Dark Gray Forest Soils Research Articles

Формирование фотосинтетических показателей посевов яровой пшеницы в зависимости от сорта и предпосевной обработки семян

This article describes the formation of leaf area, photosynthetic capacity of crops, the net photosynthetic efficiency, leaves productivity and efficiency, Coefficient of performance (COP) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of spring wheat, using Nano- Gro seed treatment instead of the traditional etching, depending on the varietal characteristics o dark gray forest soils of the Nizhniy Novgorod region. The study was carried out on varieties Margarita, Marusya and Sofia. In connection with this problem, above-mentioned issues are relevant to the present day. Rising the yields of spring wheat to the level of its genetically determined potential is only possible with an increase in photosynthetic productivity of crops, primarily due to the proper selection of varieties for specific soil-climatic zones. Cropping pattern should provide the absorption of at least 2% of PAR. The main absorbing body is a leaf. Therefore the need for a crop with optimum leaf surface area. The study revealed the following, the maximum leaf area of plants of spring wheat is formed in earing seed treatment by Nano-Gro. On average, during the growing season net photosynthesis productivity of Margarita variety was 4.5-5.7 g/m2, Maroussia - 4.6-4.8 g/m2 and Sofia - 3.8-5.2 g/m2. Maximum values of net photosynthetic productivity of crops are characterized by variations in seed treatment by Nano-Gro and Margarita variety. The highest efficiency (2.46, 2.57 and 2.55 kg by 1000 units) was observed on the leaves treated by Nano-Gro and the efficiency of Coefficient of performance (COP) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is 1,54-1,81 %. Margarita and Marussia were characterized by maximum values of productivity of leaf and Coefficient of performance (COP) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).

Anthropogenic evolution of dark gray forest-steppe soils in the southern part of the Central Russian Upland

A sequence of dark gray forest soils developing under a virgin broadleaved forest and under croplands used for 100 and 150 years was studied in the southern part of the forest-steppe zone on the Central Russian Upland. The application of multiple study methods for these objects made it possible to trace the evolutionary changes in the soil properties during the 150-year-long period of regular plowing. Several important trends in the soil development under the impact of the cultivation were revealed: (a) an increase in the thickness of the humus layer (according to the measurements at 20 points for each of the objects), (b) an increase in the amount of mole tunnels, (c) a decrease in the coefficient of the textural differentiation of the soil profile (with respect to the clay content), (d) an increase in the contents and reserves of the major nutrients upon a stable pool of humus in the upper meter, and (e) some alkalization and carbonization of the profile. Powdery accumulations of carbonates and whitish calcareous coatings on the faces of prismatic peds appeared at a depth of more than 130 cm. The plowed soils contained thin deep fissures, the surface of which was covered by dark-colored clayey-humus coatings at the depth of 50–110 cm. The radiocarbon age of the humus in these coatings was 500–1000 years younger than the age of the humus in the soil mass between the fissures. This set of features attests to the evolution of the plowed dark gray forest soils into chernozems under the impact of plowing.

Evolution of the carbonate state of agrogenically transformed dark gray forest soils in the central forest-steppe

The integrated study of the carbonate state of soils, which involves all the forms of soil carbonates at different levels of the soil organization, allows exactly assessing the degree and the rate of the soil transformation due to agricultural development. The evolution of the carbonate state in agrogenically transformed soils was assessed on a site with a known land-use history and with remaining natural soils. The direction, rate, and stages of the carbonate state transformation upon the agrogenic use of dark gray forest soils were determined on the basis of the morphogenetic analysis. Agricultural development entails a significant reorganization of the carbonate profile: a dark gray forest soil evolves into a medium-thick slightly podzolic chernozem with a greater pool of carbonates. The calcareous pedofeatures and horizons evolve stepwise: in the soil of a 100-year-old plowland, the transition to another organization of the carbonate state is observed: carbonates migrate more actively, and the dissolution-precipitation conditions are most dynamic. In the upper calcareous horizons, the structure of the calcitic pedofeatures becomes more collomorphic, and this mass fills almost all the voids; in the lower calcareous horizons, calcite is predominantly segregated into calcareous pedofeatures.

