Data Rate Of System Research Articles

Two-dimensional adaptive-bandwidth bit and power loading for MIMO-OFDM VLC communications

The combination of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) can effectively increase the achievable rate and reliability of visible light communications (VLC). The low-pass characteristic in frequency domain and power diversity in spatial domain leaves the possibility to further enhance the channel capacity of the MIMO-OFDM VLC systems. In this paper, a two-dimensional water-filling (2D-WF) strategy that can fully explore the properties in both frequency and spatial domain, is investigated to maximize the achievable rate. The theoretical water-filling strategy assumes infinite granularity of the information bit, while in practice the number of bits can only be an integer and thus greedy algorithms such as Hughes-Hartogs (HH) algorithm are used for discrete bit and power loading within a fixed frequency band. Toward the practical implementation of the 2D-WF strategy, we further propose adaptive two-dimensional bit-power loading algorithms that optimally utilize the spectrum resources based on the channel state information (CSI). We analyze the energy tightness of the proposed algorithms based on the least incremental energy for the last information bit. Compared to the fixed-bandwidth algorithm, the adaptive-bandwidth bit-power loading algorithm can further enhance the achievable data rate of MIMO-OFDM VLC systems due to its capability to optimally leverage the abundant spectrum resources, which is verified through both simulations and experiments. The proposed algorithms can be directly implemented for high-speed VLC systems.

Multicarrier dual‐index permuted chaos shift keying system for efficiency improvement in chaotic communications

AbstractWe propose a multicarrier chaotic system that incorporates dual‐index and M‐ary modulation techniques. The proposed system improves the energy and spectrum efficiencies with a tradeoff in computational complexity. In addition, it applies index modulation to select the chaotic signal and permuted chaotic signals along with ‐ary modulated symbols. As a result, the spectral and energy efficiencies are increased in chaotic systems. Theoretical expressions are derived to calculate the bit error rate of the proposed system under additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels. The equations are validated through Monte Carlo simulations, whose results demonstrate a reduction in bit error rate for the proposed system. The data rate, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and computational complexity of the proposed system are analyzed and compared with those of existing multicarrier chaotic systems.

Deep Learning-Based Joint Beamforming Design for Multi-Hop Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-Aided Communication Systems

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is one of the promising technologies for sixth generation communications due to its advantages including energy saving, high spectral efficiency, etc. However, the non-convex joint beamforming design is a challenge, especially in the multi-hop RIS-assisted communication system. This paper proposes a deep learning-based joint beamforming (DLBF) design, aiming to maximize the system data rate for multi-hop RIS-aided communication systems. The proposed DLBF design consists of the reflection matrices design of all RISs and the transmit beamforming design at the base station, which has a reduced computational complexity. Numerical results show that the proposed DLBF can achieve 1.8 bit/s/Hz sum rate gain compared to the conventional beamforming method for the two-user scenario, which can be enhanced by large-scale users. The sum rate performance can be improved by increasing the number of RISs due to the reflection gain, and corresponding results provide a guidance of the multi-hop number selection for further investigation.

A noncoherent chaotic communication system with multidimensional index modulation based on cyclic permutation grouping

With the surge in technological advancements and application demands, the study of high-data-rate communication systems has become increasingly significant. To enhance the data transmission rate and spectral efficiency of traditional DCSK systems, we have designed a differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) system with multidimensional index modulation based on cyclic permutation grouping (CPG-MIM-DCSK). Multidimensional index resources are efficiently combined by the CPG-MIM-DCSK system using the proposed cyclic permutation grouping method. In the CPG-MIM-DCSK system, both selected and unselected subcarriers, as well as selected and unselected time slots, are distinguished through different groups of cyclic permutations. Permutation, carrier, and time slot resources are fully utilized by this modulation method, thereby enhancing the data rate and spectral efficiency of traditional DCSK systems. The theoretical Bit Error Rate (BER) expressions of the CPG-MIM-DCSK system under Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels are derived. The data rate, complexity, and spectral efficiency of the CPG-MIM-DCSK system are covered in further analysis. The simulation results highlight the superiority of the CPG-MIM-DCSK system in terms of data rate and spectral efficiency. Additionally, the proposed CPG-MIM-DCSK system exhibits better BER performance in both Gaussian and multipath Rayleigh fading channels compared to its comparative systems.

