Danau Sentarum Research Articles

Towards understanding climate change impacts: monitoring the vegetation dynamics of terrestrial national parks in Indonesia

Monitoring vegetation dynamics in terrestrial national parks (TNPs) is crucial for ensuring sustainable environmental management and mitigating the potential negative impacts of short- and long-term disturbances understanding the effect of climate change within natural and protected areas. This study aims to monitor the vegetation dynamics of TNPs in Indonesia by first categorizing them into the regions of Sumatra, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Eastern Indonesia and then applying ready-to-use MODIS EVI time-series imageries (MOD13Q1) taken from 2000 to 2022 on the GEE cloud-computing platform. Specifically, this research investigates the greening and browning fraction trends using Sen's slope, considers seasonality by analyzing the maximum and minimum EVI values, and assesses anomalous years by comparing the annual time series and long-term median EVI value. The findings reveal significantly increasing greening trends in most TNPs, except Danau Sentarum, from 2000 to 2022. The seasonality analysis shows that most TNPs exhibit peak and trough greenness at the end of the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, as the vegetation response to precipitation increases and decreases. Anomalies in seasonality that is affected by climate change was detected in all of the regions. To increase TNPs resilience, suggested measures include active reforestation and implementation of Assisted Natural Regeneration, strengthen the enforcement of fundamental managerial task, and forest fire management.

Business Models and Strategies for Managing Indigenous-based Natural Tourism in and around Danau Sentarum National Park (Ecotourism Meliau Hamlet)

Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP), situated in West Kalimantan's Kapuas Hulu region, stands out as a unique destination. Meliau Hamlet, located within and around DSNP, servesasasettlementfortheDayak Ibantribe, preserving theirdistinctcustoms. The surrounding area boasts captivating landscapes, including lakes, swamps, rivers, and hills, drawing both domestic and international tourists. Recognizing this potential, the Melemba Village government established KPP Kaban Mayas, an ecotourism initiative. However, challenges such as limited human resources, insufficient infrastructure, and management issues hindered Meliau Hamlet's ecotourism operations. This research aimed to assess ecotourism development feasibility, economic viability, and community engagement. It also outlined the ecotourism management's business model and strategies. Data was gathered through field visits, interviews, and surveys. Analysis encompassed scoring tourist attractions, evaluating stakeholders, financial assessments, and community capital. The Business Model Canvas (BMC) described the business model, while strategies were formulated using SWOT analysis, Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), and Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS). Results underscored natural resources as vital assets for ecotourism. Meliau Hamlet's ecotourism could thrive by focusing on value proposition, keyresources, keyactivities, and keypartnerships.

IDENTIFICATION OF LOCAL WISDOM IN COMMUNITY CULTURE IN DANAU SENTARUM NATIONAL PARK

Cultural diversity spans from Sabang to Merauke with a variety of local wisdom. One is on the island of Borneo, especially in West Kalimantan Province. An area with a variety of very rare ecosystems and local cultural wisdom that has existed for generations is the Danau Sentarum National Park (TNDS) area which has two types of local cultural wisdom of the local community, namely the Malay tribe and the Dayak tribe. The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics of local wisdom on culture in Danau Sentarum National Park with a case study in Batang Lupar District, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan Province. This research used qualitative research methods. Data were collected through interviews, field observations, and document review. Sampling used the purposive sampling method. Data analysis techniques used qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study found that the local wisdom of the Danau Sentarum area community from the Malay tribe community and the Dayak tribe community has much uniqueness in its culture and has customary rules that have been carried out for generations to regulate the lives of people who are in the Danau Sentarum National Park area. The forest area and Danau Sentarum are a very important part of the lives of the people who live in the area, so they must be protected and managed together with the guardians and managers of the forest, namely local and traditional communities.