The role of vegetation in the regulation of fluxes of technogenic radionuclides at different stages after radioactive fallout

In the remote period after the radioactive fallout in the Chernobyl accident, the biological cycle of 137Cs in pine forests of the northern forest-steppe zone and in those of Bryanskoe Polesye become essentially different. In the cleaner northern zone with dark-gray forest soil, the 137Cs flux to the soil with litterfall exceeds its influx to the vegetation by a factor of 5; i.e., the 137Cs cycle differs from that of stable K, the descending flux being still dominant. In the more contaminated Bryanskoe Polesye zone with podzolic illuvial-iron sandy soil, the annual 137Cs influx to above-ground vegetation via root uptake exceeds its return to the soil with litterfall, i.e., the 137Cs cycle approaches the biological cycle of stable K.

CO2 emission from the surface of dark gray forest soils of the forest steppe and sandy soddy-podzolic soils of the southern taiga

Studies performed on dark gray loamy forest soils in an oak forest in the southern forest steppe and on sandy soddy-podzolic soil in a pine forest in the southern taiga showed that the annual emission of CO2 from the soil surface in the pine forest was 16.3 t CO2/ha, including 10.1 t CO2/ha due to root respiration and 6.2 t CO2/ha due to soil microbial respiration. In the southern forest steppe, the corresponding values were 17.8 t CO2/ha due to root respiration at the optimum water content (20%) and 28.3 t CO2/ha due to soil microbial respiration. With the insufficient soil water content (12.5%), 10.3 and 17.8 t CO2/ha were due to root respiration and soil microbial respiration, respectively. Under strong drought conditions (water content of 10%), the emission of CO2 decreased to 8.2 and 16.3 t/ha due to root respiration and soil microbial respiration, respectively.

Acid-base properties of dark gray forest soil under different wood plants and agrocenosis

A comparative study of chemical properties of soils under wood plants (pine, oak, and birch) and agrocenosis was performed. The profile distribution and spatial heterogeneity of \( pH_{H_2 O} \), pHKCl, total acidity, and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ in soils were described. Soil acidity conditions were characterized using discriminant analysis and principal components analysis.

Dark gray forest soils in biologized agriculture

The characteristics of the change in properties of dark gray forest soils during their agricultural use in the Orel oblast of the Central Forest-Steppe region of the Russian Federation are examined.

Distribution of heavy metals by the molecular-weight fractions of humic acids in the soils of long-term field experiments

The influence of different agricultural treatments on the contents of Cd, Zn, and Co in the organic matter and humic acids of soddy-podzolic and dark gray forest soils was studied in long-term field experiments. The use of gel chromatography proved the complicated molecular-weight composition of the humic acids in all the studied soils. The contents of heavy metals and their distribution by the molecular-weight fractions of humic acids were determined in the experimental soils and in the virgin podzolic soils. The complex nature of organomineral compounds of Cd and Zn with humic acids was shown by means of gel filtration. The thermodynamic stability of the organomineral complexes increased with the increasing weight of the initial molecular-weight fractions of humic acids.

Humus content and distribution in the profile of dark gray forest soils under different plants

Humus is an essential and specific soil component. Extensive data have been accumulated on the characterization of the humus status of different gray forest soil subtypes on the territory of the former Soviet Union. The most thorough statistical analysis of its parameters was performed by Urusevskaya et al. [8]. They showed that the average content of humus in the top horizon of virgin dark gray forest soils is 6.99% and varies in a wide range (from 2.64 to 13.84%). The curve of humus distribution in the profile of dark gray forest soils has a smoother shape compared to other subtypes of these soils.