Survey on Optical Wireless Communication with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces

Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential for providing high-data-rate wireless connections through the large license-free bandwidth available. A key challenge in OWC systems, similar to high-frequency Radiofrequency (RF) systems, is the presence of dead zones caused by obstacles like buildings, trees, and moving individuals, which can degrade signal quality or disrupt data transmission. Traditionally, relays have been used to mitigate these issues. Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs) have recently emerged as a promising solution, enhancing system performance and flexibility by providing reconfigurable communication channels. This paper presents an overview of the application of IRSs in OWC systems. Specifically, we categorize IRSs into two main types: mirror array-based IRSs and metasurface-based IRSs. Furthermore, we delve into modeling approaches of mirror array-based IRSs in OWC and analyze recent advances in IRS control, which are classified into system power or gain optimization-oriented, system link reliability optimization-oriented, system data rate optimization-oriented, system security optimization-oriented, and system energy optimization-oriented approaches. Moreover, we present the principles of metasurface-based IRSs from a physical mechanism perspective, highlighting their application in OWC systems through the distinct roles of light signal refraction and reflection. Finally, we discuss the key challenges and potential future directions for integrating IRS with OWC systems, providing insights for further research in this promising field.

Integrated photonic encoder for low power and high-speed image processing.

Modern lens designs are capable of resolving greater than 10 gigapixels, while advances in camera frame-rate and hyperspectral imaging have made data acquisition rates of Terapixel/second a real possibility. The main bottlenecks preventing such high data-rate systems are power consumption and data storage. In this work, we show that analog photonic encoders could address this challenge, enabling high-speed image compression using orders-of-magnitude lower power than digital electronics. Our approach relies on a silicon-photonics front-end to compress raw image data, foregoing energy-intensive image conditioning and reducing data storage requirements. The compression scheme uses a passive disordered photonic structure to perform kernel-type random projections of the raw image data with minimal power consumption and low latency. A back-end neural network can then reconstruct the original images with structural similarity exceeding 90%. This scheme has the potential to process data streams exceeding Terapixel/second using less than 100 fJ/pixel, providing a path to ultra-high-resolution data and image acquisition systems.

Investigation of IEEE 802.16e LDPC Code Application in PM-DQPSK System

With the development of the Internet and information technology, optical fiber communication systems need to meet people’s information demand for large capacity and high speed. High-order phase modulation and channel multiplexing can improve the capacity and data rate of optical fiber communication systems, but they also bring the problem of bit error. To improve the transmission quality and reliability of optical fiber communication systems, forward error correction (FEC) coding techniques are commonly used, which serve as the fundamental approach to enhance the quality and reliability of fiber optic communication systems, ensuring that the received data remain accurate and reliable. The FEC in optical fiber communication systems is divided into three generations. The first generation FEC is mainly hard decision codewords, represented as RS code. The second generation FEC is mainly cascaded code, which stands for interleaved cascaded code. The third generation of FEC mainly refers to soft decision codes, which are represented as low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. As a kind of FEC, LDPC codes stand out as pivotal contributors in the field of optical communication and have gained remarkable attention due to exceptional error correction performance and low decoding complexity. Based on IEEE802.16e standard, LDPC code with specific code length and rate is compiled and simulated in MATLAB and VPItransmissionMaker 10.1 and successfully incorporated into polarization multiplexed differential quadrature phase shift keying (PM-DQPSK) coherent optical transmission system. The simulation results indicate that the bit error rate (BER) can be reduced to 10−3 when the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) reaches 14.2 dB, and the BER experiences a reduction by nearly three orders of magnitude when the OSNR is 17.2 dB. These findings underscore the efficacy of LDPC codes in significantly improving the performance of optical communication systems, particularly in scenarios demanding robust error correction capabilities. This study provides valuable, significant results regarding the potential of LDPC codes for enhancing the reliability of optical transmission in real-world applications.

