Dark Valley Research Articles

Hebrew Philological Notes (II)

Five separate studies are presented. 1) חפניו in Prov 30:4 is to be understood as both "his fists" and "his clothing," in line with the widespread use of wordplay in Hebrew poetry. 2) The presence of the Egyptian expression Int kkt "valley of darkness" in the Book of the Dead confirms the meaning "darkness" for צַלְמוֶת, especially in Ps 23:4 where the famous expression ניא צַלמות is indeed to be rendered "valley of darkness." 3) The unique feminine form תתֶמֶה "seal" in Gen 38:25 is a deliberate creation of the author, the word is intended to evoke the sounds of כתנת "robe" in Gen 37:32. 4) עַנו֗ת in Exod 32:18 refers to sexual intercourse, as always with the Piʿel of the root ענה, and not to song. 5) היו֗ם אַף-אָתָה in Prov 22:19 is to be emended to ימנמאפת Imn-m-Ipt "Amen-em-opet," the name of the author of the Egyptian "Thirty" referred to in Prov 22:20.

Dark mountains and blue valleys: part 2 of a trilogy

Dark mountains and blue valleys: part 2 of a trilogy

Effect of Various Anions and Zwitterions on the Lasing Properties of a Photostable Cationic Laser Dye

An unusually photostable cationic laser dye first prepared by quaternization of the free base 4PyMPO (Figure 1) with methyl p-toluenesulfonate unexpectedly had, when flashlamp pumped in methanol, half the energy output of four other N-methyl quaternary salts: the methanesulfonate, the trifluoromethanesulfonate, the perchlorate, and the tetrafluoroborate. When four homologous zwitterions (Figure 2) prepared from 4PyMPO were tested in methanol, the output energies ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 times that of the p-toluenesulfonate, and up to 1.3 times that of the salt with the highest output. When flashlamp pumped in water, the zwitterions showed 1.5 to 2.0 times the output energy of the p-toluenesulfonate in water. Many of the dyes displayed laser output curves that were split in the middle, so that lasing energy appeared on either side of a dark valley. Among the zwitterions, a regular shifting from red to blue was observed as the carbon chain length was increased.

The dark valley illuminated: Recent trends in studies of the postwar Japanese economy

Historians are continually fascinated by the way a new idea, seemingly independently and simultaneously, emerges from many minds at once. Such ideas step assuredly into the mental environment that ...

Hitler's Hometown under Nazi Rule: Linz, Austria, 1938–45

Nearlyfour decades have passed since the collapse of the Greater German Reich, but the subject of Nazi rule in Hitler's homeland of Austria still remains something of a mystery. While the appearance of pioneering works by Karl Stadler, Radomir Luža, Gerhard Botz, and John Bernbaum, among others, has illuminated the landscape of what until recently wasterra incognita, a great many dark valleys and ravines still remain. The purpose of this essay is to examine Nazi control in the Upper Austrian city of Linz as a means of addressing certain unresolved issues of Central European history such as the degree of Austrian participation, support, or acceptance of the Hitler regime, the role of the Roman Catholic Church, the extent of German penetration of Austrian institutions after 1938, and the impact of fascist industrialization in transforming and modernizing Austrian society. Linz should make a particularly interesting test case since it has long mirrored the currents and ambiguities of Central European history. The boyhood home of Hitler, Eichmann, and Ernst Kaltenbrunner, it was a center of German Nationalist agitation before World War I, a model of democratic propriety during the 1920s, and a major battlefield of the Austrian Civil War of 1934. Rapidly evolving from a bastion of Social Democracy into a stronghold of National Socialism, it was a focus of the Anschluss in 1938 and the recipient of lavish aid from its Führer-son thereafter. What occurred in the Danubian city between 1938 and 1945 foreshadowed something of Hitler's intentions, not simply for Austria but also for much of the Greater German Reich.

