Dairy Calcium Intake Research Articles

Association between calcium intake from different food sources during childhood and cardiometabolic risk on adolescence: The Generation XXI birth cohort.

Calcium intake has been associated with lower adiposity, but few studies explored the longitudinal relation of calcium from different sources and cardiometabolic markers in young population. Prospectively estimate the association between dairy and non-dairy calcium intake at 4, 7, and 10 years (y) of age and cardiometabolic risk at 13 y. The sample included 4017 participants from the Generation XXI birth cohort. Dietary data were collected from a 3-day food diary. Cardiometabolic clusters at 13 y were estimated by a probabilistic Gaussian mixture model (z-score of waist circumference [WC], HOMA-IR; HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure [BP]). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate associations. Calcium intake (/100 mg), after adjustment for confounders, was negatively and significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (β = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.04; -0.01), WC (cm) (β = -0.23, 95% CI: -0.36; -0.11), and diastolic BP (mmHg) (β = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.26; -0.03). After additional adjustment for total energy intake, associations lose statistical significance. Calcium intake from milk at 7 y was inversely associated with WC (β = -0.25, 95% CI: -0.48; -0.03) and from yogurt at 10 y was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03; 0.13) and WC (β = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.12; 0.96). Calcium from vegetables at 4, 7, 10 y reduces later cardiometabolic risk (OR = 0.71; OR = 0.84; OR = 0.98, respectively). This study supports a protective effect of calcium on adolescents' cardiometabolic health, especially from vegetables.

The nutritional adequacy of popular weight loss diets - do they meet the requirements for dairy foods and calcium?

Weight loss or fad diets are often promoted for rapid weight loss and by unqualified individuals and celebrities. There is sometimes limited information around the nutritional adequacy of the diet. Some diets require fasting, some modify macronutrient composition, and some restrict food groups, such as dairy foods, resulting in suboptimal intake of nutrients like calcium, potentially leading to nutrient deficiencies and disease such as osteoporosis if followed long-term. We assessed the total dairy food and calcium content of five popular weight loss diets (Intermittent Fasting, Ketogenic, Optifast, Paleolithic, 8 Weeks to Wow; 8WW), and two government recommended healthy eating principles (Australian Guide to Healthy Eating; AGHE, and Mediterranean diet; MedDiet, for weight loss). Meal plans from each diet were analysed using Foodworks Dietary Software and compared with government recommendations and dietary reference values (DRV) in Australia, the United States and Ireland to give the percentage of the recommended intake of dairy food and calcium, met by each diet(1). Intermittent Fasting, Ketogenic and AGHE provided the most serves of dairy foods with 2.8, 2.3 and 2.2 serves/d, respectively, whilst 8WW, MedDiet, and Optifast provided 1.4, 1.3 and 1 serve/d each, respectively, and Paleolithic 0.02 serves/d. None of the dietary patterns met all government recommendations for dairy serves. Milk was the most common source of dairy food in all dietary patterns except for Ketogenic (cheese), MedDiet (yoghurt) and Paleolithic. The Ketogenic diet provided the highest calcium content (1293mg/d), followed by Intermittent Fasting (1230mg/d) and Optifast (1212mg/d). Non-dairy sources contributed to 93% of the calcium content (385mg/d) of the Paleolithic diet, 70% for Optifast and 61% in the MedDiet (631mg/d). None of the dietary pattens met all dietary reference values for calcium. There are no universal dietary recommendations for dairy foods or calcium, making cross country comparisons of dietary recommendations difficult. Only the Intermittent Fasting diet met the dietary recommendations in Australia for dairy serves for males 19-70 and females 19-50 years. None of the other diets met any recommendation for Australia, the US and Ireland. Most dietary patterns met the estimated average requirement for age and gender, for calcium for Australia, the US and Ireland, apart from the Paleolithic diet which eliminates dairy foods and the MedDiet which is naturally low in dairy foods. These data indicate that several popular weight-loss diets do not meet dietary recommendations for dairy foods or calcium. Therefore, when considering a weight loss diet or dietary pattern, it is crucial to consider the nutritional adequacy, to ensure macro and micronutrient requirements are met for health and avoidance of nutritional deficiencies, particularly if followed long-term.

