Step In Data Analysis Research Articles

Workshop training to facilitate parental involvement in their children’s mathematics education: parents’ perceptions

This study investigated the effectiveness of workshops on parental involvement in their children’s mathematical education. The study employed a quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. This study involved 76 parents from one senior secondary school in the Kweneng Region, Botswana. The study included three steps for data analysis: thematic content analysis, hypothesis testing, and descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that the parental involvement level before and after the intervention marked a difference with a significant increase. Parental involvement variables such as parenting style, parental expectations, home rules, parental supervision, communication between parents and children, children’s home mathematics activities, and parental attitude toward school all improved significantly. The findings further indicated that parental involvement in their child's general and mathematical learning can be improved. As a result, the study recommended that all basic education schools reach out to parents through parent education programs that can assist parents in understanding the value of being active in their children’s mathematics education, which will probably affect their education performance positively.

Optimization of Facilities and Infrastructure Management in Improving the Quality of Learning at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

The school must also be able to maintain and care for the existing facilities and infrastructure. Thus, students can learn optimally and effectively thanks to school facilities and infrastructure. The aims of this study were (1) to describe how the Planning of Educational Facilities and Infrastructure at M.I.S. Guppi 13 Tasikmalaya, (2) to describe how the Procurement of Educational Facilities and Infrastructure at M.I.S. Guppi 13 Tasikmalaya, (3) to describe how the Maintenance of Facilities and Infrastructure Education at M.I.S. Guppi 13 Tasikmalaya, (4) to describe how efforts to improve the management of educational facilities and infrastructure should be carried out in the future. The method used is field research (field research), which uses a qualitative descriptive approach. This study has three data analysis steps: reduction, presentation of data (display data), and conclusion (Verification). The research results show several conclusions, one of which is that M.I.S. Guppi 13 Tasikmalaya focuses on the administration, provision, usage, and upkeep of educational infrastructure. However, the implementation may be improved even though infrastructure and educational facilities are crucial for supporting teaching and learning activities.

Nurses’ perceptions regarding the establishment of clinical education and training units in public hospitals in the North-West Province: a qualitative study

BackgroundA Clinical Education and Training Unit is defined as a unit in which the clinical orientation, teaching, learning, and assessment, mentoring and support of student nurses are coordinated to achieve the outcomes of their learning programmes in the health establishment. In South Africa, Clinical Education and Training Unit was developed to reconstruct and revitalise nursing education and training. The clinical education is crucial to enable nursing students to put what they learn in the classroom into practice as they direct patient care, practise therapeutic communication, hone technical skills, demonstrate caring behaviours, investigate ethical dilemmas, and take on the roles of nurses. The clinical teaching unit is one of the models that show potential in advancing clinical education. Since the proposed clinical education and teaching model concluded that Clinical Education and Training Units should be established in 2012, to the researcher’s knowledge, no research study has been conducted to explore and describe the nurses’ perceptions regarding the establishment of Clinical Education and Training Units, particularly in the North-West Province. This has resulted in the scarcity of literature on their perceptions. Thus, the researcher believed that it was essential to explore and describe the perceptions of professional nurses regarding the establishment of Clinical Education and Training Units in the North-West Province of South Africa, so that their perceptions may be known and understood.AimThe study aimed to explore and describe the perceptions of professional nurses regarding the establishment of Clinical Education and Training Units in public hospitals in the North-West Province.MethodsA qualitative-exploratory-descriptive and contextual research design was used. This method was used because it is known to unearth a wide range of views, opinions, thoughts, and feelings of the participants thus enabling a deeper understanding concerning perceptions of professional nurses regarding the establishment of Clinical Education and Training Units at the hospitals of interest. Participants were recruited using pamphlets and flyers. A non-probability convenience and purposive sampling techniques were used to select participants based on an inclusion criterion. From 09 September 2023 to 07 December 2023, the researcher used face-to-face group discussions to collect data and it was analysed using six steps of inductive thematic data analysis as outlined by Braun and Clarke.ResultsFour focus groups discussions were conducted with a total of 19 participants who were professional nurses. Responses were categorised into three domains: advantages of the Clinical Education and Training Unit, challenges of the Clinical Education and Training Unit, and recommendations for the Clinical Education and Training Unit. Subsequently, a total of three main themes with eight sub-themes were determined for advantages of the Clinical Education and Training Unit, two themes with six subthemes for challenges of the Clinical Education and Training Unit, and one theme with two sub-themes for recommendations for the Clinical Education and Training Unit respectively.ConclusionThe need to establish functional Clinical Education and Training Units is therefore very important not only to student nurses but also to health care professionals. Most of the participants emphasised that if Clinical Education and Training Units were fully established they would be beneficial in developing health care professionals, especially in terms of in-service training where nursing standards are emphasised as outlined by the South African Nursing Council. The research study results might contribute to the full establishment of CETUs in the hospitals of the North- West Province, South Africa.Trial registrationnot applicable to the study.