Application of microbes to the soils of Siberian tree nurseries

The introduction of Trichoderma viride spores (108 CFU per 1 cm2) essentially changed the structure of micromycetes in the soils of tree nurseries in Krasnoyarsk region. During the first 20 days, in the variants with dark gray forest soils and podzolized chernozems, the total number of fungi decreased by 3–4 and 1.5 times, respectively, as compared to that in the control plots. During the intense development of the introduced microbes, the species composition of the soil fungi changed considerably. The treatment of Scots pine seeds with metabolites of Trichoderma fungi, as well as Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, in the form of water suspensions, biopreparations, and dry spores promoted an increase in the yield of seedlings and improve their morphometric parameters. At the end of the growing period, the treatment with Trichoderma and the biopreparation on its basis increased these parameters, on average, by 18–70%, and the treatment with bacteria increased the same parameters by 13–15%. The application of microbial preparations improved the phytosanitary state of the soils in the studied tree nurseries. The use of the strains of indigenous microorganisms might be feasible for solving bioremediation problems more successfully in particular regions.

Mineralogy of the clay fraction of water-stable aggregates from dark gray forest soil

Regular structural changes of mixed-layered illite-smectite phases depending on aggregate sizes were revealed by x-ray powder diffraction analysis in the clay fraction of water-stable aggregates of dark gray forest soil. They indicate the differences in the aggregation mechanisms at different depths of the soil profile, which are mutually related and restrict the growth of the water-stable aggregates in the lower part of the A1 horizon to a certain optimal size, because only the smectite surface (unlike the mica one) of the process-determining organomineral composites is capable of interacting. This ensures the kinetic stabilization of the soil as a system and its self-regulation ability.

Description of organic compound vapor-phase sorption by geosorbents: Adequacy of the isotherm approximation

The approximation of isotherms of vapor-phase sorption of organic compounds (OC) is a long-standing problem. It is especially difficult to solve in case of natural heterogeneous sorbents (soils, sediments, aquifers, etc.) since these sorbents contain sites with different sorption activity. The aim of this work was the statistical evaluation of the adequacy of the approximation of isotherms of vapor-phase sorption of OC by geosorbents in water-unsaturated conditions by employing various fitting equations. Vapor sorption isotherms were measured by the static headspace gas-chromatographic analysis method for 27 various organic sorbates (13 hydrocarbons and 5 chlorinated hydrocarbons, 7 oxygenated and 2 nitrogenated OC) on geosorbents (6 soils typical for Middle Russia regions, separate soil layers of 2 dark-gray forest soils, natural zeolite-containing material and bentonite clay, and two clay-humic complexes). The computer-assisted special sorption database with the corresponding software was created, and on the whole, 103 experimental sorption isotherms (86 isotherms measured and 17 taken from the literature) were used for the approximation. The adequacy of isotherm approximation by different sorption models was compared: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), modified BET (MBET), Pickett–Dellyes (PD), Guggenheim–Anderson–De Boer (GAB), Aranovich–Donohue (AD), Hinz (HZ) and polynomial (PN) equation. For the comparison of the adequacy of isotherm approximation by different equations, the following three criteria were used: (a) s 5%—the average probability of the location of experimental sorption values within the range of 5% of the theoretical curve; (b) two interconnected parameters: R 2—the square of correlation coefficient and k—the slope tangent for the linear regression ( V E; V T) at various sorbate activities; (c) D ¯ —relative sample variance as a characteristics of the optimal ratio between numbers of parameters of the fitting equation and its approximation quality. For the description of the vapor sorption of OC by geosorbents, the new MGAB equation (the modified GAB equation) was suggested. It is characterized by the optimal ratio between the ‘complexity’ of an equation (MGAB is a four-parametrical equation) and its approximation quality (MGAB shows one of the best isotherm approximations). The following rank of the decrease of the adequacy (upon D ¯ criterion) of examined fitting equations in relation to the OC sorption isotherm approximation in the whole isotherm range was formed: MGAB > HZ > PD > GAB > AD > PN.

