Dangerous Posture Research Articles

Effect of riding postures on kinematic responses and head injuries of ETW child passengers

Electric two-wheelers (ETWs) are extensively used for the transportation of vulnerable child passengers; however, diverse riding postures adopted by children may engender potential injury risks in the event of a collision. The objective of this study was to investigate the kinematics and head injuries of child passengers with different riding postures in ‘ETW-sedan’ collisional accidents. Typical riding postures were classified and different collision scenarios were designed using the orthogonal matrix analysis method. Multibody models of humans and vehicles were developed and validated using empirical accident data. The effects of riding postures of child passengers on head injury mechanisms and kinematics were studied. The result showed that it was the most dangerous posture when the child sat in the back seat and had a reverse facial orientation with the rider, due to the highest incidence of fatal head injury. A parametric study was further conducted on the effect of different impact velocities, impact angles, and offset distances. It was found that the velocity of the sedan was the most influencing factor, and severe damage can occur when the impact angle was ranging from 30 to 90°. The study could provide guidance for the safety protection of child passengers on ETWs.

Design of Table and Chairs for Packaging Tempe Chips Work Station for Reducing the Risk of Occupational Diseases in Putra Tunggal Home Industry Wonosobo

Home Industry Putra Tunggal Wonosobo is a tempeh chip industry whose production process is manual, so it can have a negative impact on worker ergonomics. Preliminary research was conducted by interviewing pain complaints and assessing work posture using the OWAS method. The tempeh chips packaging workstation was the workstation that had the most pain complaints at 67.86% (19 of 28 body parts) and the highest OWAS score at 4, so this was at high risk of experiencing musculoskeletal disorders. The next study used the NBM questionnaire to analyze the level of pain due to work and RULA for work posture. CATIA software was used to design tables and chairs, as well as assess the posture of the design results using the RULA method. Worker performance will be compared before and after using tables and chairs based on the level of body pain due to work (NBM) and work posture (RULA). The research results showed a decrease in the risk of work-related diseases by 80 and 78 to 40 and 44 (from high to low-risk levels) as well as a decrease in the RULA score from 7 (dangerous posture) to 2 (good posture).

Extended finite element analysis for the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals stress fracture during push-off

Metatarsal stress fractures (MSF), particularly the 2nd and 3rd MSF, are common injuries among athletes. Although there are several practices to reduce foot and ankle injuries, there is no injury prevention program specifically designed to minimize MSF. This is mainly due to the lack of information about the loadings/postures that cause MSF. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate dangerous loadings/postures potentially causing MSF during push-off (PO). The analysis was conducted with Finite Element Modelling (FEM), calibrated with the three-point bending test, and validated with peak plantar pressure (PPP) and fracture force measurement. Extended Finite Element Method was used for MSF simulation such that ten different foot and ankle configurations were designed, with five for each of the 2nd and 3rd MSF under pure vertical loadings. A more complex loading, ankle eversion/inversion during PO, was also examined for the MSF. The average error percentage for the calibration of the model with the three-point bending test was 3.05%. The average error percentages for the validation of the model with PPP and fracture force measurements were 18% and 30%, respectively. The outcomes of pure vertical loadings indicated the higher potential for the 2nd and 3rd MSF at 30% PO and 70% PO, respectively. The results of ankle eversion/inversion loadings represented that the most dangerous posture for MSF was 30° ankle eversion for the 3rd metatarsal at 70% PO. These results provide a guide, including what postures to avoid for the 2nd and 3rd MSF among people who are at high risk of MSF.