Spatial domains identification in spatial transcriptomics using modality-aware and subspace-enhanced graph contrastive learning

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) technologies have emerged as an effective tool to identify the spatial architecture of tissues, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of organ function and the tissue microenvironment. Spatial domain identification is the first and most critical step in ST data analysis, which requires thoughtful utilization of tissue microenvironment and morphological priors. Here, we propose a graph contrastive learning framework, GRAS4T, which combines contrastive learning and a subspace analysis model to accurately distinguish different spatial domains by capturing the tissue microenvironment through self-expressiveness of spots within the same domain. To uncover the pertinent features for spatial domain identification, GRAS4T employs a graph augmentation based on histological image priors, preserving structural information crucial for the clustering task. Experimental results on eight ST datasets from five different platforms show that GRAS4T outperforms five state-of-the-art competing methods. Significantly, GRAS4T excels at separating distinct tissue structures and unveiling more detailed spatial domains. GRAS4T combines the advantages of subspace analysis and graph representation learning with extensibility, making it an ideal framework for ST domain identification.

Stakeholders' perspectives on parental engagement in Tanzanian pre-primary schools: Exploring opportunities and challenges

The purpose of this study was to explore the stakeholders' perspectives on parental engagement in pre-primary schools in Nzega District, Tanzania. This study, therefore, explored how stakeholders define parental engagement and identify behaviours that are indicative of it. The study was qualitative, and a phenomenological design was adopted. It consisted of six focus group sessions with a total of 34 parents. A semi-structured interview was conducted with five pre-primary school teachers, four head teachers and five chairpersons of the school committees in the six selected schools. It deployed Braun and Clarke \cite{braun2006using} six steps of qualitative data analysis. Results showed that there was a slight variation within and between stakeholder groups on how they define and experience parental engagement. To enhance common understanding, participants felt the need to enhance parents' competencies to support their children's learning at home and in school. This study, therefore, recommends the need for intervention programmes that will empower parents to effectively engage in their children's learning opportunities at home and in pre-primary schools.

Analisis Makna Leksikal pada Puisi “Mitos-Mitos Kecemasan” Karya Afrizal Malna

This research aims to determine the lexical meaning of the poem “Myths of Anxiety” by Afrizal Malna. This type of qualitative descriptive research was used in this research, the data source in this research was the poem “Myths of Anxiety” by Afrizal Malna and similar journals. Researchers used data collection techniques by (1) reading the poem “Myths of Anxiety” by Afrizal Malna, (2) marking and writing the lexical meaning of each word in the poem “Myths of Anxiety” by Afrizal Malna. The researcher's steps in data analysis are (1) classifying or grouping words into tables, (2) analyzing the results of grouping words, (3) drawing conclusions based on the results of the analysis carried out. The results of this research show that the equivalent lexical meaning is longer than the connotative meaning and each stanza has a clear different in meaning according to the context of the words used.

Teachers’ Perceptions on Problem-Based Learning Model in Teaching English: A Case Study at SMAN 2 Mataram in Academic Year 2023/2024

This study investigates teachers’ perceptions on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in teaching English at State High School 2 Mataram or SMAN 2 Mataram. The research questions concern about what are the teachers’ perceptions of PBL, the challenges faced by English teachers in implementing PBL, and how teachers overcome the challenges teaching English. The researcher used questionnaire, interview, and document analysis to collect the data. The data was analyzed using three steps of qualitative data analysis; data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings suggest that teachers perceive PBL as an effective model for teaching English, fostering collaboration, critical thinking, and argumentation among students. However, they face challenges such as varying student comprehension levels and reliance on the internet for quick solutions. To overcome these challenges, teachers adopt approaches such as guiding students with low comprehension levels patiently and emphasizing the importance of in-depth research to deter reliance on instant internet solutions. The study contributes to the field of English language teaching by providing insights into the challenges and solutions related to PBL implementation.