SPRING SOFT WHEAT SAMPLES WITH VALUABLE CHARACTERISTICS

In the field of the Institute of seed production and agricultural technology, branch of FEDERAL state budgetary scientific institution FNAC VIM on dark-gray forest soil by conventional methods in 2014-2018 comparative evaluation of 40 samples of spring wheat competitive variety trials. On average over five years valuable features stood out the eight that exceeded the standard cultivar Agata by 0.27 to 1.24 t/ha. Maximum yield of formed samples 416-08Н52 and 260-05Н2101, respectively, and of 7.54 and 7.33 t/ha, which exceeded the standard variety of agate of 2.63 and 1.78 t/ha, respectively. The identified group of samples 260-05Н2101, 539-10Н163, 1036-09Н21, 898-09Н125, which had an average excess of 14.9...of 25.4 % over the zoned varieties for the Central region. In our studies, the coefficient of variation of yield on samples was 7.6...30.0 %. The lowest coefficient of variation observed in cultivars: Zlata (Cv of 7.6 %), Agate (Cv 12.9 %), in RIMA (Cv of 13.7 %), the samples 1664-09Н66 (Cv 13.1 percent) 898-09Н125 (Cv of 13.5 %), 918-10Н259 (Cv of 15.5 %). It was found that the determining factor in the formation of high yields in competitive variety testing is the total bushiness (r=+0.83), the number of productive ears per unit area (r=+0.63) and the number of grains in the ear (r=+0.38). Highest number of productive stems per unit area formed lines 185-07Н29, 260-05Н2101, 918-10Н259, 1036-09Н21 – 537 562...PCs/m2. Most ear grain content (32...34 PCs) had samples 918-10Н259, 539-10Н163, 898-09Н125, variety of RIME. A large proportion of samples (75 %) exceeded the standard grade of agate by weight of grain per ear by 4.4...27.2 %. A negative relationship between the yield and the mass fraction of crude gluten in grain r= -0.55 was revealed. The high gluten content in Ternei least its a variation on godammit samples 185-07Н29, 898-09Н125, Zlata, 1036-09Н21.According to the data obtained greatest practical value, are the samples 918-10Н259, 539-10Н163, 898-09Н125.

FEATURES OF GROWTH AND FRUITING APPLE VARIETIES IN GARDEN OF INTENSIVE TYPE

The research was carried out at the sites of production study of VNIISPK in the period from 1990 to 2016. The plots were located on gray and dark gray forest soils of medium-loamy mechanical composition with the capacity of the humus horizon of 30-50 cm. The climate is temperate-continental with the vegetation period of 175-185 days. Average annual air temperature is 4.6⁰C, minimal temperature in winter is -40⁰C, maximal temperature in summer is +38⁰C. The study was conducted in accordance with generally accepted methods of variety investigation and frost resistance study in the laboratory using a freezer “ESPEC” PSL-2 KPN. The possibility of obtaining low-sized apple trees on the roots of vigorous seed rootstocks with the intercalary inserts of a low-sized clone rootstock was established. The insertion components of a low-sized clone rootstock provided the significant weakening of tree growth and precocity in comparison with a vigorous seed rootstock. High precocity was revealed in Orlovim, Ranneye Aloye, Zhelannoye and Yubilar (on the level of Papirovka). Imrus and Orlik showed high specific load per unit of cross-sectional area of the trunk (2.0). Annual or non-sharp periodical fructification in those varieties were developed at the expense of flower bud laying on the growth of fruit bags of twigs in the year of fruiting with good foliage, and the alternation of fruiting of some branches and trees. The best variety-rootstock combinations were revealed: summer varieties Zhelannoye/3-3-72, Orlovim/3-3-72, Ranneye Aloye/3-3-72 and winter varieties Imrus/3-3-72 and Orlik/3-3-72.

Mögliche verluste von NPK mit durchsickernden wassern in böden

It is shown that on cultural landscapes of loamy sod-podzolic and darkgrey forest soils with a flushing regime, annual losses of NPK through percolating precipitation represent no serious danger for the reserves of these nutrients in the soil or for fertilizers. Only 4.0 kg/ha of N, 0.02 kg/ha of P, and 0.9 kg/ha of K are washed out. It has been established by applying N 15 stable isotope that no more than 1% of nitrogen introduced with fertilizers is washed out from loamy soils under agricultural crops, and up to 10% only from those left follow. Essential losses of NPK are observed on sandy clays - 18 kg/ha of N, and 10 kg/ha of K (especially when vegetation cover is absent). These data are of certain significance for the balance calculation of the nutrient supply of plants, and for determining doses of fertilizer application on soils with a flushing regime.