Danger Of Death Research Articles

Escolinha de Arte de São Paulo: março de 1968 a junho de 1971. Terceiro Capítulo: a experiência com televisão

Este último capítulo do ensaio visual sobre a Escolinha de Arte de São Paulo (EASP)[1] apresenta um estudo de caso com uma criança de sete anos de idade, filho de Ana Mae Barbosa e estudante da Escolinha de Arte. Em 1968, Frederico[2]sofreu de uma grave hepatite e, ao mesmo tempo, teve de ser operado do apêndice. Os médicos, frente à criança, discutiram sobre a gravidade do caso, mencionando o perigo de morte. A criança teve que ficar isolada com a mãe por mais de um mês em um quarto anexo à lavanderia, no subsolo de sua casa, sem nenhum outro contato para não contaminar a irmã, naquele momento, com dois anos de idade. O menino não podia levantar nem para ir ao banheiro e, portanto, ficava, a maior parte do tempo, assistindo à televisão. A educação quase sempre suspeitou do valor da imagem aceitando-a, apenas, como ilustração ou expressão de aula. Naquela época, se discutia muito acerca dos perigos educacionais e formativos da televisão para as crianças, como hoje se discute a dependência do computador e dos celulares. A pedagogia visual dava seus primeiros passos e foi usada intensamente com Frederico neste período. Logo após assistir a um filme que a própria criança escolhia, a mãe incentivava-o a desenhar algo do filme. Esses desenhos, feitos no período de quase dois meses, formam a narrativa que aqui apresentamos. Fica a cargo do leitor a interpretação acerca das transformações operadas no desenho da criança depois da experiência televisiva. Da nossa parte, consideramos que as qualidades de seu desenho se ampliaram em direção a uma narrativa mais rica e a um grafismo mais complexo e movimentado. O ensaio se subdivide em cinco momentos: o primeiro com desenhos feitos por Frederico durante aulas na Escolinha de Arte de São Paulo, antes de adoecer; o segundo são desenhos de quando foi internado; no terceiro momento temos desenhos realizados durante a recuperação, isolado em um quarto, conforme já mencionado. O momento seguinte são desenhos feitos uma semana antes de receber alta. Finalizamos com um desenho feito no retorno da criança às aulas na EASP. Consideramos que neste desenho ele retorna à exploração de materiais e abordagem estética[1] Nos três capítulos contamos com a colaboração da designer Ana Basaglia.[2] Para este ensaio, Frederico Barbosa autorizou a revelação do seu nome. Ele é poeta e sua mais recente publicação é o livro ‘Na Lata’, São Paulo: Iluminuras, 2013.

Spowiedź sakramentalna warunkiem uzyskania odpustu zupełnego. Analiza kanonicznoprawna

The present article attempts to make some canonical clarifications on the subject of indulgences in the Catholic Church. In fact, in pastoral practice we can observe many misunderstandings, especially regarding the sacramental confession as a condition sine qua non to gain a plenary indulgence. According to some priests, the sacrament of penance would be necessary only if the person is not in a state of grace. The analysis of the current canon law, interpreted in the light of the legal tradition of the Church and especially of the spirit of the canon law, allow us to say that in ordinary situations the sacramental confession, which should take place about two weeks before or after the indulgence, determines the reception or not of a plenary indulgence by of the faithful. This rule has to be applied in every ordinary situation (i.e. outside the danger of death), and consequent-ly also in the case of plenary indulgence provided by the Holy Father to the Holy Year of Mercy.

Dangers of death on the first day of life by the minute

To evaluate mortality on the first day of life by minute and hour, and examine changes in major causes of death in the past three decades. We evaluated mortality on the first day of life by the hour (0, 1, …, 23 h), and in the first hour by 5-min block (0-4, 5-9, …, 55-59 min) using data on cause of death for 15,690 infants in Canada from 1981 to 2012. Infant mortality on the first day declined from 2.60 per 1000 in the 1980s to 1.26 in the 2000s. The decline was greater at 6-23 h than at 0-5 h of life, and among infants with congenital anomalies compared with prematurity and birth asphyxia. Infant mortality is highest on the first day of life. More focus on prematurity and birth asphyxia in the first 5 h of life is needed to improve infant mortality.