Dairy foods, calcium intakes, and risk of incident prostate cancer in Adventist Health Study–2

Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer in American males. Causal links between dairy, or dietary calcium, and this cancer are considered suggestive but limited. To evaluate these associations in a large North American cohort, including many with no (or very low) dairy intake and much calcium from nondairy sources. A prospective cohort study of 28,737 Seventh-day Adventist men in the United States and Canada, of whom 6389 were of black ethnicity. Diet was measured by FFQ, and 275 male participants also provided repeated 24-h dietary recalls as a calibration substudy. Incident cancers were mainly found by matching with cancer registries. Analyses used multivariable proportional hazards regressions and regression calibration for some analyses. In total, 1254 (190 advanced) incident prostate cancer cases were found during an average 7.8 y of follow-up. Men at the 90th percentile of dairy intake (430g/d) compared with the 10th percentile (20.2g/d) had higher prostate cancer risk (HR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.43). Similar findings, comparing the same g/d intakes, were demonstrated for advanced prostate cancers (HR:1.38; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.88), for nonadvanced cases (HR:1.27; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.45), in black participants (HR:1.24; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.58), and when excluding vegan participants (HR:1.22; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.43). Calibrated dairy (g/d) regressions (all participants and all prostate cancers), adjusting for dietary measurement error, found a HR of 1.75 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.32). Comparing 90th percentile intake to zero intakes (uncalibrated), the HR was 1.62 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.05). There was no evidence of an effect of higher (905mg/d) compared with lower (349mg/d) intakes of nondairy calcium (HR:1.16; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.44). Men with higher intake of dairy foods, but not nondairy calcium, had a higher risk of prostate cancer compared with men having lower intakes. Associations were nonlinear, suggesting greatest increases in risk at relatively low doses.

Dairy foods, calcium, and risk of breast cancer overall and for subtypes defined by estrogen receptor status: a pooled analysis of 21 cohort studies

Epidemiologic studies examining the relations between dairy product and calcium intakes and breast cancer have been inconclusive, especially for tumor subtypes. To evaluate the associations between intakes of specific dairy products and calcium and risk of breast cancer overall and for subtypes defined by estrogen receptor (ER) status. We pooled the individual-level data of over 1 million women who were followed for a maximum of 8-20 years across studies. Associations were evaluated for dairy product and calcium intakes and risk of incident invasive breast cancer overall (n=37,861 cases) and by subtypes defined by ER status. Study-specific multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated and then combined using random-effects models. Overall, no clear association was observed between the consumption of specific dairy foods, dietary (from foods only) calcium, and total (from foods and supplements) calcium, and risk of overall breast cancer. Although each dairy product showed a null or very weak inverse association with risk of overall breast cancer (P, test for trend>0.05 for all), differences by ER status were suggested for yogurt and cottage/ricotta cheese with associations observed for ER-negative tumors only (pooled HR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.98 comparing≥60 g/d with<1 g/d of yogurt and 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.95 comparing≥25 g/d with<1 g/d of cottage/ricotta cheese). Dietary calcium intake was only weakly associated with breast cancer risk (pooled HR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.97, 0.99 per 350mg/d). Our study shows that adult dairy or calcium consumption is unlikely to associate with a higher risk of breast cancer and that higher yogurt and cottage/ricotta cheese intakes were inversely associated with the risk of ER-negative breast cancer, a less hormonally dependent subtype with poor prognosis. Future studies on fermented dairy products, earlier life exposures, ER-negative breast cancer, and different racial/ethnic populations may further elucidate the relation.

High prevalence of low dairy calcium intake and association with insomnia, anxiety, depression and musculoskeletal pain in university students from Jordan.

To assess dairy Ca intake and investigate its relationship with insomnia and other common co-morbidities including anxiety, depression and musculoskeletal pain (MSP) among university students. Cross-sectional study. University, Irbid, Jordan. Male and female individuals (n 1000), aged 20·87 ± 2·69 years. Low dairy Ca intake (<1000 mg/d) was reported by 96·5 % of participants, and moderate to severe insomnia reported by 15·6 % of participants. Abnormal anxiety and depression scores were reported by 26·2 and 18·0 % of participants, respectively. MSP was reported by 42·9 % of participants. Participants with moderate to severe insomnia had lower dairy Ca, higher anxiety and depression scores and higher measures of MSP compared to participants with no insomnia (P-values < 0·05). Dairy Ca was weakly inversely correlated with Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score, depression score and measures of MSP (P-values < 0·05). Regression analysis indicated that insomnia was predicted by low dairy Ca, anxiety, depression, MSP and smoking (P-values < 0·05). Both anxiety and depression were predicted by increased ISI score (P-values < 0·05), while depression alone was predicted by low dairy Ca (P-value < 0·01). MSP was predicted by increased ISI and anxiety scores (P-values < 0·05). Low dairy Ca was highly prevalent and associated with insomnia and depression among university students. Individuals should be advised to increase dietary Ca intake to achieve the recommended daily amount. Further research is required to investigate a potential causal relationship between low Ca and both insomnia and its related co-morbidities.