Sows’ pre- and post-crate opening behaviour in farrowing pens with different opening times

The aim of the present study was to investigate the sows’ behaviour in farrowing pens with a short-term fixation of five days around birth and the influence of the reproductive outcome. It was hypothesised that opening the farrowing crate in the evening may result in calmer sows due to less disturbance by stockpersons and thereby fewer dangerous posture changes of the sow and fewer piglet losses. The study focused on the pre- and post-crate opening behaviour of the sows expressed in lying down and rolling behaviour. Farrowing crates were opened three days post partum in the morning at 06.00 am (AM: n = 16) or in the evening at 06.00 pm (PM: n = 16). A further division was undertaken for sows with low (LR: n = 16) and high (HR: n = 16) rolling behaviour in the post-opening period. Video sequences of 72 h, divided into 24 h before and 48 h after the farrowing crate was opened were recorded continuously (to observe behaviour) and analysed using two event sampling methods: The frequencies of the lying down and rolling behaviour of the sows were documented as point events while the sows’ time budget (standing, sitting, lying) and the piglets’ positions during the sows’ lying down and rolling were documented as state events. The results show that rolling behaviour was performed less when the crate was opened in the evening compared to opening the crate in the morning (p = 0.08). Crushed piglets during lactation did not differ significantly between the groups but this tended to occur less frequently for PM grouped sows in the post-opening period. HR sows performed rolling more than twice as often as LR sows (p < 0.05) and showed significantly more frequent rolling from belly to side (p < 0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was found for crushed piglets during lactation and both LR sows and HR sows crushed a similar number of piglets in the post-opening period. In both groups (AM, PM respectively LR, HR) the piglets’ positions were in the nest in more than 50% of the rolling events. In conclusion, crate opening in the evening resulted in less rolling movements, sows in the PM group tended to crush fewer piglets in the post-opening period compared to sows in the AM group. Opening the crate in the evening seems to be better, with the advantage that the animals are calmer and show less postural change due to an undisturbed environment after opening.

Research on the application of OpenPose in escalator safety systems

Abstract This paper describes the application of the OpenPose based human pose detection model in escalator safety systems. The YOLO target detection is used to obtain the position of the human body in the image, and then the human limb information is extracted by OpenPose, and the human joint connection algorithm connects the identified human limb information to obtain the human pose information in the image. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively identify the human body posture and can provide timely alarms for dangerous postures, thus improving the safety of escalator riders.

Dangerous Posture Monitoring for Undersea Diver Based on Frame Difference Method

Dangerous Posture Monitoring for Undersea Diver Based on Frame Difference Method

Temporary crate opening procedure affects immediate post-opening piglet mortality and sow behaviour

Producers are interested in utilising farrowing systems with reduced confinement to improve sow welfare. However, concerns of increased mortality may limit commercial uptake. Temporary confinement systems utilise a standard crate which is opened 3 to 7 dayspostpartum, providing protection for neonatal piglets at their most vulnerable age and later increased freedom of movement for sows. However, there is anecdotal evidence that piglet mortality increases immediately after the temporary crate is opened. The current study aims were to determine if piglet mortality increases post-opening, to trial different opening techniques to reduce post-opening piglet mortality and to identify how the different opening techniques influence sow behaviour. Three opening treatments were implemented across 416 sows: two involved opening crates individually within each farrowing house when each litter reached 7 days of age, in either the morning or afternoon (AM or PM), with a control of the standard method used on the farm to open all crates in each farrowing house simultaneously once the average litter age reached 7 days (ALL). Behavioural observations were performed on five sows from each treatment during the 6 h after crate opening, and during the same 6 h period on the previous and subsequent days. Across all treatments, piglet mortality was significantly higher in the post-opening than pre-opening period (P<0.0005). Between opening treatments, there were significant differences in piglet mortality during the 2 days after crate opening (P<0.05), whilst piglet mortality also tended to differ from crate opening until weaning (P=0.052), being highest in ALL and lowest in PM. Only sows in the PM treatment showed no increase in standing behaviour but did show an increased number of potentially dangerous posture changes after crate opening (P=0.01), which may be partly attributed to the temporal difference in observation periods. Sow behaviour only differed between AM and ALL on the day before crate opening, suggesting the AM treatment disrupted behaviour pre-opening. Sows in AM and PM treatments showed more sitting behaviour than ALL, and therefore may have been more alert. In conclusion, increases in piglet mortality after crate opening can be reduced by opening crates individually, more so in the afternoon. Sow habituation to disturbance before crate opening may have reduced post-opening piglet mortality, perhaps by reducing the difference in pre- and post-opening sow behaviour patterns.