PRELIMINARY STUDY: FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DAILY ACTIVITY OF THREE COLORED LANGUR (Presbytis chrysomelas ssp cruciger Thomas, 1892) IN DANAU SENTARUM NATIONAL PARK

Three colored langur (Presbytis chrysomelas ssp cruciger Thomas, 1892) is a primate that has been recognized as a critically endangered species in accordance with the International Union for Conservation of Nature, however still not protected and lacks substantial information about the bio-ecology of their natural habitat. The habitat plays a determining factor not only in space utilization but also the daily activities of the three colored langurs (P c cruciger). The aim of this preliminary study is to collect information regarding their habitat characteristic, feed species, daily activity, and canopy stratum utilization. This research was conducted between July and August of 2021 at Bukit Semujan, Lupak Mawang Resort, Danau Sentarum National Park. The method implemented was to collect the habitat characteristic by plot samples, and their daily activity data by scan sampling with consecutive recording. The study demonstrated that langur inhabited both primary as well as mixed forests (swamp, cultivation land, and secondary forest). There were 27 species as feeds of langurs and the most preferred types of feed are Gita susu (Willughbeia coriacea), Merepat (unidentified), and Karet (Hevea brasiliensis). The most preferred feed compositions consisted of leaves (50%), fruits (30%), and seeds (20%). The most frequently utilized stratum for activities was stratum C (70,49%) and B (27.87%). The highest daily activities were categorized into three parts of time, the morning was dominated by social (44,26%), the afternoon was dominated by rest (59,7 7%), and the evening was dominated by social (73,68%). The highest social activities shown by three colored langurs were agonistic (48,48%), followed by vocalization (39,39%), playing (10,61%), exploring (1,52%), and sexual (0%).

Is the Newly-Found Tricolour Langur More Tolerant to Humans Than We Think? Inspecting Human-Langur Interaction in Danau Sentarum National Park

Although formerly found exclusively in Malaysia, in 2019, the tricolour langur was also discovered in Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP), Indonesia. As this primate lives on Borneo Island, it has been facing its inevitable anthropogenic habitat loss invo

Habitat Characteristics and Roaming Area of Proboscis Monkey in Bukit Semujan Swamp Forest Danau Sentarum National Park

The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb. 1787) is an endemic and endangered primate, also very depends on its habitat characteristic. This study aims to identify habitat characteristics and roaming area of proboscis monkey. Located at Bukit Semujan within Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum National Park, during January 2022. The methods use in this research are using scan sampling and ad libitum sampling for daily activities, roaming area of proboscis monkeys are acquired using GPS, and the vegetation type in the habitat where proboscis monkeys are active are inventoried using the checkered line method with the plot size 20 x 20 m. Research was resulted that the proboscis monkey at Bukit Semujan only found in swamp forests with daily temperatures ranging from 25,8˚C–26,9˚C and daily humidity between 97%-99%. Vegetation like Shorea blangeran is dominant and important species that occurred in swamp forest surrounding at Bukit Semujan. The species diversity in the swamp forest classified as moderate (2.76), the species evenness and the species richness index are classified as high (0.90 and 4.02). The diets of proboscis monkeys found in this study are six flora species such as kawi (Shorea blangeran), engkurun (Xanthophyllum affine), ensubal (Elaeocarpus mastersii), kenarin (Diospyros coriaceae), putat (Barringtonia acutangular), tembesu (Fragrea fragrans). One group of Proboscis monkey roaming area calculated to be 13.22 ha with daily range have an average of 579.2 meters. Sleeping trees and the edge of the swamp forest have distance 50 m with the night position shift calculated to be around 216.92 meters.

Bornean orangutanPongo pygmaeus pygmaeuspopulation estimate within and around Danau Sentarum National Park, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan

AbstractOf the three subspecies of Critically Endangered Bornean orangutans,Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeushas the smallest population size. One of its most important habitats is the tropical forest within and around Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP). Research in the late 1990s estimated that ca. 1025 orangutans inhabited DSNP, while ca. 1717 orangutans inhabited the forest beyond DSNP's boundaries. However, concerns were later raised that incorrectly estimated nest decay rates (tvalues) may have led to the overestimation of the population size. Furthermore, the area experienced forest degradation and land use change between 2000 and 2013. Given these changing landscapes, updated population estimates were needed to inform policy makers and land‐use planners on the implications of habitat loss for resident orangutans. We conducted this study to recalculate nest decay rates based on current recommended methods, and to update our knowledge on the orangutan population in the region. Our average nest decay rate was 288.3 days; applying this to the study in the late 1990s generated estimates of 807 individuals within DSNP and 1578 beyond DNSP's boundaries. New surveys of the transects undertaken between 2010 and 2014 revealed that the population size had declined substantially in these two areas, to 202 and 71 individuals respectively. Both declines are considerable, but larger losses occurred in logged‐over and cleared forests outside the park. We discuss factors potentially driving these declines, emphasizing the need to improve habitat protection both inside and outside of DSNP, and make recommendations for improving the prospects for future orangutan conservation.