Adolescent dairy product and calcium intake in relation to later prostate cancer risk and mortality in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study.

Although a growing body of evidence supports an early-life contribution to prostate cancer (PCa) development, few studies have investigated early-life diet, and only three have examined early-life dairy product intake, a promising candidate risk factor because of its known/suspected influence on insulin-like growth factor levels and height. We used recalled dietary data from 162,816 participants in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study to investigate associations for milk, cheese, ice cream, total dairy, and calcium intake at ages 12-13years with incident total (n = 17,729), advanced (n = 2,348), and fatal PCa (n = 827) over 14years of follow-up. We calculated relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by Cox proportional hazards regression. We observed suggestive positive trends for milk, dairy, and calcium intake with total and/or advanced PCa (p-trends = 0.016-0.148). These trends attenuated after adjustment for additional components of adolescent diet, particularly red meat and vegetables/potatoes. In contrast, suggestive inverse trends were observed for cheese and ice cream intake with total and/or advanced PCa (p-trends = 0.043-0.153), and for milk, dairy, and calcium intake with fatal PCa (p-trend = 0.045-0.117). Although these findings provide some support for a role of adolescent diet in increasing PCa risk, particularly for correlates of milk intake or overall dietary patterns, our protective findings for cheese and ice cream intake with PCa risk and mortality, and for all dairy products with PCa mortality, suggest alternative explanations, such as the influence of early-life socioeconomic status, and increased PCa screening, earlier detection, and better PCa care.

Effect of Education on Preventive Behaviors of Osteoporosis in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Osteoporosis is one of the diseases that can be prevented by correcting health behaviors during adolescence. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of education on preventive behaviors of osteoporosis including physical activity, calcium intake and practice (primary outcomes) and knowledge and attitude related to osteoporosis (secondary outcomes) in adolescents. A search was done in Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Sciences, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID and Magiran regardless of the time limit. To evaluate the quality of selected controlled trials, Cochrane collaboration' instrument was used for assessing the risk of bias. RevMan software was used to analysis and report the data. Of 2159 articles retrieved, 20 of them were reviewed and 18 of them entered the mete-analysis. The meta-analysis showed significant differences between the education and control groups in terms of calcium intake (SMD = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.55 to 1.02, P < 0.00001), practice (SMD = 0.54, 95%CI = 0.41 to 0.68, P < 0.0001), knowledge (SMD = 1.76, 95%CI = 1.10 to 2.42, P < 0.00001) and attitude (SMD = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.53 to 1.40, P < 0.0001) mean score in adolescents but education is not effective on average minute/week of physical activity per week (MD = 31.94, 95%CI = -6.53 to 70.40, P = 0.10), mean score of physical activity (MD = 2.66, 95%CI = -0.55 to 5.88, P = 0.10) and percent of students participated in the physical activity (OR = 1.45, 95%CI = 0.30 to 6.91, P = 0.64). Education is effective in improving their knowledge and attitudes toward osteoporosis. It can also improve some health-related behaviors for bone health such as sufficient dairy calcium intake but it has not been effective in establishing a regular exercise program.

Can we modify the Mediterranean diet for non-Mediterranean populations? Results from two randomised controlled trials.