111. Efficient Transduction in Neonatal Mice via Systemic Administration of an Adenovirus Vector

An adenovirus (Ad) vector is widely used as a gene delivery vector due to their various advantages. An Ad vector is applicable to innate genetic diseases, which are crucial targets of gene therapy. Patients of several innate genetic disorders often display symptoms in their early stage of life and are danger of death without any treatments. Radical treatments in infant ages are required in such patients. Gene therapy in neonates and infants is promising for such innate genetic disorders. In addition, although immune responses to an Ad vector hamper Ad vector-mediated transduction in adults, it is expected that such inhibitions do not occur in neonates and infants because of their immature immunity; however, transduction properties of Ad vectors in neonates and infants have not been fully examined. In this study, Ad vector-mediated transduction properties in neonatal mice were examined.A first-generation Ad vector containing a CMV promoter-driven firefly luciferase expression cassette was administered to newborn mice on the second day of life at a dose of 5.9×1011 infectious unit (IFU)/kg (this titer is equal to 1010 IFU/5-weeks old mice) via retro-orbital sinus. First, biodistribution of an Ad vector in neonatal mice was investigated 2 days after administration. As is the case with adult mice, the highest copy numbers of Ad vector genome were found in the liver among the organs. The liver also showed the highest levels of luciferase expression among the organs in neonates, although the transduction efficiency in the neonatal liver was approximately 5-fold lower than that in the adult liver. On the other hand, neonatal mice exhibited 10-fold higher levels of luciferase expression in the heart than adult mice. While approximately more than 1000-fold higher transduction efficiency was found in the adult liver, compared with the adult heart, the neonatal liver exhibited only 30-fold higher transduction efficiency than the neonatal heart. In order to achieve liver-specific transduction, a liver-specific promoter (a fusion promoter composed of apolipoprotein E enhancer, the hepatocyte control region, and human alpha 1-antitrypsin promoter) was incorporated into an Ad vector. The Ad vector containing the liver-specific promoter mediated almost 100-fold higher transduction efficiencies in the liver, compared with those in the other organs. Second, Ad vector-induced hepatotoxicity in neonatal mice was evaluated. Obvious elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in neonatal mice was not observed within 2 weeks following Ad vector administration, indicating that this dose of Ad vectors did not provoke significant hepatotoxicity in neonatal mice. In addition, while anti-Ad antibodies were strongly induced in the serum of adult mice on 21 days post Ad vector injection, almost background levels of anti-Ad antibodies were detected in neonatal mice. These results provide crucial information for gene therapy in neonates and infants.

Pawła VI Konstytucja Apostolska o sakramencie namaszczenia chorych

A post-Vatican II renewed ritual of the sacrament of the anointing of the sick ( Ordo unctionis infirmorum ) contains many significant changes compared with the post-Tridentine ritual. The new ritual is prefaced by the Apostolic Constitution Sacram unctionem infirmorum of Paul VI in which the Pope recalls the teaching and practice of the Church concerning the sacrament. Furthermore, it goes on to outline the significant changes and different emphasis introduced in the new ritual. The following are some of these: the object of the sacrament (in danger of death from sickness or old age – senses ); sacramental sign; the matter – olive oil may be used but so too may other oils from different plants; the form of the sacrament, which highlights its effects – it is help given by the grace of the Holy Spirit, it is an aid to our salvation and is to be used to pray for restoration and healing of the sick. The Pope significantly departs from the name extrema unction, by which name the sacrament had been previously known, to introduce a new name, unctio infirmorum .

Critères de soins psychiatriques sans consentement. Revue de littérature et synthèse des différentes recommandations

Though the carrying out of involuntary psychiatric care (IPC) mainly follows from a subjective appraisal of the patient's state, some specific clinical criteria have been proposed on regards to the underlying disorder. French national recommendations are synthesized hereby, and completed by a literature review. In psychotic disorders, the level of insight and the impact of delusion(s) are the essential criteria that should recommend to carry out IPC. In mood disorders, the appraisal is different depending on the underlying clinical state. In depressive or mixed states, IPC should be considered mainly in case of suicidal risk or jeopardizing physical consequences. In mania, IPC should result from a poor level of insight, or from the onset of significant social or occupational aftermaths. For suicidal states, it is necessary to appreciate suicidal risk and underlying psychiatric disorder. In addictive disorders, repeated risk-taking and denial should be the main criteria for considering IPC. In eating disorders, the occurring of both danger of death and denial of care should lead to possible IPC. Personality disorders are severity factors of emergency psychiatric states which can result in IPC. They are not criteria for IPC by themselves. For patients with dementia, mostly behavioural disturbances can require IPC.