Nurses' perceptions regarding their own professionalism attributes to quality neonatal, infant and under-5 childcare.

Professional nurses are trained to provide quality care. Despite the professional nurses' acquired skill and professionalism attributes, the neonate, infant, and under-5-child mortality rates are high in sub-Saharan Africa. This health care report indicates that sub-Saharan Africa countries face a challenge in reaching the Sustainable Development Goal number 3 by the year 2030 (that is, ensuring healthy lives and reducing the mortality rates of children under 5). It has been reported that professionalism in nursing can improve the quality of care and positively change the health outcomes. This study employed a qualitative exploratory, descriptive design to explore and describe professional nurses' own professionalism attributes to provide quality care to neonates, infants, and under-5 children in the North West province in South Africa. Eight naïve sketches of an all-inclusive sample of invited professional nurses (N = 25; n = 8) were received. The naïve sketch questions were based on the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario's professionalism attributes. Tesch's eight steps of data-analysis were used, with an independent coder's assistance. The categories included (1) knowledge, (2) spirit of inquiry, (3) accountability, (4) autonomy, (5) advocacy, (6) collegiality and collaboration, (7) ethics and values, and (8) professional reputation, and each category generated sub-themes. Professional nurses are aware of their own professionalism attributes in quality of care of neonates, infants and under-5 children; the 'innovation and visionary' attribute did not emerge, which should receive more attention to strengthen quality care. However, a new attribute, 'professional reputation', reflecting a South African culture-orientated attribute, emerged from the data collected.

ECBoA-OFS: An Ensemble Classification Model for Botnet Attacks based on Optimal Feature Selection using CPR in IoT

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has indeed introduced new security challenges, and the proliferation of compromised IoT devices has become a significant concern. Botnet attacks, where multiple corrupted devices are managed by a particular object, have become a widespread threat in IoT environments. These are used for a variety of malicious activities, including distributed DDoS attacks, data breaches, and malware distribution. However, detecting IoT botnets poses several challenges due to the resource constraints inherent in many IoT devices. The limitations in computation, storage, and communication capabilities make it challenging to deploy complex ML and deep learning models directly on these devices. This paper proposes an ensemble classification model ECBoA-OFS (Ensemble Classification for Botnet Attack Prediction using Optimal Feature Selection). It focuses on enhancing the accuracy of botnet attack prediction through the integration of ensemble methods and optimal feature selection. It describes a method for optimal feature selection in the context of analyzing the behavior of BoA and malicious traffic flow features in a network using Central Pivot Ranges (CPR). Feature selection is an important step in machine learning and data analysis because it supports to identification of the most important features for a given problem, thereby improving model performance and interpretation. The extracted features are used for model training and ensemble classification for prediction. To evaluate ECBoA-OFS, the N-BaIoT-2021 dataset consisting of regular IoT network traffic and BoA traffic records of corrupted IoT devices is utilized, considering detection precision, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score. Although all ensemble classifier models achieved better detection accuracy through optimal feature selection, the proposed ECBA-OFS shows better results compared to other ensemble classifier results.

Impact of anxiety-related conditions on nursing students' academic excellence.

Nursing students often experience high anxiety and depression because of the demanding nursing curriculum. This mental strain can harm their academic performance. As a result, nurse educators need to assess how anxiety impacts nursing students' academic achievements. To evaluate and describe the knowledge of counsellors and nurse educators regarding the impact of anxiety-related conditions on nursing students' academic excellence in selected nursing education institutions. A qualitative descriptive phenomenological design was used to evaluate and describe the perceptions of counsellors and nurse educators about anxiety-related conditions on nursing students' academic excellence. Participants were purposively selected, and semi-structured interviews were utilised to collect data. Four counsellors involved in psychosocial support of nursing students who participated in individual semi-structured interviews, and 20 nurse educators participated in focus group interviews, with 5 participants per group. Data were recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were analysed using Giorgi's (2009) four data analysis steps. Four themes emerged from data analysis: understanding of anxiety-related conditions, responses to anxiety-related conditions, influences of anxiety-related conditions and support of nursing students with anxiety-related conditions. The findings highlighted the significance of recognising the effects of mental health issues on nursing students. The study revealed the factors influencing nursing students' responses to and the support provided for anxiety-related conditions affecting their academic performance.Contribution:The importance of prioritising mental health support for nursing students is to ensure they complete their qualifications on time.