AbstractThe Mediterranean diet is rich in bioactive nutrients and may be effective at preventing cardiovascular disease and dementia. However, long-term sustainability could be limited in non-Mediterranean populations with different nutrient requirements and food preferences. To address this issue, our research group conducted two randomised controlled trials to examine whether the Mediterranean diet can be adapted to increase sustainability for an Australian population, while still providing cardiovascular and cognitive benefits. In our first trial (n = 41), we examined a Mediterranean diet designed to meet the calcium requirements of older adults by including 3–4 daily serves of dairy foods (milk, cheese and yoghurt) (MedDairy). In our second trial (n = 33), we tested a Mediterranean diet supplemented with 2–3 weekly serves of fresh, lean pork (MedPork), designed to provide an alternate source of protein. Both trials employed a low-fat control diet (LF) and a 24-week parallel crossover design, consisting of two 8-week intervention periods and an 8-week washout separating interventions. We found that the MedDairy intervention significantly increased dairy food (mean difference = 1.0 ± 0.2 serves, P &lt; 0.001) and calcium intake (mean difference = 25.9 ± 6.8 mg/MJ, P &lt; 0.001) compared to LF. Further, MedDairy led to greater improvements in morning home systolic blood pressure (mean difference = -1.6 ± 0.6 mmHg, P = 0.01), triglycerides (mean difference = -0.05 ± 0.02 mmol/L, P &lt; 0.01), HDL (mean difference = 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol/L, P = &lt; 0.01), and total cholesterol to HDL ratio (mean difference = -0.4 ± 0.10 mmol/L, P = &lt; 0.001). The MedDairy intervention also led to greater improvements in processing speed (P = 0.04), a measure of cognitive function, as well as self-reported mood (P = 0.01). No significant differences were observed between MedPork and LF for blood pressure or other markers of cardiometabolic health. However, the MedPork intervention led to greater improvements in processing speed (P = 0.01) and mood (P = 0.03). Our findings demonstrate that a Mediterranean diet with added dairy foods is capable of delivering adequate calcium to ageing populations while providing cardiovascular and cognitive benefits. Further, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with fresh, lean pork offers comparable cardiovascular benefits to a low-fat diet and greater improvements to cognitive function and mood. Our findings are of particular relevance to non-Mediterranean populations at risk of cardiovascular disease and dementia, and offer two options for modifying the Mediterranean diet depending on dietary priorities.

Dairy, soy, and calcium consumption and risk of cognitive impairment: the Singapore Chinese Health Study.

It is unclear if midlife consumption of dairy and soy food intake, and their components of calcium and isoflavones (in soy), is related to cognitive impairment in elderly. We used baseline data on lifestyle and habitual diet of 16,948 participants collected during their recruitment into the Singapore Chinese Health Study from 1993 to 1998, and data on their cognitive function, measured using a 30-item Singapore modified Mini-Mental State Examination, during follow-up interviews from 2014 to 2016. We used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for developing cognitive impairment. Higher dairy intake was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment in a dose-dependent manner (P for trend = 0.009). Compared to the lowest quartile of dairy intake, ORs (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.81-1.07) for the second, 0.88 (0.76-1.01) for the third, and 0.82 (0.72-0.94) for the fourth quartiles of intake. Similar results were found for dairy calcium intake (P for trend = 0.008). However, there was no statistically significant association for intake of soy (OR comparing extreme quartiles 0.99, 95% CI 0.87-1.14, P for trend = 0.92), isoflavones (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.88-1.15, P for trend = 0.90) or non-dairy calcium (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.86-1.30, P for trend = 0.81) with risk of cognitive impairment. Dairy intake at midlife could have a protective association against cognitive impairment that may not be attributed to its calcium content alone, while soy or isoflavone intake was not associated with the cognition of elderly in our study.

Consumption of modern and traditional Moroccan dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a large case control study.

The main objective of this study is to describe the association between the consumption of either traditional or modern dairy products or calcium intakes and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the adult Moroccan population. A case-control study was conducted in five Moroccan hospital centers. The study was matched on sex, age (± 5years) and center. Data were collected using validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) taking into account different types of Moroccan dairy products. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the association between dairy products consumption, calcium intakes and CRC risk subtypes. In all statistical tests, the significance level was set at 0.05. Among 1453 cases and 1453 matched controls, 50.7% were women and 49.3% were men. Milk ORb 0.84, 95% CI 0.74-0.96 and yogurt ORb 0.74, 95% CI 0.64-0.86 were inversely associated with CRC risk. Similar inverse associations were observed for traditional dairy products namely Lben ORb 0.77, 95% CI 0.67-0.88, Raib ORb 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.96 and Jben ORb 0.77, 95% CI 0.67-0.88. The dairy calcium intake was inversely associated to CRC overall ORb 0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.93. Our study supports previous international evidence and suggests that individuals who have a high intake of either modern or traditional dairy products are at lower risk for CRC. These findings should be further confirmed by longitudinal data and studies investigating potential pathways involved.