On Rita Levi-Montalcini

On Rita Levi-Montalcini

Material and Documentary Evidence for the Practice of Early Christian Baptism

In his most recent book, Baptism in the Early Church , Everett Ferguson presents an extensive survey of the extant documents pertaining to early Christian baptism. In his final chapters, Ferguson supplements this literary study with analysis of the art and architecture associated with the rite, especially ancient baptismal fonts. From this combined review of texts together with artifacts, Ferguson concludes that baptism was universally (and normatively) accomplished by submersion of the both head and body, and that baptism was usually a rite of adult immersion until the fifth or sixth century, with exceptions made for infants in danger of death. This essay begins by summarizing the movement from outdoor to indoor baptism and the establishment of separate structures for the rite by reference to both documentary and archaeological evidence. Then, turning to the administration of the water, and attending to the depths and design of existing ancient fonts, it argues against any universal practice, particularly of submersion. Instead, in many places, pouring or affusion of water would have accomplished immersion over adult candidates while they stood in the font. Finally, this essay presents evidence for a more inclusive practice of infant and adult baptism from the third through the sixth or seventh centuries. Overall, it appears that neither archaeological nor iconographic records are easily deployed to prove that early Christian practice adhered to any universal or consistent norms with regard to submersion or baptism of adults.

Anointing Before Surgery: When and Why?

Anointing Before Surgery: When and Why? Dylan Schrader Because the sacrament of the anointing of the sick is no longer reserved for those on their deathbed, confusion seems to have arisen among the faithful, and even among priests, as to whether surgery always warrants anointing. Some authors hold that a person should be anointed before any surgery that requires anesthesia, since anesthesia always involves some degree of risk to life or health.1 I do not dispute that the sick or injured should be anointed before surgery if possible, provided they be properly disposed. What I dispute is the view that surgery is a reason for anointing, as distinct from an occasion for anointing. Such a position, I maintain, derives from a misunderstanding of the nature of the sacrament and from a misreading of the relevant norms. The Effects of the Sacrament According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC), The special grace of the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick has as its effects: — the uniting of the sick person to the passion of Christ, for his own good and that of the whole Church; — the strengthening, peace, and courage to endure in a Christian manner the sufferings of illness or old age; — the forgiveness of sins, if the sick person was not able to obtain it through the sacrament of Penance; 1 For example: Kenneth D. Brighenti and John Trigilio Jr, The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions (Naperville IL: Sourcebooks, 2007) 119; Bruce T. Morrill, Divine Worship and Human Healing: Liturgical Theology at the Margins of Life and Death (Collegeville MN: Liturgical Press, 2009) 177. Cf. Paul Jerome Keller, 101 Questions & Answers on the Sacraments of Healing: Penance and Anointing of the Sick (New York/Mahwah NJ: Paulist Press, 2010) 108, recommending anointing before surgery (no mention of anesthesia) but without reference to the patient’s (presumably poor?) condition. Antiphon 16.1 (2012): 52-61 53 Anointing Before Surgery: When and Why? — the restoration of health, if it is conducive to the salvation of his soul; — the preparation for passing over to eternal life.12 Note that some of these effects occur immediately: the increase or restoration of sanctifying grace (and consequently the forgiveness of sins); others naturally occur over time. These effects consist in a series of actual graces by which God continually strengthens the sick person, enables him to bear his suffering in union with Christ’s paschal mystery, removes from him the remnants of sin,3 prepares him for the struggle of death and, God willing, restores to him bodily health. Every grace is given for the duration of the infirmity.4 The special grace of anointing does not wear off but lasts as long as the recipient is ill; moreover, it bears an essential reference to physical frailty or infirmity owing to illness or old age.5 As Charles Renati explains: The particular contingency in the Christian life for which Extreme Unction was instituted is not primarily that of dying or of death. If it were, one would rightly expect it to be conferred on all who are in danger of death, no matter what the cause, whereas in fact it is refused to those who are in danger of death if they are not sick. Sickness is an indispensable condition for the anointing.6 For the recovery of spiritual health, and for cases involving danger of death from external causes, recourse should be had not to the sacrament of anointing but to the sacraments of penance and the Eucharist. 2 Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2nd ed. (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997) 1532. 3 Council of Trent, sess. 14, De extrema unctione, cap. 2, in Enchiridion Symbolorum, Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum, 36th ed., ed. H. Denzinger and A. Schönmetzer [henceforth: DS] (Fribourg: Herder, 1976) 1696, p. 400. 4 See Felix M. Cappello, Tractatus canonico-moralis de sacramentis, vol. 3, De extrema unctione, 4th ed. (Turin: Marietti, 1958) §205, p. 142. Some theologians see anointing as giving its recipient a “title” to the actual graces received throughout the duration of the infirmity in a way analogous to how a sacramental character imprinted...

