Abstract To address issues such as wave mode aliasing, severe surface wave interference, and insufficient imaging accuracy in traditional laser ultrasonic testing, this paper presents a threestage laser ultrasonic imaging method that integrates Principal Component Subtraction (PCS), Delay Multiply and Sum (DMAS), and Minimum Variance (MV). First, PCS preprocessing is used to suppress common interference, such as surface waves, and highlight bulk wave signals.Then, DMAS nonlinear summation is employed to enhance the contrast of defect echoes. Finally, the MV algorithm is used to optimize the focusing effect and improve imaging resolution. A simulation model of aluminium alloy with hole defects is established in COMSOL to analyse bulk wave propagation characteristics and verify the method's effectiveness. Additionally, an annular laser excitation is introduced to enhance bulk wave focusing intensity and defect response sensitivity. An experimental platform consisting of a pulsed laser and a laser Doppler vibrometer is used to detect aluminium alloy samples with millimetre-scale through-hole defects. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively suppresses noise and artifacts, accurately reconstructs the spatial location of defects at varying depths with an average positioning error of 3.06 mm. Furthermore, using a dual-probe synchronized scanning strategy significantly improves data acquisition efficiency compared to traditional Full Matrix Capture (FMC) methods. This approach holds significant engineering application value in the high-precision detection of micro-defects in reusable aerospace metallic structures.

Abstract The China Space Station Telescope (CSST), slated to become China’s largest space based optical telescope in the coming decade, is designed to conduct wide-field sky surveys with high spatial resolution. Among its key observational modes, slitless spectral observation allows simultaneous imaging and spectral data acquisition over a wide field of view, offering significant advantages for astrophysical studies. Currently, the CSST is in the development phase and lacks real observational data. As a result, the development of its data processing pipeline and scien tific pre-research must rely on the mock data generated through simulations. This work focuses on developing a simulation framework for the CSST slitless spectral imaging system, analyzing its spectral dispersing properties and structural design. Additionally, the detection performance of the slitless spectral system is assessed for various astrophysical targets. Simulation results demonstrate that nearly all 1st order spectra are accompanied by corresponding 0th order images, facilitating accurate source identification. Furthermore, the GI spectral band exhibits superior detection efficiency compared to the GV and GU bands, establishing it as the primary observational band for stellar and galactic studies. This work successfully develops a simulation framework for the CSST slitless spectroscopic equipment.

Variable spacing Fast-T1ρ for the analysis of fast relaxing species at low-field.

Clinical and methodological advances in EEG-fMRI for epilepsy: a focused review.

Universal machine learning interatomic potentials (uMLIPs) have recently been formulated and shown to generalize well. When applied out-of-sample, further data collection for improvement of the uMLIPs may, however, be required. In this work we demonstrate that, whenever the envisaged use of the MLIPs is global optimization, the data acquisition can follow an active learning scheme in which a gradually updated uMLIP directs the finding of new structures, which are subsequently evaluated at the density functional theory (DFT) level. In the scheme, we augment foundation models using a Δ-model based on this new data using local SOAP-descriptors, Gaussian kernels, and a sparse Gaussian process regression model. We compare the efficacy of the approach with different global optimization algorithms, random structure search, basin hopping, a Bayesian approach with competitive candidates (GOFEE), and a replica exchange formulation (REX). We further compare several foundation models, CHGNet, MACE-MP0, and MACE-MPA. The test systems are silver-sulfur clusters and sulfur-induced surface reconstructions on Ag(111) and Ag(100). Judged by the fidelity of identifying global minima, active learning with GPR-based Δ-models appears to be a robust approach. Judged by the total CPU time spent, the REX approach stands out as being the most efficient.

The novel design and evaluation on the NSLS-II beamline of the 3FI application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) bump-bonded to a simple, planar, 2D segmented silicon sensor are presented. The ASIC was developed for full-field fluorescence spectral X-ray imaging (3FI). It is a small-scale prototype that features a square array of 32 × 32 pixels, and the size of the pixels is 100 µm × 100 µm. The ASIC was implemented in a 65 nm CMOS integrated circuit fabrication process. Each pixel incorporates a charge-sensitive amplifier, a shaping filter, a discriminator, a peak detector and a sample-and-hold circuit, allowing detection of events and storage of signal amplitudes. The system operates in a frameless event-driven readout mode, outputting analog values for threshold-triggered events, allowing high-speed multi-element X-ray fluorescence data acquisition. The 3FI ASIC achieves per-channel spectrometric performance at a power consumption of only 200 µW per pixel, with nearly all dissipation confined to the analog front-end. An energy resolution is measured at the level of 308 eV full width at half-maximum (FWHM) at 8.04 keV (Cu Kα), and 138 eV FWHM at 3.69 keV (Ca Kα). This per-pixel capability makes the prototype suitable for in situ trace element microanalysis in biological and environmental studies. Moreover, the frameless architecture of the detector is designed to address limitations of conventional X-ray fluorescence microscopy, which typically requires mechanical scanning, by enabling continuous high-throughput data acquisition in future full-field implementations.