New Method and Experiment for Detecting Relative Position and Posture of the Hydraulic Support

Hydraulic support is an indispensable equipment for coal mining face. To detect the position and posture of the hydraulic support and automatically control its straightness at the mining working face, we developed a device based on the principle that three noncolinear points determine a plane and proposed a novel method using it. First, the sensor parameters in the device were experimentally calibrated. Second, the accuracy of the device was evaluated in the single point detection experiment by measuring the position of the nine datum points. Through actual testing, our detection accuracy can reach 24.82mm. Third, our method was validated in the experiment of the plane detection. Finally, the detection device was installed on the hydraulic support mode. The change of the position and posture of the canopy in the movement of the hydraulic support lifting leg, realized the detection of position and posture of the adjacent hydraulic support, and the feasibility of the detection method was verified. Our research on the position and posture detection of the hydraulic support can lay an important theoretical foundation for the automatic control of the straightness of mining working face and the surveillance of the dangerous posture of the hydraulic support. Furthermore, it can provide a novel monitoring approach for preventing collapse of hydraulic supports under complex geological conditions such as large dip angles and large mining heights.

Sow free farrowing behaviour: Experiential, seasonal and individual variation

Although sow confinement at farrowing is inherently stressful, farrowing crates remain in widespread commercial use. Sows adapt to their environment, however adaptation may be counter-productive if the farrowing system changes. The current study observed the behaviour of second parity sows throughout farrowing in a straw pen system to determine if their previous farrowing experience, in either the same pen system (n = 11) or a temporary confinement crate system (n = 11), affected current nest-building, farrowing and nursing behaviour. Data were analysed using PROC MIXED, with sow ID as the repeated subject. Sows which previously farrowed in pens tended to have a higher pre-partum peak nesting intensity (P = 0.081), and throughout parturition exhibited increased lateral lying (P < 0.01), decreased ventral lying (P < 0.001), decreased sitting (P < 0.01) and a decreased frequency of dangerous posture changes (P < 0.05). Post-partum, sows that previously farrowed in pens had a lower percentage of sow-terminated nursing (P < 0.01), a longer average duration of successful nursing bouts (P < 0.05) and a lower frequency of sow-terminated nursing bouts (P < 0.001). Seasonal effects were also seen in this naturally-ventilated system, both pre- and post-partum, with autumn/winter farrowings associated with more pre-partum nesting (P < 0.01), a higher pre-partum peak nesting intensity (P < 0.05), a longer average duration of successful nursing (P < 0.05) and a higher percentage of nursing bouts ending with piglets asleep at the udder (P < 0.05) than in the spring/summer. Individual variation in pre-partum nesting behaviour was associated with differences in parturient and post-partum behaviours. The results show that the prior experience of confinement, or a change of farrowing system, significantly affects sow farrowing behaviour in free farrowing pens, which may compromise the welfare of both sows and piglets.

Animals in Dangerous Postures Enhance Learning, but Decrease Willingness to Protect Animals

Animals are the most prevalent subjects for photographs in science textbooks. Many of them are potentially dangerous to humans, and visual exposure to potential threat can influence learning outcomes as well as emotional attachment to these animals. We experimentally investigated the influence of animal posture (aggressive-looking vs. neutral-looking) on 10 – 13-year-old pupils’ information retention and willingness to support the protection of these animals. We found that information placed below aggressive-looking animals was retained significantly better than information placed below neutral-looking animals. Survival-relevant information was retained better than survival-irrelevant information. Willingness to protect aggressive-looking animals was lower than willingness to protect neutral-looking animals. This suggests that aggressive-looking pictures receive stronger attention, but do not distract pupils from learning. Aggressive animals may have a negative influence on animal conservation efforts.