Morphology and Anatomy of Endemic Fish Leptobarbus melanopterus (Cyprinidae) in Danau Sentarum National Park Kapuas Hulu Regency

One of the endemic freshwater fishes in Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP) is Leptobarbus melanopterus which has high economic value for both commercial and collection purpose. However, the overfishing of L. melanopterus running over decades with harmful catch tools is worried could contribute to the population decline in the future. At the same time, this species has never been cultured and fishermen catch directly in the habitat on a daily basis. This research was aimed to identify the morphological and anatomical characters of L. melanopterus. All samples were collected from three different sites in DSNP and measured its morphological and anatomical sizes manually. The results showed that the length of mandibula barbel was the distinguishing character between females and males, with loading score of 0.81. Most meristic variables showed no difference between two sexes. In terms of anatomical measurements, L. melanopterus females had larger gill sizes than males, including gill raker, gill arch and fill filament. Our findings signify the thorough morphological and anatomical sizes of L. melanopterus which are important in identifying fish stock, growth pattern and sexual dimorphism for future culture management.

PERANAN KELOMPOK TANI DALAM PENGELOLAAN MADU LEBAH HUTAN (APIS DORSATA FABRICIUS) OLEH MASYARAKAT DI DESA NANGA LEBOYAN KECAMATAN SELIMBAU KAWASAN DANAU SENTARUM KABUPATEN KAPUAS HULU

Sustainable management of forest honey requires an organization especially to guarantee forest honey quality standards in terms of naturalness which can be in the form of farmer groups. This study aims to reveal the role of farmer groups in the management of forest honey bees. This research is expected to provide information on how the role of farmer groups in the management of forest honey bees by the community in Nanga Leboyan Village, Selimbau District, Danau Sentarum Regency, Kapuas Hulu Regency. This research was conducted by conducting direct interviews with forest honey bee farmer groups. Information about the role of farmer groups in forest honey bee management was obtained during interviews and direct observations in the form of honey management processes, the role of farmer groups in institutions, production, capital, and the relationship between the role of farmer groups and the productivity of honey farming presented in tables, figures and The photo is then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of interviews with 70 members of the honey farmer group showed that the process of forest honey management in Nanga Leboyan Village was carried out according to stages, starting from the initial installation of the bend to post-harvest. Farmer groups play an important role in their institutions, production and capital. The relationship between the role of farmer groups with the productivity of honey farming in Nanga Leboyan Village can be positively related to increasing honey production.Keywords: farmer groups, forest honey bee management, Role.

The Effect of Limitation on Smartphone Use in SDIT Al Madinah

Addiction to gadgets in children is one of the main concerns of the government in Indonesia today. Children belonging to the Alfa generation (born in 2010 and above) are also called digital native communities who have been born face to face with the digital world that has so developed. The application of the rules on limiting the use of smartphone should continue to be promoted since the elementary school level. The method used in this research is qualitative with the type of case study research. The study was conducted in the Al Madinah Integrated Islamic Elementary School (SDIT), which is located on Jalan Danau Sentarum, Pontianak Kota District, Pontianak City, West Kalimantan in the 2019/2020 school year. The selection of research subjects using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection techniques through interviews and documentation using semi-structured interview guidelines and supporting documents according to research needs. In-depth interviews were conducted with 3 (three) speakers. Data analysis techniques collected through various techniques and instruments used were analyzed descriptively using the Miles and Huberman models. The impact caused by the implementation of the rules for limiting the use of smartphone at SDIT Al Madinah tends to have a very dominant positive effect, namely (1) increasing the productivity of students' time while at school, and (2) increasing the learning activities of students in the classroom. It greatly affects the learning process in the classroom, and students appear to be more active when there is discussion and make the learning atmosphere better.