Gaining insight into structural and compositional transformations occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface during the operation of electrochemical systems is fundamental to understanding and, thus, optimizing their performance. Such an analysis must be performed in operando conditions, owing to the potential, electrolyte and time dependence of these transformations. Here, the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is particularly attractive due to its surface sensitivity and ability to provide quantitative information on the oxidation state and chemical environment of an element. In specific instrumental configurations [e.g. in `dip-and-pull' (D&P) or `meniscus' setup], it can be used to analyse not only the electrode but also the electrolyte side of the interface, under in situ/operando conditions. In this article, we discuss how D&P XPS can provide unique information on both sides of the electrode/electrolyte interface, briefly review publications demonstrating its capabilities, highlight the challenges the method faces, and share our views on its future developments. This article aims to provide a practical guide to new D&P synchrotron users and help them to understand the technique, and physical phenomena that may impede the acquisition of reliable data.

Objective acquisition of imprecise decision data on social media data and their application in typhoon disaster assessment

Arsenosugars extracted from algae: Behavior study using dispersive solid-phase extraction.

The real-time data processing and acquisition system for Project 8 Phase II

HydrocamCollect: A robust data acquisition and cloud data transfer workflow for camera-based hydrological monitoring

A digital PCR assay for the dabA gene involved in domoic acid biosynthesis by Pseudo-nitzschia spp.

We present Gaia, a monolithic array of 96 high-purity germanium pixel detectors integrated with a custom low-noise application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based data acquisition system. The sensor operates at ∼100 K using a commercial closed-cycle cryocooler, with the in-vacuum electronics thermally isolated from the cold finger to ensure thermal stability. The system demonstrates an average energy resolution of 711 eV at 122 keV, measured using a 57Co source, and 253 eV at 5.89 keV, measured with 55Fe across all channels. The readout architecture incorporates a high-performance FPGA paired with a dual-core ARM processor, forming a complete embedded Linux-based computing platform. Communication between the processor and FPGA is handled via memory-mapped I/O, and data are streamed over high-speed gigabit Ethernet. A full-scale 384-pixel Gaia detector, based on this 96-element module, is currently under fabrication.

Multi-coincidence set-up for nuclear forensics with Si-strip and Compton-suppressed HPGe detectors.

High vertical resolution measurements of pH, pCO2, total alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon using a new approach: the carbonate profiler

Dual-modal fusion of hierarchical image features and spectral data for efficient quantitative analysis of mineral elements in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves.

Data Acquisition System for the Mexican Sign Language

A rapid method has been developed for the determination of 17α-ethinylestradiol and drospirenone in contraceptive formulations. The method is based on the direct coupling of a programmed temperature vaporizer inlet to a quadrupole mass spectrometer via a deactivated fused silica tube (10 m × 0.18 mm) that is maintained at 275 °C throughout the entire analysis. The inlet is equipped with a baffled glass liner coated with Siltek™ and the injection is performed in split mode (ratio 1 : 10). The data acquisition time was only 1.0 min per sample, allowing for the high-throughput quantification of active principles in contraceptive pills in minimal time. The goal is to apply this strategy as a screening tool in quality control processes, limiting the use of the more costly and time-consuming chromatographic methods to those pills showing anomalous results, thus optimizing laboratory resources. Sample treatment involved a fast ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction, and both sample preparation and instrumental conditions were optimized. The determination of the active principles was performed using the standard addition method. Accuracy, expressed as recovery percentage relative to the mass of active principle declared by the manufacturer, varied between 80% and 120%. Intra- and inter-day precision were adequate, with values of relative standard deviation (% RSD) equal to or less than 9% and 11%, respectively. Furthermore, the sustainability profile of the proposed rapid method was evaluated using the HEXAGON algorithm, which demonstrated that the PTV-MS method contributes to sustainable development by benefiting both the environment and society.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for food spoilage detection: emerging trends and future directions.

Validation of the use of ToF-SIMS for analysis of glycosaminoglycans.