Experiential Learning in Introductory Sociology: A Course Description and Evaluation

ed Experiential Course Syllabus Topic Experiential Techniques/Films A. Scientific Sociology Development and Methods 1. Historical Development Questionnaire Completion and Methodology 2. Data Analysis Questionnaire Analysis B. Culture Film Series: Bitter Melons, Turtle People, The Ax Fight, Cows of Dolo 1. Animal vs. Human Society; Kem Payou Components of Culture 2. Culture as a Normative Film: Ishi in Two Worlds System 3. Social Deviance Analysis of Social Distance Questionnaire 4. Subcultures Film: Satan's Choice (Motorcycle Club) C. Socialization Autobiographical Paper Films: 16 in Webster Groves, Webster Groves Revisited D. Social Organization 1. Social Systems; Levels SIMSOC of Organization 2. Roles a. Introduction Role Playing b. Presentation of Self c. Defense mechanisms 3. Groups In class experiments on group process and effects 4. Formal Organization 5. Family Institution Videotape: The Burk Family of Georgia (from Six American Families) Personal attitude assessment toward marriage and the family using questionnaire 6. Social Stratification Films: Valley of Darkness (Coal miners in W.V.), On the Line (Welfare) 7. Race and Ethnicity Guest Speaker 8. Educational Institution 9. Religious Institution Participant observation in area churches In class discussion of observations

Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two

Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two

Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two. By Thomas R.H. Havens. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. xi, 280 pp. Notes, Bibliography, Illustrations, Index. $9.95.

Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two. By Thomas R.H. Havens. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. xi, 280 pp. Notes, Bibliography, Illustrations, Index. $9.95. - Volume 38 Issue 1

Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two. By Thomas R.H. Havens. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. xi, 280 pp. Notes, Bibliography, Illustrations, Index. $9.95.

Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two. By Thomas R.H. Havens. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1978. xi, 280 pp. Notes, Bibliography, Illustrations, Index. $9.95.

A lunar terminator configuration

Although introduced more than two decades ago, electrostatic soil transport on the lunar surface remains a controversial subject due, primarily, to insufficiently high surface fields and particle charges to initiate and sustain the phenomenon. This paper introduces a realistic geometrical configuration for the terminators which plausibly provides adequate fields and charges. Myriads of miniature sunlit islands and dark valleys are formed in the vicinity of a zig-zag terminator line as it moves. The islands and valleys are surrounded by areas of opposite electrical polarity, providing local field regions up to thousands of volts per centimeter. The result is random directional movement of electrostatically charged lunar fines. It is shown that the mechanism can readily account for the denuding of certain asteroids while others exhibit a layer of dust on their surface.

Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two.

Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two.

Valley of Darkness. The Japanese People and World War Two.

This volume portrays the daily life of ordinary Japanese civilians on the home front during World War Two. Drawing extensively on wartime records and early postwar recollections of people who lived through the war era, the book reveals a surprisingly cohesive society that bore up remarkably well. Originally published by W.W. Norton and Company in 1978.

Evaluation of ERTS-I Imagery for Inventory Work of Perennial Snow Patches in Central Japan

In order to make the inventory of perennial snow patches in central Japan as a part of the I.H.D. world inventory of perennial ice and snow masses, observations have been continued by the author and collaborators by taking photographs of snow patches from the air every autumn since 1968. The results obtained during the period from 1968 to 1970 were published as the Atlas of perennial snow patches in central Japan (Higuchi and Iozawa, 1971). The flight for observation in 1972 was made on 13 October, just after 5 October 1972 when the Earth resources technology satellite (ERTS-I) imagery of central Japan was obtained. Therefore it was possible to compare the ERTS imagery of perennial snow patches in central Japan with aerial photographs of them. The perennial snow patches can be classified as (a) snow patches developed mainly from avalanching, (b) those developed mainly from snow drifting, and (c) those developed from both. The perennial snow patches in central Japan are mainly those of types (a) and (b). Since the prevailing wind direction in winter is north-west in this area, snow drifting and also avalanching of drifted snow occur at the eastern side of the mountains running southwards from the Sea of Japan. Therefore, 65% of the perennial snow patches of type (a) and 70% of those of type (b) are located at the eastern side of mountains. Fortunately, the ERTS imagery of this area was obtained at a local time when the solar azimuth was 143° so that many of the snow patches were in sunshine. Therefore, comparison of the ERTS imagery of snow patches with aircraft photographs in this case can be used as the data to discuss the limit of observation of small ice and snow masses by this satellite. It was found from comparisons between the ERTS-I MSS imagery of band 4 (0.5 to 0.6 μm), band 5 (0.6 to 0.7 μm) and band 6 (0.7 to 0.8 μm) that the band 4 imagery was best to distinguish snow patches. Snow patches of type A were most clearly seen on the imagery. Since they are located in the valleys where avalanching occurs, the contrast between the white snow surface and the dark valley walls was quite clear. For instance, it was easy on the imagery to find four long snow patches (No. 12 701, 12 708, 12 718 and 12 720 in the Atlas) at the eastern slope of the mountain Tsurugi Dake (2 998 m above sea-level), their width being 30-50 m and their length 1 000-l 500 m. It was difficult on the imagery to distinguish snow patches of type (b) from an exposed surface, since they are not so long as those of type (a), but circular and small. However, big ones of type (b) can be found on the imagery when they are located near ridges in the sunshine. For instance, the snow patch No. 18 509 in the Atlas was seen on the imagery, its size being 200 m X 100 m. Snow patches of type (c) are few and this type seems most difficult to find on the imagery, since they located at the bottom of cirque valleys in the shadow.

