. However, many junior high school students still rely on procedural strategies without sufficient conceptual understanding, resulting in weak reasoning skills, especially in geometry topics such as the Pythagorean Theorem, indicating the need for a detailed analysis of students’ mathematical reasoning ability. This study aims to analyze junior high school students’ mathematical reasoning ability on the Pythagorean Theorem based on four indicators: proposing conjectures, performing mathematical transformations, providing logical justification, and drawing conclusions. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed involving 31 eighth-grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Raha selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using an open-ended mathematical reasoning ability test related to the Pythagorean Theorem and supported by semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was conducted using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. The results indicate that 6% of students demonstrated high mathematical reasoning ability, 8% were categorized as moderate, and 86% were classified as low. Most students experienced difficulties in formulating conjectures, transforming contextual problems into mathematical models, providing logical justification, and drawing valid conclusions. In conclusion, students’ mathematical reasoning ability on the Pythagorean Theorem remains relatively low. Therefore, instructional strategies that emphasize conceptual understanding, reasoning processes, justification, and reflective thinking are necessary to improve students’ mathematical reasoning abilities.

Intelligent electroencephalogram feature engineering for rapid mental health diagnosis.

The persistence of intolerance in society underscores the critical role of education in shaping tolerant attitudes, particularly within faith-based educational settings. This study aimed to analyze the constructivist approach in inclusive education and its implications for the formation of tolerant attitudes among students at Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor. A qualitative approach with an ethnographic design was employed, with data collected over the course of one year through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and document study. Data were analyzed interactively through the stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that inclusive education at Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor is implemented through the shared life of students from diverse cultural, regional, and character backgrounds within a unified schooling and boarding system. The constructivist approach is manifested in learning and student development processes that position students as active subjects in constructing their understanding and tolerant attitudes through direct experience, social interaction, collaborative work, and reflection. Tolerance education is carried out through two models, namely direct tolerance and indirect tolerance, which operate integratively within the framework of inclusive education, thereby making tolerance not merely a norm but a consciously internalized character within the students. The study concludes that a constructivist approach within inclusive education is effective in fostering students’ tolerant attitudes in an active, reflective, and sustainable manner, and affirms that Islamic boarding schools hold strategic potential as character education spaces capable of preparing students to live harmoniously in a plural society. Keywords: Constructivist Learning; Inclusive Education; Development of Tolerance; Islamic Boarding Schools; Character Education