Data In Confirmatory Factor Analysis Research Articles

Psychometric properties of Persian version of the advanced activities of daily living scale: A psychometric study on Iranian older adults

This study was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of an AADL scale in Iranian older adults. A total of 237 males and females aged over 60 years old were recruited. Personal information questionnaires, the CASP-19 Quality of Life, and AADL questionnaires were used for data collection. SPSS 24 and IBM AMOS 24 were used for data processing and analysis. Three factors that had eigenvalues higher than one were extracted, which explained 51.2 % of the total variances. The Cronbach α of the total score was 0.76, and it was >0.64 for each extracted factor. The goodness of fit indices indicated an acceptable fit to the data in confirmatory factor analysis. The culturally modified Persian version of the AADL scale has acceptable psychometric properties and is proper for evaluating the advanced activities of daily living in the Iranian population.

Translation and trans-cultural adaptation to the Malay version of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy questionnaire among healthcare workers in Malaysia.

Healthcare workers play a crucial role in supporting COVID-19 vaccination as they are the most trusted source of information to the public population. Assessing the healthcare workers' hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccination is pertinent, however, there are limited validated tools to measure their hesitancy on COVID-19 vaccines. This study aims to adapt and validate the first COVID-19 hesitancy scale among healthcare workers in Malaysia. This study adapted and translated the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS) developed by the WHO SAGE Working Group. The scale underwent a sequential validation process, including back-back translation, content, face, and construct validity for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The reliability was tested using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE)). The data for EFA and CFA were completed by a separate sample of 125 and 300 HCWs, respectively. The EFA analysis of the C19-VHS-M scale was unidimensional with 10 items. A further CFA analysis revealed a uniform set of nine items with acceptable goodness fit indices (comparative fit index = 0.997, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.995, incremental fit index = 0.997, chi-squared/degree of freedom = 1.352, and root mean square error of approximation = 0.034). The Cronbach's alpha, CR and AVE results were 0.953, 0.95 and 0.70, respectively. The questionnaire was valid and reliable for use in the Malay language.

Family Vulnerability Scale: validity evidence in primary health care.

Investigate evidence of validity of the Family Vulnerability Scale (EVFAM-BR) as an instrument to support population-based management in primary health care (PHC), in the scope of Health Care Planning (PAS). This is a psychometric study to assess any additional evidence of the internal structure of EVFAM-BR using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and network analysis (NA). A preliminary version of the scale with 38 items was submitted to patients of PHC facilities that use the PAS methodology, distributed across the five regions of Brazil. For the primary CFA data, factor loadings and predictive power (R2) of the item were used. Seven model adjustment indices were adopted and reliability was measured by three indicators, using Bayesian estimation. The preliminary version of the scale was applied to 1,255 patients. Using the AFC, factor loadings ranged from 0.66 to 0.90 and R2 from 0.44 to 0.81. Both the primary indicators and the model adequacy indices presented satisfactory and consistent levels. According to the NA, the items were appropriately associated with their peers, respecting the established dimensions, thus demonstrating sustainability and stability of the proposed model. The evidence of validity presented by EVFAM-BR indicates, for the first time in Brazil, a concise instrument that is able to assertively measure family vulnerability, potentially supporting population-based management.

Confirmatory Factor Analyses in Psychological Test Adaptation and Development

Confirmatory Factor Analyses in Psychological Test Adaptation and Development

A Monte Carlo Simulation Study to Assess Estimation Methods in CFA on Ordinal Data

Likert-type scale data are ordinal data and are commonly used to measure latent constructs in the educational, social, and behavioral sciences. The ordinal observed variables are often treated as continuous variables in factor analysis, which may cause misleading statistical inferences. Two robust estimators, i.e., unweighted least square (ULS) and diagonally weighted least square (DWLS) have been developed to deal with ordinal data in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Using synthetic data generated in a Monte Carlo experiment, we study the behavior of these methods (DWLS and ULS) and compare their performance with normal theory-based ML and GLS (generalized least square) under different levels of experimental conditions. The simulation results indicate that both DWLS and ULS yield consistently accurate parameter estimates across all conditions considered in this study. The Likert data can be treated as a continuous variable under ML or GLS when using at least five Likert scale points to produce trivial bias. However, these methods generally fail to provide a satisfactory fit. Empirical studies in the field of psychological measurement data are reported to present how theoretical and statistical instances have to be taken into consideration when ordinal data are used in the CFA model.Keywords: confirmatory factor analysis, diagonally weighted least square, generalized least square, Likert data, maximum likelihood.