Bullfighting: a troubled history

is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honour', wrote Ernest Hemingway in Death in the Afternoon. Art? Ritual? Sport? Cruelty? Though opinions are divided, one thing is certain bullfighting sparks passionate responses. Supporters argue that bullfighting is a culturally important tradition stretching back thousands of years, while animal rights groups argue that it is cruel and barbaric, causing unnecessary suffering to both bulls and horses. In Bullfighting, Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier brings clarity to this debate through an exploration of the long history of killing bulls as public spectacle. The author shows how in the late 1700s bullfights became mass leisure activities, with paying spectators packing into arenas the classic bullfight of popular imagination. It was at this time that bullfights became lucrative and the bullfighter became a celebrity. The first cross-cultural study of its kind, Bullfighting also relates the regional variations of style throughout Europe and Latin America: in the Basque-Navarre style of bullfighting, for example, the bullfighters wear street clothes, the fight is unstructured, and the bull is not injured; in Spanish-style bullfighting the fighters wear elaborate costumes, the fight is highly ritualized, and the bull is usually killed. In this vivid and comprehensive history, Hardouin-Fugier explores the extensive influence of the bullfight on art, literature and culture, from the paintings of Goya to the writings of Georges Bataille. Enriched with many fascinating and sometimes disturbing illustrations, Bullfighting presents a discerning and intelligent approach to this highly colourful yet deeply divisive practice.

Juliana Apostaty mit o Heliosie

The present paper is a brief study on Julian the Apostate’s religion with the detailed analysis of the so called Helios myth being a part of his speech Against Heraclius (Or. VII), delivered in Constantinople in AD 362. In the chapter one I discuss veracity of the Gregory of Nazianzus’ account in the Contra Julianum (Or. IV-V) on the emperor’s strange Gods and cults. In the chapter two the reconstruction of the Julian’s theological system has been presented and the place of Helios in this hierarchy has been shown. The chapter three consists of the short preface to the Against Heraclius and of the appendix with the Polish translation and commentary on the Julian’s Helios myth. The Emperor’s theosophy, known from his four orations (X-XI and VII-VIII), bears an imprint of the Jamblichean speculation on it. The gods are arranged in the three neo-Platonic hypostases: the One, the Mind, and the Soul, named Zeus, Hecate, and Sarapis. The second and third hypostases contain in themselves the enneads and the triads. The Helios’ position is between the noetic world and the cosmic gods, so he becomes a mediator or a centre of the universe and he is assimilated with Zeus the Highest God as well as with the subordinated gods like Apollo, Dionysus, Sarapis, and Hermes. The King Helios was also the Emperor’s personal God, who saved him from the danger of death in AD 337 and 350. These tragic events are described by Julian in the allegorical fable (Or. VII 22). The question is who was Helios of the Julian’s myth: the noetic God, the Hellenistic Helios, the Persian Mithras, the Chaldean fire, or the Orphic Phanes, what is suggested by the Gregory’s invective. The answer is that the King Helios was all of them. The Helios myth in Or. VII is the best illustration of the extreme syncretism of the Julian’s heliolatry, where the neo-Platonic, Hellenistic, magic, and Persian components are mingled.