Economic valuation of the Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Authors. 2019. Economic valuation of the Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1983-1989. The Danau Sentarum ecosystem in West Kalimantan, Indonesia is officially protected by its status as an Indonesian national park. Nevertheless, it remains under severe threat of deforestation. Rainforest destruction has already caused a decline in ecosystem functions and services. In addition, it is affecting numerous economic activities in and around the Danau Sentarum National Park. The objectives of this study are to determine the total economic value (TEV) of the Danau Sentarum National Park and look for appropriate mechanisms to realize such values. Survey methods were used in this research. 180 respondents were selected by random sampling method from three Management Section National Park (MSNP). TEV in this research was restricted on direct use value, indirect use value and option value. Estimation of DSNP ecosystem benefits was approached by market price, travel cost method, contingent valuation method, and opportunity cost adjusted for the benefits calculated. The direct use value of Danau Sentarum National Park is IDR 18.5 billion/year while the indirect use value of Danau Sentarum National Park is IDR 34.2 billion/year. The option value of Danau Sentarum National park is IDR 86.2 billion/year. The total economic value resulted in Danau Sentarum National Park is IDR 139,1 billion/year, equivalent to an average of IDR 1.1 million/year for the total park area (132,000 ha). When compared to the TEV of the DSNP, such costs amounted to only 4.87 percent compared to the value of the benefits Based on monetary values of ecosystem services that are provided by this park we could assess the mechanisms to finance the park’s conservation and sustainable use. This will help the self-management of national parks.

Jenis-Jenis Pakan Alami Leptobarbus melanopterus di Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu

As the endemic fish of Danau Sentarum National Park, peam fish or Leptobarbus melanopterus had environmental problem such as overfishing due which threaten either juvenile or adult fish. These conditions were feared will led L. melanopterus population decrease in future if there is no sustainable management such as aquaculture. This research aims to identify the natural foods of L. melanopterus. Sixty four samples of L. melanopterus were collected through purposive sampling method. The results of gut analysis were found 17 genera of phytoplankton, 4 genera of zooplankton, 1 plant, and 1 Insecta. Zygnematophyceae had the most various genera which consisted of 7 genera while Ulvophyceae and Xanthophyceae only had 1 genera each of them. The natural food of L. melanopterus can be used as preliminary data for the application of aquaculture in the future.

Pola Pertumbuhan Ikan Peam (Leptobarbus melanopterus) di Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu

Overfishing has been being the major problem for Leptobarbus melanopterus population in Danau Sentarum National Park. This activity was feared could affect the declining of L. melanopterus population in the future. This research aims to determine growth pattern of L. melanopterus through length-weight relationship and relative weight analysis. The total of 64 fishes were collected which consisted of 32 males and 32 females. The range of male total length was 146-248 mm with weight was 40-170 gram, whereas total length female was ranging 141-299 mm with weight was 40-350 gram. Based on the regression analysis of length-weight data, the b value of male and female were estimated 2,46 and 2,81 respectively. Moreover, the b value of all samples without distinguishing sex type was 2,69 with relative weight was 101,33. The results of this research confirms that either females or males has negative allometric growth pattern.