The Validation of Korean Coaching Life Skills in Sport Questionnaire (KCLSS-Q)

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of Coaching Life Skills in Sport Questionnaire (KCLSS-Q). METHODS Substantive, structural, and external stages were undertaken to address the purpose of this study. At the substantive stage, the scale was translated by discussing with an expert panel and testing item clarity. Ten coaches (9 males, <i>M</i><sub>age</sub>=33.80, <i>SD</i>=4.21) participated in the item clarity test. At the structural stage, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted. A total of 249 (214 male, <i>M</i><sub>age</sub>=34.18, <i>SD</i>=6.82) and 232 coaches (186 male, <i>M</i><sub>age</sub>=34.26, <i>SD</i>=7.69) participated in the EFA and CFA, respectively. At the external stage, correlation analysis using other scales (emotional intelligence in sport coaching, EISSC) was conducted to examine concurrent validation. A total of 130 copies of the CFA data were randomly extracted and used for this stage. RESULTS For the EFA, the scale extracted five factors with 27 items. In the CFA, however, five factors with 26 items were identified as an appropriate structure. Finally, the relationships of all sub-factors between KCLSS-Q and EISSC were statistically significant in the correlation analysis.CONCLUSIONS KCLSS-Q should reasonably consists of nine items on structuring and facilitating a positive sport climate, five on understanding life skills, four on practicing life skills, five on understanding life skills transfer, and three on practicing life skills transfer. KCLSS-Q can be used as a valid measure to evaluate the coaching life skills of Korean coaches.

Development and Validation of Age-Specific Resilience Instruments for Early Childhood Assessment: A Taiwan Birth Cohort Study.

We sought to develop and validate age-specific instruments for measuring early childhood resilience at ages 3, 5 and 8 in the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study, a national longitudinal study. Using data from 18,553 mother-infant pairs, we conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a simple random half of our sample. We then used the remaining half of these data for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to further assess the fit of 3 CFA models (ie, first-order, second-order, and bifactor). Psychometric properties, distributions, and inter-item and inter-factor correlations of each instrument were also evaluated. EFA and CFA showed that the bifactor model of resilience (which included a general resilience factor and 5 specific factors) had the best fit for all 3 resilience scales, with 19 items at year 3, 18 items at year 5, and 19 items at year 8. All 3 resilience scales showed good psychometric properties, including construct validity, internal consistency, and normal distributions. For predictive validity, we found that in the face of adversity (measured by the High Risk Family Score), individuals with high resilience scores at age 3 had better general health scores at ages 3, 5, and 8 compared to those with low resilience scores. We describe the development and validation of age-appropriate survey instruments to assess resilience in young children at the population level. These instruments can be used to better understand how resilience can impact child health over time, and to identify key factors that can foster resilience.

Development and Validation of Instrument Measuring Perception of Healthcare Provider on Cost Containment and Related Practices in Hospital Setting

Introduction: Healthcare system is struggling to overcome challenges in cost-containment and to maintain expenditure levels conceivable for an efficient operation. A new instrument measuring cost containment practices in healthcare are essential to provide genuine information to prevent unnecessary expenses and excessive spending. Objective of the Study: To develop and validate the instruments for measuring staff perception on Cost Containment Practices (CCP) and related factors in the hospital setting in the North Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: The study instruments consist of 11 items measuring cost containment practice (CCP), 11 items measuring healthcare quality (HQ) and 8 items measuring staff attitude (SA) were newly constructed. Otherwise, the 17 items measuring health information technology (HIT) and another 17 items for measuring organization empowerment (OE) were adapted and modified from previous studies. All items were measured using the ten-point interval scale. The instrument was developed in stages: reviewing the literature and development of the item, experts’ verification for content validity, and face validity. Later, this study employed a cross-sectional design in two phases. In the pilot study stage, 170 respondents were sampled using a stratified random sampling method. The selected respondents were given an online self-administered questionnaire for data collection. Then, the researchers conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to assess the usefulness of every item for measuring their respective construct. In the actual field study, another 247 respondents were sampled from two other hospitals to provide data for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the instruments’ construct validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity as well as its composite reliability. Results: The EFA results showed the extraction method of Principal Component with Varimax Rotation was significant. The Bartletts’ Test of Sphericity and the sampling adequacy by KMO test confirmed sufficiency of samples. None of the items were removed as all the items in all five constructs showed factor loading of more than 0.6. The reliability of all constructs was achieved by Cronbach’s Alpha above 0.8; CCP=0.805, HIT=0.890, OE=0.890, HQ=0.834 and SA=0.910. Furthermore, the CFA results for each construct fulfilled the construct validity through acceptable factor loadings (more than 0.6) and fitness indexes values achieved the threshold for all constructs and respective items. The fitness indexes were namely RMSEA, the Incremental Fit category; the CFI, the Parsimonious Fit category, and the ratio of Chisq/df. The study also revealed all Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) results exceeded their threshold values of 0.5 and 0.6 respectively, which fulfilled the model Convergent Validity and Composite Reliability. In addition, the Discriminant Validity assessment ensured that no redundant constructs occur in the model and no multi-collinearity problem. Conclusion: The study produces a valid and reliable instrument for better assessment and understanding of practices on healthcare cost based on staff perception. It potentially reflects and explains the reasons behind the success or failure of cost containment initiatives. The present findings indicate applicability of the proposed instrument to measure cost containment practices in hospitals.