Enhancing data rate and energy efficiency of NOMA systems using reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for millimeter-wave communications

In this article, we employ reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to aid a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system utilizing millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications. Different to recent works on the RIS-supported NOMA systems where the certain carrier frequency was often normalized (fc=1 Hz), we analyze specific impacts of high carrier frequencies in the mmWave band (fc≥30 GHz) on the performance of the RIS-supported NOMA system. In particular, we derive the exact expressions of achievable data rate (ADR) and energy efficiency (EE) of the RIS-supported NOMA system using mmWave band (RIS-mmWave-NOMA system). We compare the ADR and EE of the RIS-mmWave-NOMA system with those of mmWave-NOMA system without RIS, where there are only source-user channels. Numerical illustrations clarify the benefits of utilizing RIS as well as the great impacts of high fc in mmWave band on the ADR and EE of the RIS-mmWave-NOMA system. More specifically, when fc increases from 50 to 100 GHz, the transmit power of source should be increased 8 dBm to achieve the same ADR. Meanwhile, the maximal EE with fc=100 GHz is greatly lower than the maximal EE with fc=50 GHz even though higher transmit power is used. In other words, when fc increases, higher transmit power can be used for the ADR aims but this method cannot be used for EE purposes. In these circumstances, utilizing a larger number of reflecting elements (REs) in the RIS is a good method. By using N≥200 REs, the ADR and EE of the RIS-mmWave-NOMA system are significantly higher than those of mmWave-NOMA system without RIS. Finally, we confirm the exactness of the derived formulas through Monte-Carlo simulations.

Optical-OFDM VLC System: Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Enhancement and Performance Evaluation.

Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems are favoured for numerous applications due to their extensive bandwidth and resilience to electromagnetic interference. This study delineates various constructions of Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (O-OFDM) approaches employed in VLC systems. Various factors are elaborated within this context to ascertain a more effective O-OFDM approach, including constellation size, data arrangement and spectral efficiency, power efficiency, computational complexity, bit error rate (BER), and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This paper seeks to assess these approaches' BER and PAPR performance across varying modulation orders. Regrettably, in VLC systems based on OFDM methodology, the superposition of multiple subcarriers results in a high PAPR. Therefore, this study aims to diminish the PAPR in VLC systems, enhancing system performance. We propose a non-distorting PAPR reduction technique, namely the Vandermonde-Like Matrix (VLM) precoding technique. The suggested technique is implemented across various O-OFDM approaches, including DCO-OFDM, ADO-OFDM, ACO-OFDM, FLIP-OFDM, ASCO-OFDM, and LACO-OFDM. Notably, this method does not affect the system's data rate because it does not require the mandatory transmission of side information. Furthermore, this technique can decrease the PAPR without impacting the system's BER performance. This study compares the proposed PAPR reduction technique against established methods documented in the literature to evaluate their efficacy and validity rigorously.

Interference Mitigation and Power Consumption Reduction for Cell Edge users in Future Generation Networks

In 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets), a unique and promising option to address the growing demand for higher data rates is network densification of small cells (SCs) and macro cells (MCs). Unfortunately, the 5G HetNets are suffering severe issues due to the interference caused by these densely populated SCs and their high-power consumption. To lessen interference and boost network throughput, a New Soft Frequency Reuse (NSFR) technique is put forth in this work. The proposed scheme uses the Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) for on/off switching of the SCs according to their Interference Contribution Rate (ICR) values. By splitting the cell region into edge and center zones, it resolves the interference issue caused by the densely packed SCs. Moreover, SC on/off switching addresses the issue of excessive power consumption and improves the 5G network's power efficiency. Furthermore, this work tackles the irregular shape nature problem of 5G HetNets and compares two different proposed shapes for the centre zone of the SC, existing irregular and proposed circular shapes. Additionally, the optimum radius of the centre zone, which maximizes the total system data rate, is obtained. A comparative analysis of power consumption, data rate and power efficiency was performed between the NSFR model, the SFR model and the proposed model. The results show that for 1000 number of equipment, the proposed model has a low power consumption of 1.72KW compared to 3.51KW for SFR and 3.73KW for NSFR. Data rate of 12.19kbps compared to 11.42kbps for SFR and 11.09kbps for NSFR. Also, power efficiency of 610kbps/W compared to 572kbps/W for SFR and 560kbps/W for NSFR. These results imply that the interference mitigation handled by the proposed scheme improves by approximately 22%.