Aquinas on Battlefield Courage

The Thomist 74 (2010): 337-68 AQUINAS ON BATTLEFIELD COURAGE GREGORY M. REICHBERG Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) Oslo, Norway OVER THECOURSEofhiscareer, ThomasAquinaspaused only once to reflect on battlefield courage-question 123, article 5 of the Secunda Secundae of the Summa Theologiae : "Whether fortitude is properly about the dangers of death which arise in war."1 In light of his robust teaching on just war,2 one would have expected him to elaborate on the special nobility of the military profession, or to detail the moral challenges faced by its practitioners. Instead, the article explains how "death in war" is an analogous term that applies to soldiers certainly, but also to civic heroes and even to martyrs for the faith. The theme of martyrdom occupies central stage3 in Aquinas's overall discussion of courage. Some commentators have concluded that his main purpose in writing question 123 was to substitute the ancient Greco-Roman admiration for military heroism with a Christian focus on martyrdom.4 In what follows, 1 The theme of battlefield courage is however announced earlier in question 50 on prudence. Having noted that generalship requires a special form of prudence, Aquinas adds that those who do the actual fighting (rank-and-file soldiers) stand in need of fortitude (STh 11-11, q. 50, a. 4, ad 3). For a treatment of the former virtue, see Gregory M. Reichberg, "Thomas Aquinas on Military Prudence,"Journal ofMilitary Ethics 9 (2010): 261-74. 2 STh 11-11, q. 40, "De hello." See Gregory M. Reichberg, "Thomas Aquinas between Just War and Pacifism," Journal ofReligious Ethics 38 (2010): 219-41. 3 Among the acts of fortitude, martyrdom alone receives special treatment in a full quaestio (STh II-II, q. 124). 4 A particularly emphatic formulation of this reading has been advanced by Rebecca Konyndyk de Young, "Power Made Perfect in Weakness: Aquinas's Transformation of the Virtue of Courage," Medieval Philosophy and Theology 11(2003):147-80. To a lesser extent 337 338 GREGORY M. REICHBERG I argue that the substitution account is misleading. Despite Aquinas's obvious interest in highlighting martyrdom as the highest instantiation of fortitude, he does not discredit the value of battlefield courage within the Christian life of virtue. On the contrary, he elaborates a two-stage theory in which military heroism is put forward as the exemplar of acquired fortitude, while martyrdom is praised as the paradigm of infused fortitude. Having embraced the principle "grace perfects nature," Aquinas is attentive to the various relations that can exist between these two modalities-acquired and infused-of fortitude.5 On the one hand, the heroism of soldiers provides him with a natural basis for understanding the supernatural fortitude of holy martyrs. On the other hand, he recognizes how infused fortitude can find expression in military deeds, such that death on the battlefield will sometimes count as martyrdom. The argument will proceed in six stages. In a first section I examine why Aquinas brings the theme of martyrdom into his account of battlefield courage in question 123, article 5. To this end, a comparison with his earlier discussion of prudence6 will prove instructive. Whereas prudence is differentiated into five separate kinds, including a military kind, on the Aristotelian typology followed by Aquinas, courage is a unitary virtue. Unlike many contemporary Christian authors, who typically frame martyrdom as a category suigeneris that would stand wholly apart from the soldier's active engagement on the battlefield, Aquinas is intent on encompassing the two sorts of death within a single account.7 this viewpoint is briefly developed by Michel Labourdette, O.P., Force et temperance (IIa-IIae, 123-170) in Cours de theologie morale, Toulouse, annee scolaire 1961-62, unpublished manuscript. (Copies of Labourdette's typed course manuscript, which follows the order of the Secunda Pars, have circulated widely). Labourdette's treatment does have the merit of emphasizing the importance, in Aquinas's eyes, of acquired courage, while Konyndyk De Young's analysis is framed almost exclusively in terms of infused courage. 5 I thank an anonymous reviewer for suggesting this formulation. 6 In particular, STh 11-11, qq. 48 and. 50. 7 This is especially salient in STh 11-11, q. 124...