Validating a Novel Emotional Intelligence Instrument for Resident Physicians

To construct and validate a scale of emotional intelligence (EI) for the medical field, n = 80 resident physicians responded to a 69-item self-report measure during the pilot phase of development of the Scale of Emotional Functioning: Medicine (SEF:MED). Based on multiple-phase item and structural analyses, a final 36-item version was created based on data from n = 321 respondent residents. Initially exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the expected three-factor solution as did additional CFA from a second sample of n = 113 participants. Internal consistency reliabilities obtained from the original n = 321 residents for the three SEF:MED subscales of Interpersonal Skills (IS), Emotional Awareness (EA), and Emotional Management (EM) were 0.81, 0.82, and 0.84, respectively. Alphas for the second CFA data set were 0.89, 0.87, and 0.88 for IS, EM, and EA, respectively. In addition, the SEF:MED was validated by comparing it to related measures (i.e., the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel [MBI-HSS (MP)]); Correlation coefficients between the Total EI composite on the SEF:MED and the PEC global scales ranged from r = 0.64 to 0.68. Finally, correlation coefficients from the Total EI composite on the SEF:MED significantly related to the MBI-HSS (MP) Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Personal Accomplishment (PA) scales (r = -0.50, -0.44, and 0.52, respectively). The SEF:MED may provide useful data to physicians and other medical professionals as they consider their own well-being and how it may affect care of their patients.

Identifying factors contributing to the development and sustainability of professional learning communities in Malaysian secondary schools

The aim of this research was to develop a Professional Learning Communities Model in Malaysian secondary schools. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted to identify the underlying factors whereas Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to examine the measurement models. A total of 532 and 1062 respondents completed the survey with usable data for EFA and CFA, respectively. With normed χ² = 3.223, TLI = .950, CFI = .953 and RMSEA = .046, the results suggested that the model can be explained by two factors: Organisational Factor and Non-Organisation Factor. The Organisational Factor consists of four indicators: Shared Norms and Vision, Principal Commitment and Support, Structural Support, and Collegial Understanding and Trust whereas Non-Organisational Factor encompasses four indicators: Collaborative Learning, Reflective Dialogue, Collective Inquiry and External Support System.

Psychometric Properties of the Adult Self-Report: Data from over 11,000 American Adults

The first purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Adult Self-Report (ASR) via traditional confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and contemporary exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). The second purpose was to examine the measurement invariance of the ASR subscales across age groups. We used baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. ASR data from 11,773 participants were used to conduct the CFA and ESEM analyses and data from 11,678 participants were used to conduct measurement invariance testing. Fit indices supported both the CFA and ESEM solutions, with the ESEM solution yielding better fit indices. However, several items in the ESEM solution did not sufficiently load on their intended factors and/or cross-loaded on unintended factors. Results from the measurement invariance analysis suggested that the ASR subscales are robust and fully invariant across subgroups of adults formed on the basis of age (18–35 years vs. 36–59 years). Future research should seek to both CFA and ESEM to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the ASR.