A Framework for Transmission Design for Active RIS-Aided Communication With Partial CSI

Active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have recently been proposed to compensate for the severe multiplicative fading effect of conventional passive RIS-aided systems. Each reflecting element of active RISs is assisted by an amplifier such that the incident signal can be reflected and amplified instead of only being reflected as in passive RIS-aided systems. This work addresses the practical challenge that, on the one hand, in active RIS-aided systems the perfect individual channel state information (CSI) of the RIS-aided channels cannot be acquired due to the lack of signal processing power at the active RISs, but, on the other hand, this CSI is required to calculate the expected system data rate and RIS transmit power needed for transceiver design. To address this issue, we first derive closed-form expressions for the average achievable rate and the average RIS transmit power based on partial CSI of the RIS-aided channels. Then, we formulate an average achievable rate maximization problem for jointly optimizing the active beamforming at both the base station (BS) and the RIS. This problem is then tackled using the majorization–minimization (MM) algorithm framework, and, in each iteration low-complexity solutions for the BS and RIS beamforming are found based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. To ensure the quality of service (QoS) of each user, we further formulate a rate outage constrained beamforming problem, which is solved using the Bernstein-Type inequality (BTI) and semidefinite relaxation (SDR) techniques. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithms can efficiently overcome the challenges imposed by imperfect CSI in active RIS-aided wireless systems.

Wireless data transmission in the 560-GHz band utilizing terahertz wave generated through photomixing of a pair of distributed feedback lasers injection-locking to a Kerr micro-resonator soliton comb

The increasing demand for higher data rates in 6G mobile wireless systems has sparked a keen interest in terahertz (THz) waves as a high-frequency, high-bandwidth carrier. This study presents a novel approach to wireless data transmission at 560 GHz, leveraging the use of THz waves generated through the injection-locking of a pair of distributed feedback lasers into a Kerr micro-resonator soliton comb. Experimental results demonstrate a Q-factor of 6.23 in 1-Gbit/s on-off-keying data transmission, which closely approaches the error-free limit represented by a Q-factor of 6.36. Additionally, the study achieves low error vector magnitudes for various modulation formats: 23.9% for 1-GBaud binary-phase-shift-keying, 23.6% for 1-GBaud quadrature-phase-shift-keying, and 8.07% for 0.1-GBaud 16-quadrature-amplitude modulation. This innovative approach holds promise for achieving high-quality, high-speed wireless data transmission, thereby advancing THz communication technology for integration into 6G systems.

Performance enhancement of 5G uplink MIMO over fading-shadowing, path losses, and ISI using LZF equalize

The challenges of the 5G mobile wireless communication systems transmission channels have been changed continuously because of the signal transfer path characteristics such as real-time applications, path loss, multiple users, reflected rays, channel Rayleigh-fading, shadowing, noise, and inter symbol interference (ISI). These challenges have been treated to reach the minimum bit error rate (BER) value of the received data and maximum data rate of high-speed wireless mobile communication systems. In this paper, the linear zero-forcing (LZF) equalizer with uplink multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system has been proposed to enhancement the BER, which is caused by the ISI, Rayleigh fading, shadowing, path losses, and additive white gaussian noise (AWGN). Furthermore, the proposed approach is applied to a different number of antennas constellation to show the effect of increasing the number of antennas on the BER. The results show that the proposed LZF equalizer-MIMO system model has reached lower BER values, and high performance with an increase in the receiver to 8×14, 8×16 and 8×18 antennas constellation at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR).