Mechanisms of using knee bolster to control kinematical motion of occupant in reclined posture for lowering injury risk

ABSTRACTReclining is a dangerous posture for occupants in moving vehicles, not only because it can easily induce submarining and cause abdominal injury, but also because it may increase risk of spinal injury. In this study, the THUMS 50th percentile model is used to simulate a reclined occupant under 30 km/h frontal impact and to study the effect of knee restraint on reclined occupant kinematics. The main findings are as follows. First, if the reclined occupant is restrained only by a seatbelt, the occupant kinematics in frontal collision can be very unfavourable. Second, if the knee bolster is positioned close to the knees and the recline angle is less than 60° from the vertical, the early knee restraint provided by the bolster can result in upper body rotation about the pelvis, without causing excessive spinal flexion.

El pilates como alternativa saludable a los contenidos tradicionales de las clases de Educación Física en Primaria

El aumento de la sintomatología relacionada con del dolor de espalda en los escolares ha propiciado un incremento del interés por hallar el origen y las causas del mismo. Entre éstas se encuentran tanto el sedentarismo como la adopción de posturas incorrectas o el transporte de cargas inadecuadas en el ámbito escolar y social. Por tanto, se hace necesario que dentro del ámbito educativo se introduzcan técnicas para el trabajo de la postura y de la musculatura del escolar, que se orienten a la prevención y el tratamiento del dolor de espalda. Con este objeto, el presente trabajo pretende aportar un gran abanico de ejercicios del Método Pilates adaptados a las clases de Educación Física de Primaria con la intención de ofrecer al profesor nuevos métodos y diferentes perspectivas de trabajo con los escolares. Intentamos que esta propuesta sea considerada por los maestros y profesores de Educación Física e introducida dentro de las competencias de su Currículum escolar. Esta actividad, desarrollará e incrementará el aspecto bio-psico-social de la salud, fomentándola de manera integral, mejorará la fuerza y la flexibilidad, y ayudará a corregir los desequilibrios posturales.

A new intelligent bed care system for hospital and home patients.

An intelligent bed-care system has been developed for monitoring patient movements and behavior in the hospital and at home in order to prevent injuries from falls, a major problem in health care facilities. Falls, as well as patient activity immediately preceding falls (i.e. exiting the bed), are especially dangerous when infusion extubation also occurs. This new system detects in-bed infusion fluid leaks, bleeding due to infusion-tube pullout, and urine resulting from incontinence. It employs stainless steel tape and wire noncontacting electrodes, several linear integrated circuits, and a low-power, 8-bit single-chip microcomputer The electrodes are installed between the bed mattress and sheet to record changes in an always-present alternating current (AC) voltage, which is induced on the patient's body by electrostatic coupling from a 100-V, 60-Hz alternating current power line around the bed. The microcomputer uses changes in the induced alternating current voltage to detect the patient's movements before and after leaving the bed, as well as any fluid leakage. The microcomputer alerts the nursing station, via the nurse call system or personal handy phone (PHS), that the patient is in an active state; has a dangerous posture on the bed; is contaminating the sheet due to leaking, bleeding or incontinence; or is out of bed.

Reconciling Management Research and Practice

Ideally, a professional school represents a marriage between theory and practice which are united by research. Today, radically changing conditions in the economic and political environment have raised serious questions about the relationship between academic research and the external conditions managers face. Some critics declare that the union between theory and practice has ended in divorce and applaud the two going their separate ways. But this is a dangerous posture. The issue is not whether academia and business can work together, but rather what kind of research should be done and what kind of teaching and curriculum will result. By joining forces through a new focus on research, we can begin to answer the critics and address the management problems of the future.