Öğretmen Motivasyonu Ölçeği Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması: Çevrimiçi ve Kağıt Kalem Uygulamalarının Karşılaştırılması

The study aims to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that evaluates the motivational dynamics of teaching within its unique conditions, and that can be used to determine the levels of teachers' professional motivation. A total of 1054 primary, secondary, and high school teachers at three different stages were included in the study. In the final stage of the process, the confirmatory factor analysis data were collected through the online administration. The findings of the research have indicated that Teacher Professional Motivation Scale consists of four sub-dimensions as in-school factors, out-of-school factors, professional development and respectability, and physical facilities. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the four-factor structure of the scale showed acceptable agreement. The factor structure of the paper-pencil administration was also confirmed by the online administration. The internal reliability coefficients of the sub-scales are above acceptable limits for both for paper-pencil administration and online administration. As a result, the study shows strong evidence that both the paper-pencil form and the online form of the scale are a valid and reliable assessment tool that can be used to evaluate teacher motivation in schools.

Leading sustainable schools in the era of Education 4.0: identifying school leadership competencies in Malaysian secondary schools

The purpose of the study was to develop an empirical School Leadership Competency Model for the era of Education 4.0 (SLCMEduc4.0) to identify school leadership competencies that facilitate and maximise effectiveness in leading sustainable schools in Malaysia. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was employed to identify the underlying factors whereas Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to test the measurement models using Structural Equation Modelling. A total of 444 and 931 respondents completed the survey with usable data for EFA and CFA, respectively. The results suggested that the SLCMEdu4.0 can be explained by eight factors namely; Leading for Learning, Emotional Intelligence, Critical Thinking, Communication and Ethics, Collaboration, Decision Making and Problem Solving, Digital Dexterity and Entrepreneurial with good fit statistics; normed χ² = 2.628, TLI = .950, CFI = .954 and RMSEA = .042. The SLCMEduc4.0 is a coherent premier model that provides useful feedback for practitioners in planning, designing and evaluating future professional development programmes for school leaders.

Leading sustainable schools in the era of Education 4.0: identifying school leadership competencies in Malaysian secondary schools

The purpose of the study was to develop an empirical School Leadership Competency Model for the era of Education 4.0 (SLCMEduc4.0) to identify school leadership competencies that facilitate and maximize effectiveness in leading sustainable schools in Malaysia. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was employed to identify the underlying factors whereas Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to test the measurement models using Structural Equation Modelling. A total of 444 and 931 respondents completed the survey with usable data for EFA and CFA, respectively. The results suggested that the SLCMEdu4.0 can be explained by eight factors namely; Leading for Learning, Emotional Intelligence, Critical Thinking, Communication and Ethics, Collaboration, Decision Making and Problem Solving, Digital Dexterity and Entrepreneurial with good fit statistics; normed χ² = 2.628, TLI = .950, CFI = .954 and RMSEA = .042. The SLCMEduc4.0 is a coherent premier model that provides useful feedback for practitioners in planning, designing and evaluating future professional development programmes for school leaders.

Development and validation of the American Dream Scale: Assessing the petty bourgeois mentality

The present research developed and validated an instrument, the American Dream Scale (ADS), to measure a small business orientation conceptualized as petty bourgeois mentality. The initial exploratory study, using principal components analysis with promax rotation, was performed on the data from a convenience sample of 349 university students. A total of 17 items of the original 45 prototype items emerged from the analysis to comprise the ADS inventory that represented two factors named Creative Work Potential and Be My Own Boss. A second independent convenience sample of 306 university students provided data for a confirmatory factor analysis supporting the factor structure and an evaluation of a structural model predicting ADS. A third independent convenience sample of 502 US adults provided data for an additional confirmatory factor analysis again supporting the factor structure as well as providing convergent validity evidence to support use of the scale. Implications for future research are discussed in the context of how the ADS may help to elucidate fundamental petty bourgeois attitudes among various strata in the US working class.