A comprehensive survey of free-space optical communication – modulation schemes, advantages, challenges and mitigations

Abstract The demand for large bandwidth and high data rates in communication systems has become the main cause of the upgrade of traditional networks into free space optical (FSO) technology. FSO technology has gained significant popularity due to its easy deployment, high data rates, abundant bandwidth, enhanced security, and license-free spectrum utilization. However, the performance of FSO communication systems can be affected by certain limiting factors, such as changes in weather conditions during data transmission. To overcome these challenges and improve FSO performance, various modulation techniques are employed. This article presents a concise overview of the FSO communication system, highlighting different modulation techniques used to enhance its performance, as well as discussing its advantages, applications, and existing challenges. Some advanced modulation formats which are recently introduced in the field of FSO communication such as QPSK, DP-QPSK, QAM, and OFDM are also made part of this paper.

Bandwidth Density Analysis of Coded Free-Space Optical Interconnects

The performance of free-space optical interconnects (FSOIs) system is significantly influenced by noise, similar to any wireless communication system. This noise has a notable impact on both the bandwidth density and data rate of FSOIs system. To address these challenges, this study proposes the utilization of vertical-cavity-surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays on the transmitter side and photodetector arrays on the receiver side for FSOIs. The study investigates the bandwidth density of the system with and without coding while maintaining a specific bit error rate. An analysis is conducted in the presence of higher-order modes in the laser beams of the FSOIs system and a fundamental Gaussian operating mode. The presence of the higher-order modes leads to degradation in the performance of the FSOIs system in terms of bandwidth density. In addition, we examine the impact of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the system’s bandwidth density for each considered operating mode. The provided simulation results clearly demonstrate that coding significantly enhances the bandwidth density of the systems, with the extent of improvement being closely tied to the employed code rate and codeword length.

A 3.84-Gbit/s FBMC-NOMA-based VLC transmission system using DAC-based pre-equalization and DHT precoding technique

The transmission data rate of visible light communication (VLC) systems is mainly limited by the modulation bandwidth of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Pre-equalization (PE) techniques in combination with advanced modulation formats have been employed to enhance the data rate of LED-based VLC systems. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrated a high spectral-efficiency filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based VLC transmission system using digital-to-analog converter-based PE (DAC-PE) and discrete Hartley transform (DHT) precoding technique. Two PE techniques, i.e., DAC-PE and digital pre-equalization (DPE), are comparatively investigated in both orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-NOMA-based VLC systems and FBMC-NOMA-based VLC systems. The results exhibit that, with the help of DHT precoding, the DAC-PE scheme outperforms the DPE scheme at the optimal power ratios (PRs). Besides, the FBMC-NOMA scheme can provide better bit error rate (BER) performance and higher data rate than OFDM-NOMA. At the optimal PR of 6 dB, the FBMC-NOMA signal with a record net data rate of 3.84 Gbit/s after 2.3-m free-space link transmission can be achieved with the BER below 3.8 × 10−3.

Efficient capacity enhancement using OFDM with interleaved subcarrier number modulation in bandlimited UOWC systems.

We propose and demonstrate an efficient capacity enhancement scheme for bandlimited underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) systems by utilizing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with interleaved subcarrier number modulation (OFDM-ISNM). In the proposed OFDM-ISNM, joint number and constellation mapping/de-mapping is utilized to avoid error propagation and subblock interleaving is further applied to address the low-pass effect of the bandlimited UOWC system. The feasibility and superiority of the proposed OFDM-ISNM scheme for practical bandlimited UOWC systems have been verified through both simulations and experiments. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed OFDM-ISNM scheme is capable of efficiently improving the achievable data rate of the bandlimited UOWC system. Specifically, the experimental results show a significant 28.6% capacity enhancement by OFDM-ISNM over other benchmark schemes, achieving a data rate of 3.6 Gbps through a 2-m water channel.