ANALISA SPASIAL LOKASI KORIDOR KOMERSIAL DISTRO DAN BUTIK DI KOTA PONTIANAK

Pontianak city is a service city that is now beginning to grow more rapidly. The growth of the trading sector in Pontianak City that became the center of economic activity that attracts people outside the city of Pontianak to come and conduct economic activities in the city. And of course for most citizens to do the business of trading centers like distro and boutique outlet. But the location of this shopping center is not in accordance with Pontianak City Spatial Plans because of its located at the settlements location, offices and services. The proliferation of this shopping center on the one hand raises a positive aspect for the regional income (PAD) Pontianak City, will be replaced on the other side of the negative side of the problem of congestion, lack of parking space, the number of billboards that disturb the visual of the city and change the image of an area. In this study will be evaluated the location of shopping centers distro and boutiques by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), so get the best alternative location in the selection of commercial locations for distro and boutique in the city of Pontianak. From this research, it can be concluded that the result of data calculation on various aspects that become criteria are Physical, Social, Economy and accessibility aspects where the highest hierarchy is economic aspect with the highest sub aspect is investment attraction which is the benchmark of criteria is the flow of money flow) in large numbers, crowded by Questions, resolved over the weekend, rising land prices, free of illegal levies that could be entitled to entrepreneurs / investors. Of the 10 sub-aspects of criteria for the assessment of the three corridors of the middle roads of the distro and boutiques, the results of the corridor of Jalan Gusti hamzah were superior with 9 sub-aspects with a value of 0.5253 compared with the other two corridors namely M. Yamin Street with value 0, 2555 and Jalan Danau Sentarum with value 0,2154.

Social capital of the community in the management of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Roslinda E. 2018. Social capital of the community in the management of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1249-1257. Many studies on the management of National Park have been conducted in various countries. This research highlights the management of Danau Sentarum National Park which is administratively located in West Kalimantan Province precisely in Kapuas Hulu District, from the view of social capital. The research method was surveyed using a quantitative approach. Social capital of the community in the area of Danau Sentarum National Park is still high/strong. Based on this fact, the management of the National Park that has been conducted by the government alone can collaborate with the management by community and collaborative management that pays a good attention to the minimum resistance and maximum synergy.

ANALISIS POTENSI EKOWISATA HEART OF BORNEO DI TAMAN NASIONAL BETUNG KERIHUN DAN DANAU SENTARUM KABUPATEN KAPUAS HULU

Betung Kerihun National Park (TNBK) and Danau Sentarum National Park (TNDS) is one of the Conservation District that directly adjacent to neighboring Malaysia and as a form of Transboundary Conservation Area (TBCA) between Indonesia and Malaysia. This national park is also included in the National Tourism Strategic Area (KSPN) and becomes one of the three Destination Management Organization of the Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of Indonesia as well as the National Tourism Destination. Tourism sector, particularly ecotourism can be used as the spearhead and even become a leading sector in increasing the potential of PAD. This study aims to analyze the tourism potential and attractions of attraction in two national parks and determine the feasibility in ecotourism development. This research was using descriptive research, with approach using analysis of tourism potency and object of natural tourist attraction (Obyek Daya Tarik Wisata Alam/ODTWA). The results show that TNBK and TNDS is feasible to be developed as ecotourism destination based on the recapitulation of potential value of objects and natural attractions attraction with a potential value index of 78.20%. Some criteria that require attention and improvement are accessibility and accommodation, so it can be a priority if this national park area developed into ecotourism destination.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEMANFAATAN PARIWISATA TAMAN NASIONAL BETUNG KERIHUN DAN DANAU SENTARUM (TNBKDS) KALIMANTAN BARAT

Betung Kerihun National Park and Danau Sentarum (TNBKDS) have tourism potential based on the classification of tourist attraction object (ODTW), if developed and utilized optimally will bring socio-economic impacts for the people around the area of TNBKDS. The purpose of this research is to know the implementation of policy of tourism utilization of TNBKDS in relation of socio-economic impact for society around the area. By using approach of theory of policy implementation model G. Edward III which measure success of policy implementation through 4 variables include; Communication, Resources, Disposition, and Bureaucratic Structure. The method used is descriptive analysis by using quantitative approach. With data analysis techniques using the calculation of Weight Mean Score (WMS). And the analytical unit is divided into 2 sources, namely the implementer of the Central Park TNBKDS based on purposive sampling with the number of samples of 28 employees involved in the field of tourism. And the policy target of the village community Menua Sadap as cultural attractions and the village of Sepandan as a natural tourist attraction TNBKDS with purposive samples each 30 respondents with gender representation, ketokohan, work and so forth. The results of the study are generally based on the assessment of implementing the policy (implementor) is quite good with the acquisition score of 3.33. While the assessment of policy targets based on ODTW classification that is; cultural tourism Menua Sadap obtained a score of 3.49 according to the criteria of interpretation including good category, while the natural attractions Lake Sentarum village Sepandan with a score of 2.60 according to the criteria of interpretation including bad category. Based on the results of the analysis, the difference between the results of the assessment occurs due to communication intensity and bureaucratic structure, and the most fundamental because it is influenced by local culture / culture factors that influence the social, economic and political environment of the policy target itself.policy Implementation, tourism utilization, community of TNBKDS area