A more rational, theory-driven approach to analysing the factor structure of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

We endeavoured to analyze the factor structure of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during a screening programme in Hungary, using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), testing both previously published models and newly developed theory-driven ones, after a critical analysis of the literature. Between April 2011 and January 2015, a sample of 2967 pregnant women (between 12th and 30th weeks of gestation) and 714 women 6 weeks after delivery completed the Hungarian version of the EPDS in South-East Hungary. EFAs suggested unidimensionality in both samples. 33 out of 42 previously published models showed good and 6 acceptable fit with our antepartum data in CFAs, whilst 10 of them showed good and 28 acceptable fit in our postpartum sample. Using multiple fit indices, our theory-driven anhedonia (items 1,2) – anxiety (items 4,5) – low mood (items 8,9) model provided the best fit in the antepartum sample. In the postpartum sample, our theory-driven models were again among the best performing models, including an anhedonia and an anxiety factor together with either a low mood or a suicidal risk factor (items 3,6,10). The EPDS showed moderate within- and between-culture invariability, although this would also need to be re-examined with a theory-driven approach.

Validation of the Eating Pattern Inventory for Children in a General Population Sample of 11- to 12-Year-Old Children.

Previous research suggests that the Eating Pattern Inventory for Children (EPI-C) is best conceptualized as comprising four factors: dietary restraint, emotional, external eating and parental pressure to eat. This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the EPI-C and to test gender and weight group differences. The population-based study sample comprised 1,939 children aged 11 to 12 years from the Copenhagen Child Cohort (CCC2000). Psychometric properties were evaluated using multigroup categorical data in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and differential item functioning (DIF) tests. CFA supported the four-factor solution for the EPI-C. Reliability estimates were satisfactory for three of the four scales. DIF with regard to weight was found for an item on weight loss intention. Girls reported higher restrained and emotional eating; overweight children reported higher restrained, emotional and external eating, while underweight children reported higher parental pressure to eat. The results support the use of EPI-C for measuring eating behaviors in preadolescence.

Psychometric Testing and Modification of the Parkinson's Disease Caregiver Strain Risk Screen.

The Caregiver Strain Risk Screen-10 (CSRS-10) was psychometrically tested as a modification of the 28-item Caregiver Strain Risk Screen (CSRS) to measure risk for strain in caregivers of persons with Parkinson's disease. Risk for strain in this population is high because of the unpredictability of disease progression. Caregivers (N = 223) provided data for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the factor structure of the items. CFA and subsequent modification indices supported a 10-item, single-factor model and was determined to be a valid, reliable measure of risk for strain in this population. The CSRS-10 is an efficient, theory-based instrument to assess caregiver strain risk throughout the care recipient's illness progression. It is ideal for researchers and nurses seeking a succinct strain risk measure for this population.

Investigation of Type I Error Rates of Three Versions of Robust Chi-Square Difference Tests

A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to investigate the Type I error rates of several versions of chi-square difference tests for nonnormal data in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models. The studied statistics include the uncorrected maximum likelihood (ML) difference test, D; the original robust difference test, (Satorra & Bentler, 2001); and the recent modification to this test, , which ensures that the statistic remains positive (Satorra & Bentler, 2010). A hybrid procedure that only computes when is negative was also included, but its performance was nearly identical to . Types of constraints studied included constraining factor correlations to 0, constraining factor correlations to 1 (testing a model with fewer factors), constraining loadings to equal each other within or across factors, and testing for the presence of cross-loadings. The robust tests performed well and similarly to each other in many conditions. The new strictly positive test, exhibited slightly inflated rejection rates in some conditions, particularly at small sample sizes, and the original robust test exhibited rejection rates below nominal in many conditions, which sometimes remained low even at the highest studied sample size.

Ignoring Clustering in Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Some Consequences for Model Fit and Standardized Parameter Estimates

In many situations, researchers collect multilevel (clustered or nested) data yet analyze the data either ignoring the clustering (disaggregation) or averaging the micro-level units within each cluster and analyzing the aggregated data at the macro level (aggregation). In this study we investigate the effects of ignoring the nested nature of data in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The bias incurred by ignoring clustering is examined in terms of model fit and standardized parameter estimates, which are usually of interest to researchers who use CFA. We find that the disaggregation approach increases model misfit, especially when the intraclass correlation (ICC) is high, whereas the aggregation approach results in accurate detection of model misfit in the macro level. Standardized parameter estimates from the disaggregation and aggregation approaches are deviated toward the values of the macro- and micro-level standardized parameter estimates, respectively. The degree of deviation depends on ICC and cluster size, particularly for the aggregation method. The standard errors of standardized parameter estimates from the disaggregation approach depend on the macro-level item communalities. Those from the aggregation approach underestimate the standard errors in multilevel CFA (MCFA), especially when ICC is low. Thus, we conclude that MCFA or an alternative approach should be used if possible.