Pharmacy stakeholders' views and experiences of the credentialing of advanced or specialist pharmacist practice: A mixed methods systematic review

BackgroundCredentialing of advanced and specialist pharmacist practice (ASPP) provides essential quality assurance for ASPP, which is significantly different to entry-level practice and is developing worldwide. Several credentialing models are in place or under development internationally. Synthesis of the views and experiences of pharmacists and other relevant stakeholders on credentialing is an important research gap. Objective(s)To determine pharmacy stakeholders' views and experiences of ASPP credentialing and to explore facilitators and barriers to credentialing implementation and uptake. MethodsThe Joanna Briggs Institute convergent integrated approach for mixed methods systematic reviews was followed. The review protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO. Five electronic databases (Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were searched from inception to August 2022 for qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods studies that reported the views and experiences of pharmacy stakeholders on ASPP credentialing. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to quality appraise included studies. Thematic synthesis was undertaken to analyse and integrate data from included studies. All screening and data analysis steps were performed by two reviewers independently, with additional author input where required. ResultsSixty studies were included, after screening titles and abstracts (n = 9055) and full texts (n = 228). Studies represented the views of pharmacists, pharmacy managers/employers and professional/representative bodies in hospital, community pharmacy, general practice/primary care, and academic sectors, from 40 countries. Four analytical themes were generated describing the factors, including facilitators and barriers, to be considered when developing or optimising ASPP credentialing: I. Drivers of credentialing, II. Developing ASPP competence, III. Optimising credentialing implementation, and IV. Enhancing credentialing uptake. ConclusionsThis systematic review is the first to synthesise pharmacy stakeholders' views and experiences of ASPP credentialing. A conceptual framework highlights contextual factors, facilitators, barriers, and inter-relationships which should be considered by pharmacists, policymakers, and other key stakeholders when implementing ASPP credentialing.

Transforming Transcriptomics: The Impact of RNA Sequencing Technology

Aim: This study aimed to explore the advancements, methodologies, and applications of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology, emphasizing its transformative impact on genomic research. Study Design: The research involved an in-depth review of RNA-seq technology, focusing on the steps of sample preparation, sequencing, and data analysis. Place and Duration of Study: Conducted through a detailed literature review over six months, at Hygia college of Pharmacy the study sourced information from various molecular biology and genomics publications. Methodology: Advanced computational techniques were utilized to map and quantify RNA sequences, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns, alternative splicing, and novel transcript discovery. High-throughput sequencing platforms like Illumina and PacBio generated extensive datasets from diverse biological samples, including tissues, single cells, and environmental microbiomes. Results: The results highlighted RNA-seq's ability to provide a high-resolution view of the transcriptome, surpassing previous technologies in both sensitivity and accuracy. RNA-seq uncovered critical insights into differential gene expression, identifying significant pathways involved in development, disease, and environmental responses. The technology also discovered numerous previously unannotated transcripts and isoforms, contributing to the expansion of existing genomic databases. Conclusion: The study concludes that RNA-seq is a crucial advancement in molecular biology, offering unprecedented insights into gene regulation and expression. Its adoption has facilitated significant breakthroughs in understanding cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic targets. As RNA-seq technology continues to evolve, it promises to drive further innovations and applications across diverse fields in the life sciences.

The implementation of learning writing and development of character values of high school students

This study aims to examine and describe the implementation of the stages of the learning writing process and the development of character values for senior high school students. The descriptive qualitative approach was used in the present study. The process of learning to write and developing student character values was analyzed and described. Data analysis steps include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that learning to write and develop students' character values is carried out in such stages as the context development stage (introduction), model review (core), and inference learning (closing). The characters fostered in learning include religiosity, discipline, curiosity, diligence, honesty, a love for reading, creativity, friendliness or communication skills, democracy, tolerance, independence, and responsibility.