Evaluation of ERTS-I Imagery for Inventory Work of Perennial Snow Patches in Central Japan

In order to make the inventory of perennial snow patches in central Japan as a part of the I.H.D. world inventory of perennial ice and snow masses, observations have been continued by the author and collaborators by taking photographs of snow patches from the air every autumn since 1968. The results obtained during the period from 1968 to 1970 were published as the Atlas of perennial snow patches in central Japan (Higuchi and Iozawa, 1971). The flight for observation in 1972 was made on 13 October, just after 5 October 1972 when the Earth resources technology satellite (ERTS-I) imagery of central Japan was obtained. Therefore it was possible to compare the ERTS imagery of perennial snow patches in central Japan with aerial photographs of them.The perennial snow patches can be classified as (a) snow patches developed mainly from avalanching, (b) those developed mainly from snow drifting, and (c) those developed from both. The perennial snow patches in central Japan are mainly those of types (a) and (b). Since the prevailing wind direction in winter is north-west in this area, snow drifting and also avalanching of drifted snow occur at the eastern side of the mountains running southwards from the Sea of Japan. Therefore, 65% of the perennial snow patches of type (a) and 70% of those of type (b) are located at the eastern side of mountains. Fortunately, the ERTS imagery of this area was obtained at a local time when the solar azimuth was 143° so that many of the snow patches were in sunshine. Therefore, comparison of the ERTS imagery of snow patches with aircraft photographs in this case can be used as the data to discuss the limit of observation of small ice and snow masses by this satellite.It was found from comparisons between the ERTS-I MSS imagery of band 4 (0.5 to 0.6 μm), band 5 (0.6 to 0.7 μm) and band 6 (0.7 to 0.8 μm) that the band 4 imagery was best to distinguish snow patches. Snow patches of type A were most clearly seen on the imagery. Since they are located in the valleys where avalanching occurs, the contrast between the white snow surface and the dark valley walls was quite clear. For instance, it was easy on the imagery to find four long snow patches (No. 12 701, 12 708, 12 718 and 12 720 in the Atlas) at the eastern slope of the mountain Tsurugi Dake (2 998 m above sea-level), their width being 30-50 m and their length 1 000-l 500 m. It was difficult on the imagery to distinguish snow patches of type (b) from an exposed surface, since they are not so long as those of type (a), but circular and small. However, big ones of type (b) can be found on the imagery when they are located near ridges in the sunshine. For instance, the snow patch No. 18 509 in the Atlas was seen on the imagery, its size being 200 m X 100 m. Snow patches of type (c) are few and this type seems most difficult to find on the imagery, since they located at the bottom of cirque valleys in the shadow.

The Relationship Of Setting And Idea In Peer Gynt

OF IBSEN'S TWO MOST FAMOUS verse plays, Brand and Peer Gynt, the first often has been admired for its use of setting to reinforce idea. In Act I on the mountain plateau, the aspiring but untested Brand haughtily dismisses classes of objection to his call. In Acts II-IV, he descends into the dark valley of unenlightened men for the articulation, development, and testing of his call. In Act V, when his ethical imperative demands that he reject the compromise of the valley, he ascends out of the valley on the difficult path to the ice church with his followers. Rejected by them, he pursues his call onward and upward, alone but for the mad Gerd, to discover on the heights that will triumphant must yet aspire to love. The relationship of setting to idea in Peer Gynt, however, is not as clear cut in its main outline, chiefly because Peer travels the whole western world during his lifetime. Nevertheless, the three-fold division of the setting, like that in Brand is relevant to the developing idea of the play, and, within this division, Ibsen clearly relates setting to idea.