Dietary calcium intake and adiposity in children and adolescents: Cross-sectional and longitudinal results from IDEFICS/I.Family cohort

Background and aimsStudies in children and adolescents suggest that higher dairy consumption may exert a protective effect on adiposity. However, only few studies examined the association between dietary calcium intake and body mass measures with conflicting results. We evaluated the association between total dietary calcium, calcium from dairy and non-dairy sources and anthropometric indices in a large European cohort of children and adolescents. Methods and ResultsAs many as 6,696 children belonging to the IDEFICS study were eligible for the cross-sectional analysis (Boys = 51%; age 6.0 ± 1.8 years; mean ± SD). Of these, 2,744 were re-examined six years later (Boys = 49.6%; age = 11.7 ± 1.8 years) in the framework of the I.Family study. The exposures were the baseline energy-adjusted total, dairy and non-dairy calcium intakes measured by a validated 24-h dietary recall. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the association between calcium intake and z-scores of anthropometric indices (body mass index, BMI; waist circumference, WC; sum of skinfolds, SS; fat mass index, FMI) at baseline, and their variation over the 6 years follow-up. The association of dietary calcium with the incidence of overweight/obesity was also assessed.At baseline, an inverse association between total calcium intake and all the adiposity indices was consistently observed in boys, while only SS and FMI were significant in girls. The prevalence of overweight/obesity decreased significantly (P < 0.0001) across tertiles of calcium intake, in both sexes. Over the follow-up, boys with higher baseline calcium intake value showed significantly lower increase in BMI, WC and FMI z-scores, while in girls only a lower increase in WC z-score was observed. Only in boys, the risk to become overweight/obese decreased significantly across tertiles of calcium intake. Similar results were observed by analyzing only dietary calcium from dairy, while no association was observed between non-dairy calcium and adiposity indices. ConclusionsWe showed in a large cohort of European children and adolescents that dietary calcium intake may play a role in the modulation of body fat in developmental age. The association between dietary calcium and adiposity indices was driven by dairy calcium, while no effect was observed for non-dairy calcium intake. The existence of a sex-related difference in the association deserves further investigations.

Dairy intake during high school and risk of colorectal adenomas in women

Introduction There is substantial evidence including from meta-analyses that higher dairy intake during adulthood is associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer. In contrast, little is known about the association between adolescent dairy intake and risk of colorectal neoplasia. Only two studies have previously investigated the association between dairy intake in early life and later risk of colorectal neoplasia, with conflicting results, but none used a validated dietary assessment tool to define exposure. Therefore, with our study we aimed to investigate the association between dairy intake during adolescence and the risk of colorectal adenomas later in life using data from the large, prospective female cohort Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) in which adolescent diet was inquired retrospectively by a validated food frequency questionnaire, and participants were followed prospectively for incidence of colorectal adenomas. Methods The study population consisted of 42,975 women aged between 34 and 51 years who had reported their adolescent diet in a validated food frequency questionnaire about diet during high school (HS-FFQ) in 1998 and had undergone at least one lower bowel endoscopy during the study period, i.e. between the return of the HS-FFQ and May 31st 2011. To investigate the association between adolescent dairy intake and risk of later colorectal adenoma, we used a period-based analysis approach taking into account that NHSII participants may have undergone multiple lower bowel endoscopies during the follow-up period. We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regressions for clustered data (each participant poses a cluster) to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Models were adjusted for potentially confounding factors and dairy intake during adulthood. Results Between 1998 and 2011, 2456 women were diagnosed with at least one adenoma. High dairy consumption during high school was not significantly associated with risk of colorectal adenomas (OR highest versus lowest quintile 0.89, 95% CI 0.76, 1.04). Adolescent dairy consumption was not associated with risk of proximal (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.81,1.27) adenomas, but a statistically significant inverse association was observed for distal (including rectal) adenomas (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.66,1.00; P-trend 0.04). Furthermore, the risk of advanced adenomas (large or villous adenomas) was lower for women with high versus low adolescent dairy intake (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50, 0.96; P-trend = 0.03). No association between adolescent dairy consumption and risk of non-advanced adenomas was observed (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.79, 1.20). ORs for distal and advanced adenomas were no longer statistically significant after additional adjustment for dairy calcium intake during high school. When analyzed separately by individual dairy foods, milk, yoghurt or cheese intakes during high school were not significantly associated with risk of colorectal adenoma. Conclusions The findings suggest that dairy intake during adolescence may play a role for later risk of colorectal adenoma, independent of adult dairy intake.