A qualitative study on the experiences of hypertension patients undergoing cupping therapy

Hypertension is one of the silent killer diseases because patients often do not feel the symptoms. Therapies that are commonly applied are pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, which include complementary medicine. These complementary therapies play a role in promoting healing, comfort and care around the world. One of the treatments used in hypertensive patients is cupping. This study aims to explore the experiences and perceptions of hypertensive patients undergoing cupping complementary therapy. A qualitative descriptive design has been used in this study. There were 6 participants selected using purposive sampling from two clinics namely Rumah Sehat Insani and Rumah Sehat Holistik in Care. The data collection method used was in-depth interviews. Data were processed and analyzed using seven steps of data analysis based on Colaizzi. There are 4 theme findings including the description of patient perceptions related to hypertension which includes perceptions related to knowledge, causes and symptoms of hypertension; description of perceptions related to cupping therapy including unfamiliarity with the term complementary medicine, perceptions of cupping functions and types of cupping; benefits/effects of cupping felt by participants in the form of psychological effects and physiological effects; and reasons for participants undergoing cupping therapy in the form of the influence of family and friends, the influence of distance, religious factors, drug factors, and physical factors. Most participants were still unfamiliar with the term complementary medicine. The expression of positive effects experienced by participants that could be felt immediately after treatment was the reason for using cupping. This suggests its potential as part of a holistic approach in the management of this condition. The result encourage further research to validate this approach as a safe complementary treatment for hypertension.

Clustering scRNA-seq data with the cross-view collaborative information fusion strategy.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has revolutionized biological research by enabling high-throughput, cellular-resolution gene expression profiling. A critical step in scRNA-seq data analysis is cell clustering, which supports downstream analyses. However, the high-dimensional and sparse nature of scRNA-seq data poses significant challenges to existing clustering methods. Furthermore, integrating gene expression information with potential cell structure data remains largely unexplored. Here, we present scCFIB, a novel information bottleneck (IB)-based clustering algorithm that leverages the power of IB for efficient processing of high-dimensional sparse data and incorporates a cross-view fusion strategy to achieve robust cell clustering. scCFIB constructs a multi-feature space by establishing two distinct views from the original features. We then formulate the cell clustering problem as a target loss function within the IB framework, employing a collaborative information fusion strategy. To further optimize scCFIB's performance, we introduce a novel sequential optimization approach through an iterative process. Benchmarking against established methods on diverse scRNA-seq datasets demonstrates that scCFIB achieves superior performance in scRNA-seq data clustering tasks. Availability: the source code is publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/weixiaojiao/scCFIB.

Problem Faced by Indonesian Internship Students in Thai English Language Teaching Classroom Context

What are the problems faced by Indonesian internship students in Thai English Language Teaching Classrooms Based on the problem statement, the proposed objective is to find out the problem or the obstacles experienced by internship students in English language teaching classrooms while teaching in Thailand School. Considering the different cultural backgrounds, this research is expected to explore the internship problems and whether internship students experience any cultural issues. This research uses a qualitative method that explores cross-cultural communication issues in participants, according to Creswell (2018, p. 294) In most cases, qualitative research presents the data, interprets the data, validates it, and shows the potential of the research results in order to expand the steps of data analysis and the methods used. In qualitative research, the social context is taken into consideration while examining events from the perspectives of the individuals being studied. This includes research that uses interpretative naturalistic techniques (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005 Kihlgren, 2016). The findings of the interviews from the three domains of problems faced by the internship students during the teaching internship program are based on the findings of the interview results that have been conducted by the researcher. 1. Teaching Learning Aspects as the Problem in ELT Classroom, 2. Personal Aspects as the Problem in ELT Classroom, 3. Communication Aspects as the Problem in ELT Classroom. Based on the findings that the researcher has found, the difficulties experienced by internship students during the internship program are quite varied, so it is in accordance with the problems found by the researcher that the main problems experienced by internship students in the internship program come from the cross-cultural problems that occur in English language teaching classrooms.

Revolutionizing Bitcoin price forecasts: A comparative study of advanced hybrid deep learning architectures

This paper employs a deep learning network with a comprehensive architecture to forecast Bitcoin prices, enhancing accuracy by integrating two meta-heuristic optimization algorithms, INFO and NRBO. Empirical results demonstrate that the hybrid model significantly outperforms the LSTM in both fit and predictive accuracy across in-sample and out-of-sample data. Notably, the NRBO-CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model substantially improves accuracy in 5-day and 15-day forecasts, reducing the MAPE by over 50 % compared to the LSTM model, thereby significantly enhancing overall predictive performance. The robustness of our results is supported by the MCS tests. Furthermore, strategically modifying time steps in data analysis optimizes model performance.