Evil and the God of Love by John Hick, and: God and the Permission of Evil by Jacques Maritain, and: The Lord of the Asburd by Raymond J. Nogar, O. P., and: Nostalgia for Paradise by Sister Sylvia Mary, C. S. M. V.

444 BOOK REVIEWS Evil and the God of Love. By JoHN HicK. New York: Harper and Row, 1966, pp. 404, with index. $6.95. God and the Permission of Evil. By JAcQUES MARITAIN. Translated by Joseph W. Evans. Milwaukee: Bruce, 1966, pp. H!l, with index of proper names. $3.75. The Lord of the Asburd. By RAYMOND J. NoGAR, 0. P. New York: Herder and Herder, 1966, pp. 157. $3.95. Nostalgia for Paradise. By SISTER SYLVIA MARY, C. S.M. V. New York: Desclee, 1965, pp. £30 with index. $4.75. After one of his lectures Raymond Nogar was questioned: "If spacetime history is of the essence of man, and the making of history his free, creative and personal prerogative and obligation, how is it possible to tolerate and to justify the suffering and annihilation of so many people who suffer and are annihilated for the simple reason that their geography sets them in the pathways of history? " (p. 84). The first sentence of John Hick's book reads: " The fact of evil constitutes the most serious objection there is to the Christian belief in the God of love" (p. ix). Jacques Maritain very early in his book comments that the problem of evil, injustice, cruelty " is at the origin of many forms of atheism, at the origin also of what one could call in many the bewildered Christian conscience " (p. 3) . Sister Sylvia Mary informs us that the various mythical versions of an " original paradise, lost through some fault, are of immense importance, and they constantly recur. They reveal the fact that in the heart of man there is a perpetual nostalgia" (p. 11). All four of these books, then, deal in one way or another with the problem of evil. Hick, in an impressive work, faces it fully and attempts an historical and systematic theodicy for our times; Maritain engages only one, though crucial, aspect of it; Nogar brings the light of his studies on evolution to bear on it; and Sister traces the nostalgia for paradise through the myths of ancient cultures as a sign of God's gracious influence on men struggling in the valley of darkness. John Hick suggests for Evil and the God of Love a fuller, more descriptive title: " A critical study of two responses to the problem of evil that have been developed within Christian thought and an attempt to formulate a theodicy for today" (p. 3). The two responses he sees as Augustinian and Irenaean, and his own theodicy, though mainly Irenaean, accepts some elements from the Augustinian. Four theological and four philosophical themes dominate in the Augustinian tradition. The first four are: that creation is good; that pain and suffering are a consequence of the fall of man; that the fall was a felix culpa since it brought redemption; that there is final moral balancing in heaven and hell. The second four are that evil BOOK REVIEWS 445 is a privation, a kind of non-being; that metaphysical evil, i. e. the imperfection in aU creatures below God, is basic; that it is better to have many beings on various levels of perfection than all on the highest level (the principle of plentitude); that the universe should be looked upon as a work of art (the aesthetic principle) . Irenaeus differs from this tradition mainly on three points. He did not place an original perfection in man but saw him as created weak a.'l.d immature yet invited by God to grow spiritually. Thus, secondly, the fall was an understandable lapse and the physical evils of pain and suffering (his third point) must not be regarded as punishment but rather necessary environment in which man is to " make " his soul. To these themes Hick notes some others taken from the thought of Fredrich Schleiermacher who, while not consciously following the teaching of Irenaeus, did develop similar themes independently. "Original perfection" to Sehleiermaeher is the basic structure of human nature whereby it can come to a consciousness of God. It is " original " not in time but exists in all men as a fundamental and constitutive element. " Original sinfulness " is seen as that element in all men which impedes their...

Bunyan's Valley of the Shadow

A MONG the conventions of chivalric romance not the least interesting are the dark valleys. Their ancestors were the dragonpool of Siegfried and the mere of Grendel, Avernus and the valleys of the jinnee, lonely and desolate regions, where legends bred with the fecundity of eels in the mud of the Nile--the haunts of strange noises and unformed creatures, where the air was heavy with dread. Their origin was in the wonder-loving, myth-making imaginations of the people. Passing, however, from a heroic age to an age of chivalry, adopted by the authors of the Roman d'Alexandre and of the manyvolumed tales in prose that followed, the conception of these Valleys from which None Return became somewhat less vague in outline, somewhat more precise in detail. Atmosphere gave place to machin-