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions.

The expectation for communication systems beyond 5G/6G is to provide high reliability, high throughput, low latency, and high energy efficiency services. The integration between systems based on radio frequency (RF) and visible light communication (VLC) promises the design of hybrid systems capable of addressing and largely satisfying these requirements. Hybrid network design enables complementary cooperation without interference between the two technologies, thereby increasing the overall system data rate, improving load balancing, and reducing non-coverage areas. VLC/RF hybrid networks can offer reliable and efficient communication solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as smart lighting, location-based services, home automation, smart healthcare, and industrial IoT. Therefore, hybrid VLC/RF networks are key technologies for next-generation communication systems. In this paper, a comprehensive state-of-the-art study of hybrid VLC/RF networks is carried out, divided into four areas. First, indoor scenarios are studied considering lighting requirements, hybrid channel models, load balancing, resource allocation, and hybrid network topologies. Second, the characteristics and implementation of these hybrid networks in outdoor scenarios with adverse conditions are analyzed. Third, we address the main applications of hybrid VLC/RF networks in technological, economic, and socio-environmental domains. Finally, we outline the main challenges and future research lines of hybrid VLC/RF networks.

Performance Comparison Between a Simple Full-Duplex Multi-Antenna Relay and a Passive Reflecting Intelligent Surface

In this paper, we propose to investigate a single RF chain multi-antenna full-duplex (FD) relay built with <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</i> -bit analog phase shifters and passive self-interference cancellation. Next, assuming only passive self-interference cancellation at the FD relay, we derive the achievable data rate of a system comprised of a source, the proposed FD relay, and a destination. We then compare the achievable data rate of the proposed FD relaying system with the achievable data rate of the same system but with the FD relay replaced by an ideal passive RIS. Our results show that the proposed relaying system with 2-bit quantized analog phase shifters significantly outperforms the RIS-assisted system. In fact, the performance gains are so large, at least for small to intermediate numbers of antenna elements, that we believe it makes this result of interest to the wireless community. The proposed FD relay can also be built with reconfigurable holographic surfaces, one surface for the transmit-side and one for the receive-side. For such a scenario, we derive the energy efficiency of the relay-assisted system and compare it with the RIS-assisted system. Our numerical results show that the energy efficiency of the relay-assisted system built with reconfigurable holographic surfaces is significantly higher than the energy efficiency of the RIS-assisted system. Intuitively, the RIS system is at a disadvantage since there the total transmit power <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P_T</i> is used entirely by the source, whereas in the FD relaying system the total transmit power <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P_T</i> is shared by the source and the FD relay in addition to the noise-cleansing process performed by the decode-and-forwarding at the FD relay.

Emergence of energy optimization in MIMO-OFDM communication system with hybrid teamwork-grasshopper optimization

Abstract In the application of mobile multimedia and wireless communication system needs an enormous amount of data. Due to the usage of a huge data rate, a superior amount of energy is offered to BER, which effectively enhances the entire energy consumption rate in the system, and also, the generation of CO2 emission leads to global warming. Hence, professionals searched for energy-efficient approaches for attaining enhanced data rates in wireless communication systems. Then, professionals observed the energy efficacy as well as QoS as an essential factor in developing and validating the mobile multimedia communication system that has created superior interest in recent days. In this paper, energy-efficient models are suggested for MIMO-OFDM mobile multimedia communication systems with statistical QoS constraints. Hence, this research suggests a new MTGSO for energy optimization in the MIMO-OFDM mobile multimedia communication system to improve spectral efficiency and system capacity. Thus, the empirical result of the designed method attains better performance regarding average power constraints, achieving 29.8 %, 21.3 %, 123.8 %, and 4.2 % enhanced than SSO, FOA, GSO, and TOA. This energy-efficient hybrid algorithm for MIMO-OFDM proves its efficiency in terms of various performance measures and statistical measures.