Eufemism and Dyphemisms in the Comments Column Youtube Serambinews

<span lang="EN-US">This research is titled Euphemisms and Dysphemism in the Serambinews YouTube Comment Section. The method used is a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The data of this study are all comments that contain euphemisms and dysphemism with the source of netizens' comment data in the Serambinews YouTube comment column. The number of data studied in this study was 105 consisting of 34 euphemisms and 71 dysphemisms. This study used to read and recording techniques. The data analysis steps of this study include data selection, data classification, data analysis, and formulating conclusions. The results showed that the use of euphemisms and dysphemisms was due to the context behind them. Generally, euphemisms are used to be more fun; not offensive and dysphemism is used to mock, to solicit, to comment and to frown, to express disappointment, to show anger, to repeat requests, to ask, to blame, to respond to criticism, and to joke. The function of euphemisms found in this study is a protective function used to avoid words that can cause problems, conflicts, dangers, emotions, anger, hurt feelings, insults, shame, blasphemy, swearing, taboos, profanity, disgusting, and avoiding words that can cause panic. On the contrary, the function of dysphemism to demean or express contempt, to show dislike, also disapproval of someone or something, to express anger and irritation shows an aggressive or provocative nature, and to make fun of the ruler</span>

Gaya Bahasa Sindiran Warganet di Kolom Komentar Akun Youtube @Thekufaku pada Konten “Cuma Kamu”

Language is a tool for communicating with others to convey one’s thoughts and feelings to the interlocutor. The communication process occurs not only in real life but also in the virtual world. The use of social media often involves distinctive styles or methods of conveying messages or information. Therefore, this study aims to (1) describe the types of sarcastic language and (2) describe the functions of sarcasm used by netizens in the comment section of the YouTube account @thekufaku on the content “Cuma Kamu.” This research is qualitative in nature, using a descriptive method. The data consists of sentences written by netizens in the comment section of the YouTube account @thekufaku on the content “Cuma Kamu.” The data collection techniques used are observation, reading, and note-taking. The steps of data analysis in this study are: (1) identifying the collected data, (2) classifying the data based on the research objectives using a format, (3) analyzing the classified data, and (4) formulating conclusions from the analysis results. The findings of this study are as follows. First, 108 instances of sarcastic language were found in the comment section of the YouTube account @thekufaku on the content “Cuma Kamu,” consisting of: (1) 12 instances of sarcasm, (2) 17 instances of cynicism, (3) 18 instances of irony, (4) 49 instances of satire, and (5) 12 instances of innuendo. Second, the functions of sarcasm identified in this study include: (1) conveying specific intentions (42 instances), (2) criticizing (15 instances), (3) persuading/influencing (40 instances), and (4) advising (11 instances). Thus, the sarcastic language used by netizens in the comment section of the YouTube account @thekufaku on the content “Cuma Kamu” predominantly conveys sarcasm for specific purposes, mainly in the form of jokes mocking human weaknesses or mistakes.

Benchmarking computational methods for single-cell chromatin data analysis

BackgroundSingle-cell chromatin accessibility assays, such as scATAC-seq, are increasingly employed in individual and joint multi-omic profiling of single cells. As the accumulation of scATAC-seq and multi-omics datasets continue, challenges in analyzing such sparse, noisy, and high-dimensional data become pressing. Specifically, one challenge relates to optimizing the processing of chromatin-level measurements and efficiently extracting information to discern cellular heterogeneity. This is of critical importance, since the identification of cell types is a fundamental step in current single-cell data analysis practices.ResultsWe benchmark 8 feature engineering pipelines derived from 5 recent methods to assess their ability to discover and discriminate cell types. By using 10 metrics calculated at the cell embedding, shared nearest neighbor graph, or partition levels, we evaluate the performance of each method at different data processing stages. This comprehensive approach allows us to thoroughly understand the strengths and weaknesses of each method and the influence of parameter selection.ConclusionsOur analysis provides guidelines for choosing analysis methods for different datasets. Overall, feature aggregation, SnapATAC, and SnapATAC2 outperform latent semantic indexing-based methods. For datasets with complex cell-type structures, SnapATAC and SnapATAC2 are preferred. With large datasets, SnapATAC2 and ArchR are most scalable.