Ap 12 jako teologia historii

The Biblical writers notice history as the space of God’s rule. He is the director, who comes into contact with human being through signs – events and words, and also He is the history’s perpetuum mobile. Rev 12 specifically reflect nowadays and the previous in the context of the whole world’s vision and mix the reference to facts (lack of the temple, ark, faithful people, horrible experiences, the death danger), places (the temple, a desert), persons (the Child-Ruler, Michael) with the Old Testament figurative exposing, a typical one for such a book (the Woman with Child, the heaven, the dragon), enriched with a lot of symbols (a crown, a horn, the moon under feet). God’s interference into World history is presented through lightning, voices, thunder, an earthquake and great hail, that stress His power and supremacy. The biblical writer refers to events, which make place whole the time in the natural- and supernatural space, like: the war between God and evil, persecutions, hiding, God’s care of men. The specific literary structure of Rev 12, contrary to the other parts of that book, seem to help to put an accent for the fundamental truths for transcendental theology of history of which the most important is the eternal rule of God and only accidental, finished in the time perspective of Satan’s position.

Critical Values in the Coagulation Laboratory: Results of a Survey of the North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association.

Abstract 1415Poster Board I-438 Introduction:Critical laboratory values (CVs) are those that indicate the patient is in danger of death unless corrective action is initiated immediately. CVs are an important feature of laboratory practice parameters, standards of regulatory agencies (including the Joint Commission's National Patient Safety Goals), and national and institutional quality improvement studies. However, there has been no research into CVs in coagulation laboratories. Our objectives were to determine: 1) The current policies on CVs in specialized coagulation laboratories 2) Current patterns of practice for reporting CVs for coagulation parameters; and 3) If there is any consensus, based on practice, on CVs for coagulation tests. Methods:A web-based survey on CVs was distributed to members of the North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association in February 2009. Results:38 laboratories participated. 97% had CVs for coagulation tests in place. 85% of laboratories used local opinion or consensus to set their CV policies, likely reflecting a lack of published data. 9% of laboratories were unsure where their CVs came from. CV reporting practices were fairly uniform. 97% of surveyed laboratories authorized technologists to report CVs, and only a minority (<40%) involved senior technologists or laboratory physicians in reporting. CV policies at almost all sites (97%) authorized the patient's nurse or MD, or the ordering MD to receive CV results. Medical students, clerical staff, or uninvolved staff nurses were rarely authorized to receive CVs (3%, 13%, and 37%, respectively).Policies in all participating laboratories required documentation of CV communication. Telephone was the primary method of communication, with 39% of sites used electronic broadcast or forced print as an adjunct. Inconsistency was noted in strategies to handle repeat CVs on the same patient, ranging from reporting all CVs, to reporting worsening CVs, to not reporting CVs on certain patient populations (e.g. critical FVIII:C levels in known hemophiliacs). After-hours communication of CVs on outpatients and referred clients was identified as challenging. All sites first attempted to telephone the patient's on-call MD, and if unsuccessful, sent a report by facsimile, contacted the Laboratory Chief of Service, or delayed reporting until the next day.When laboratories were asked about their CV values, over 80% had CVs for the INR (mean > 5, range > 2 - 6), aPTT (mean > 100 sec, range > 45 - 150 sec) and fibrinogen level (mean < 90 mg/dL, range < 50 - 100 mg/dL). Fewer laboratories (< 25%) had CVs for less commonly performed coagulation tests, including anti-Xa levels, factor and inhibitor assays, and thrombophilia testing. These CVs were more heterogeneous. Conclusion:This survey identified several potential areas for improvement in the way specialized coagulation laboratories handle CVs. Consensus data would assist laboratories in standardizing their policies, and establishing benchmarks for CV reporting and policy review. It would also ensure that a laboratory's CVs are in line with those of its peers, and are clinically relevant. The workload associated with CVs for coagulation assays is unknown, and it is possible that some of the current reporting strategies lead to inefficiencies and delays (e.g. reporting CVs for tests that are not truly life threatening; lack of established policies for after-hours handling of CVs when an on-call physician cannot be reached). Our study identifies an important need for further evaluation and standardization of CVs for coagulation tests. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