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS ROTAN DI KECAMATAN SELIMBAU KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL DANAU SENTARUM

Forest is a form of ecosystem containing a stretch of land dominated by trees in a natural environment , that cannot be separated ( forestry law about 41). Rattan is one of forest by products growing naturally in the majority of indonesia, forest and was one of the results forest non wood very large role in meeting the needs of people and foreign exchange revenue for the country, so that immediate action is further as identification of rattan in west borneo, especially in the area a national park lake sentarum. The purpose of this research is to identify of rattan ( palmae ) in the lake sentarum national park. Benefits research to provide information about the types contained in selimbau area in a national park lake sentarum to the need for the benefit of operation, preservation, and development. This report is written with uses the method of exploration and a collection of flora cruiser conducted in such a way , in conducting an observation made four lines cruising with long 500 meters while for the distance between the field in accordance with the condition. Fifth the route is track observation A , the observation B , the observation C , and the observation D . A kind of found in domination by the genus Calamus where with a total individual the most ( 4 kind of to 8 individuals ) , in follow by the genus Daemonorops ( two types of with 7 individuals ) , the genus Korthalsia ( three types of to 4 individuals ) , the genus Plectocomiopsis ( two types of with 2 individuals ). Keyword : Danau Sentarum National Park, Identification, Rattan

The roles of traditional knowledge systems in orang-utanPongospp. and forest conservation: a case study of Danau Sentarum, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

AbstractThe orang-utanPongospp. is protected by national and international legislation, yet populations continue to decline. Many reports implicate local people in the poaching and illegal trade in orang-utans, yet community participation has been promoted as an alternative conservation strategy. To explore how community-based orang-utan conservation could be developed, we conducted a study to understand informal institutions, particularly local people's perceptions, traditional beliefs, taboos, norms and knowledge, related to orang-utan conservation within and around the wetlands of Danau Sentarum. The majority of Dayak communities interviewed practised traditional taboos, which supported the protection of orang-utans and their habitat. Statistical analysis using generalized linear modelling indicated that more orang-utan nests were found in areas with both good habitat condition and strong informal institutions. Despite applying traditional systems that are similar to conservation, local people have negative perceptions about the term ‘conservation’. We describe the underlying causes of these negative perceptions and highlight their implications for conservation programmes and policies. We conclude that conservation of orang-utans and other species should not focus on single species but on maintaining social and natural capital, cultural diversity and ecological functions at various institutional levels and across geographical scales.

Wilayah Perbatasan Kalimantan Barat: Sumber Sejarah dan Permasalahannya

<p>The research deals with the region in the two-area Kalimantan/Borneo border with Malaysia; in the east, Nunukan, and in the west, Entikong. The border problem rises when a geopolitical interest of Indonesia and Malaysia overwhelms the traditional ways of farming and trade that have existed even before the British and Dutch colonial governments executed their administrative systems by dividing them into security and prosperity belts, despite the existing active roles of local authorities to manage their resources. Now, the heritage of the rich natural resources and the mobile population, becomes a major issue of dispute. The available resources, such as fish, coal and gold; crops, such as chocolate, nutmeg and rubber; prospective reservation areas for tourism, such as the Indonesian national parks in Danau Sentarum, Gunung Niut, and Betung Karihun, become a vulnerable target for exploitation. These crucial zones have been a part of an intricate interwoven eco-region. The paper uses the colonial British and Dutch archieves and other literature to describe the historic conflict of interest for exploitation and extraction of the resources, and the post-independent sources which talked about the endless Malaysian intrusions faced by the Indonesian government.</p>