On Necessity as a Defence to Crime: Possibilities, Problems and the Limits of Justification and Excuse

The article reviews recent developments in England in the law of necessity as a defence to crime and calls for its further extension. It argues that the defence of necessity presents the criminal law with difficult questions of competing values and the ordering of harms. English law has taken a nuanced position on the respective roles of the courts and the legislature in the ordering of harms, although the development of the law has been pragmatic rather than coherently theorised. The law has granted necessity some scope as an exculpatory principle in the law of general defences, but it has also respected the primacy of the legislature as the legitimate arbiter of many of the competitions of value that necessity throws up. The recognition of necessity has not been in the form of a single unified defence of that name. Rather it has taken the form of a number of defences, based on a principle of necessity, but with different nomenclature and different rationales. This approach to necessity is defended as right in terms of principle and policy. Any further development of necessity as a general defence should be restricted to two contexts, namely those of emergencies, and of conflicts of duty, where a danger of death or serious injury is present.

Acute Disaster Exposure and Mental Health Complaints of Norwegian Tsunami Survivors Six Months Post Disaster

The objective was to investigate the relationship between possible disaster stressors and subsequent health problems among tourists experiencing the 2004 South–East Asia tsunami. A cross–sectional study was performed as a postal survey concerning the experiences of the disaster exposure in retrospect and the presence of psychological symptoms (GHQ–28) in Norwegian tsunami victims 6 months post disaster. The strongest predictors of health complaints were danger of death, witness impressions, and bereavements. Aggravated outcomes were also seen in those who helped others in the acute phase or had sole responsibility for children when the tsunami struck. Having a family member or close friend who was injured was reversely associated with health problems. Women reported more psychological distress than men, but the difference disappeared with increasing degree of danger exposure. Dose–response relationships to psychological distress were found for single exposure factors as well as for the cumulative effects of being exposed to several exposure variables.

The not-so-crystal ball: The ongoing challenge of physician prognostication

Grulke et al. examined whether the prognostic estimations Survival estimates are further complicated by the followprovided by physicians for patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation were associated with their actual survival [1]. They also investigated whether patient-associated objective factors might influence the predictions given by the physicians [1]. The authors can be complemented for investigating and composing this interesting report. The authors concluded physicians on transplant units were able to give a concise prognosis estimate that corresponded to real outcomes. However, it is well known in the literature that physicians' prognostic estimates of survival are far from accurate. Physicians tend to overestimate survival in their patients as shown in seven of eight studies in a recent review of prognostic accuracy [2]. Only 20% of physician predictions of survival were accurate, with 63% of predictions overly optimistic and 17% overly pessimistic [3]. Based on their gross overestimation, oncologists would probably make better predictions if they divided their estimates by two [4]. Though physician predictions have been strongly associated with actual survival [2,3,5], they are by no means exact [2]. Doctors may be able to discriminate patients in immediate danger of death (within 3 to 6 months) from those who are not [6–8], but are unable to accurately calibrate the survival of patients who will live longer.

Does High-Dose Buprenorphine Cause Respiratory Depression?

Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist-antagonist with a 'ceiling effect' for respiratory depression. Compared with methadone, its unique pharmacology offers practical advantages and enhanced safety when prescribed as recommended and supervised by a physician. Buprenorphine has been approved in several countries as an efficient and safe maintenance therapy for heroin addiction. Its use resulted in a salutary effect with a reduction in heroin overdose-related deaths in countries that implemented office-based buprenorphine maintenance. In France, however, where high-dose buprenorphine has been marketed since 1996, several cases of asphyxic deaths were reported among addicts treated with buprenorphine. Death resulted from buprenorphine intravenous misuse or concomitant sedative drug ingestion, such as benzodiazepines. In these situations of abuse, misuse, or in association with elevated doses of psychotropic drugs, buprenorphine may cause severe respiratory depression. Unlike other opiates, the respiratory effects from buprenorphine are not responsive to naloxone. However, the exact mechanism of buprenorphine-induced effects on ventilation is still unknown. The role of norbuprenorphine, the main N-dealkylated buprenorphine metabolite with potent respiratory depressor activity, also remains unclear. Experimental studies investigating the respiratory effects of combinations of high doses of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines suggested that this drug-drug interaction may result from a pharmacodynamic interaction. A pharmacokinetic interaction between buprenorphine and flunitrazepam is also considered. As there are many questions regarding the possible dangers of death or respiratory depression associated with buprenorphine use, we aimed to present a comprehensive critical review of the published clinical and experimental studies on buprenorphine respiratory effects.

Aspectos particulares de Ia celebración del Bautismo

Francisco Navarro Ruiz, Particular aspects of the celebration of Baptism. The author tackles several particular aspects of the celebration of baptism, basically referring to the canonical regulation of the baptism of children, to what is established about the time and place of celebration, with special reference to the importance of the parish and the proof and registration of the baptism. The whole question which is raised by the baptism of children, is framed by the real pastoral situation of the Spanish ecclesial community, characterised by an increasing decline in religious belief and practice; as a consequence there is an ever greater phenomenon of parents who were baptised as infants but who are now unbelievers and, in their great majority, non-practicing, but who continue to ask for baptism for their children, to which they have a right according to c.96 and, in principle, an obligation according to c.867,1: the fictio iuris, legitimate in principle, which permits us to baptise children in the faith of the Church, looses its raison d'etre when the parents cannot bring their child up in a faith which they themselves lack. This is a problem which must be tackled pastorally with all honesty. Attention is also given to the conflict with civil legislation regarding parental legal competence and the canonical regulation of baptism of children over seven years of age or in danger of death; there is also a conflict over the public nature of registered data and the civil registration of religious freedom. The article therefore looks at the computerisation of baptismal registers and the documentary proof of formal abandonment of the Church, because of the canonical consequences it has that affect the validity of some acts. All of this demands an adequate particular legislation from the Spanish Episcopal Conference.

El padrino del Bautismo y su recuperación jurídico - pastoral

The article tackles the role which baptismal sponsors should fulfil in present circumstances, where the figure has lost its Christian character to the point of becoming, in not a few cases, a mere social convention. The author develops from a historical and canonical pint of view the relevance of this figure in Christian tradition from the earliest centuries, both with regard to the baptism of adults and of children, although with greater impact in the latter, and the whole problem involved. Given that the child is baptised in the faith of the Church and must be educated in that same faith by parents and god-parents so that in adult life he/she may desire to live out the commitments received at baptism, the Church must supply all necessary means to guarantee this later formation. The author, in order to clarify these aspects, treats the conditions for suitability which can be expected of a catholic who wishes to undertake this ecclesial ministry in accordance with what is established in current legislation; he proposes some means of revitalising the role of sponsor in the present circumstances. Along with these principal ones he deals with other secondary issues, which are not lacking in interest: number of sponsors, choice of name for the child, the presence of non-catholic witnesses in the celebration, sponsors by proxy, change of sponsors after the celebration ... which concludes the study. Francisco Navarro Ruiz, Particular aspects of the celebration of Baptism. The author tackles several particular aspects of the celebration of baptism, basically referring to the canonical regulation of the baptism of children, to what is established about the time and place of celebration, with special reference to the importance of the parish and the proof and registration of the baptism. The whole question which is raised by the baptism of children, is framed by the real pastoral situation of the Spanish ecclesial community, characterised by an increasing decline in religious belief and practice; as a consequence there is an ever greater phenomenon of parents who were baptised as infants but who are now unbelievers and, in their great majority, non-practicing, but who continue to ask for baptism for their children, to which they have a right according to c.96 and, in principle, an obligation according to c.867,1: the fictio iuris, legitimate in principle, which permits us to baptise children in the faith of the Church, looses its raison d'etre when the parents cannot bring their child up in a faith which they themselves lack. This is a problem which must be tackled pastorally with all honesty. Attention is also given to the conflict with civil legislation regarding parental legal competence and the canonical regulation of baptism of children over seven years of age or in danger of death; there is also a conflict over the public nature of registered data and the civil registration of religious freedom. The article therefore looks at the computerisation of baptismal registers and the documentary proof of formal abandonment of the Church, because of the canonical consequences it has that affect the validity of some acts. All of this demands an adequate particular legislation from the Spanish Episcopal Conference.