Association between dairy consumption, dietary calcium intake and general and abdominal obesity among Iranian adults

AimTo assess the association of dairy consumption and dietary calcium intake with general and abdominal obesity in a large sample of Iranian adults. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, dairy consumption and dietary calcium intake were assessed using a validated dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 6582 Iranian adults aged 18–55 years living in Isfahan. A self-administered validated questionnaire was used to collect data on anthropometric measures. Overweight or obesity was considered as body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and abdominal obesity as waist circumference ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men. ResultsMean age of study participants was 36.8 ± 8.1 years. Compared with the lowest quartile, men in the highest quartile of dietary calcium intake had greater odds for general obesity (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03-1.60). This relationship was significant even after adjustment for age and energy intake (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.03-1.60). However, such relationship was not seen in women. No other significant associations were observed between dairy and dietary calcium intake with general or abdominal obesity. ConclusionDietary calcium intake was positively associated with general obesity in men, but not in women. No significant association was seen between dairy consumption and general or central adiposity.

Lifestyle factors influencing bone health in young adult women in Saudi Arabia.

To analyze risk factors leading to osteopenia and osteoporosis among young female students. Quantitative Ultrasonography measurements were performed in the calcaneal region of 101 young Saudi females. Dietary habits, exercising and sun exposure were assessed using questionnaires. The association between the different studied factors was assessed by Pearson test and multiple linear regression model. Participants diagnosed with either osteopenia or osteoporosis (>33%.) showed significant higher soft drinks consumption, reduced exercise, limited intake of milk and dairy products, calcium and vitamin D supplementation compared to the healthy group. Multiple regression analysis showed that T-score and Z-score were negatively associated with soft drink intake and positively associated with exercising, milk and dairy products consumption, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation use (p <0.05). High soft drink intake, lack of exercising and limited calcium and vitamin D supplementation are the combined lifestyle factors leading to osteopenia and osteoporosis among young Saudi females. These findings might serve as a basis of nutrition education intervention to promote healthy bones among this population.

Transgender Individuals and Osteoporosis Prevention.

Risk behaviors and hormone use place transgender individuals (TIs) in jeopardy for osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to expand the science about the knowledge, health beliefs, and osteoporosis (OP) preventing behaviors of TIs. This was a mixed-methods pilot study of a convenience sample of 31 TIs 30 years and older. Participants completed an online Osteoporosis Bone Health Survey. Fifteen participants were randomly selected for an interview to describe their perceptions of bone health. Transgender individuals performed poorly on the knowledge measure. There were no significant findings for osteoporosis health beliefs. Participants' daily dietary dairy calcium intake was 800 mg and daily walking activity was 17 minutes. Perceptions of bone health revealed two essential elements, knowing and doing. Determining TIs' bone health perception is important because of their unique healthcare issues. Healthcare providers need to be aware of TIs' bone health needs to help enhance TIs' OP knowledge, health beliefs, and preventing behaviors.

Calcium Intake and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

Several epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between calcium intake and the risk of ovarian cancer. However, the results of these studies remain controversial. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the association between calcium intake and the risk of ovarian cancer. Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science were searched for eligible publications up to April 2017. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. Small-study effect was estimated using Egger’s test and the funnel plot. Among 15 epidemiological studies involving 493,415 participants and 7453 cases eligible for this meta-analysis, 13 studies were about dietary calcium intake, 4 studies about dairy calcium intake and 7 studies about dietary plus supplemental calcium intake. When comparing the highest with the lowest intake, the pooled RRs of ovarian cancer were 0.80 (95% CI 0.72–0.89) for dietary calcium, 0.80 (95% CI 0.66–0.98) for dairy calcium and 0.90 (95% CI 0.65–1.24) for dietary plus supplemental calcium, respectively. Dietary calcium was significantly associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer among cohort studies (RR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74–0.99) and among case-control studies (RR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.64–0.89). In subgroup analysis by ovarian cancer subtypes, we found a statistically significant association between the dietary calcium (RR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.69–0.88) and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). This meta-analysis indicated that increased calcium intake might be inversely associated with the risk of ovarian cancer; this still needs to be confirmed by larger prospective cohort studies.

Theory-based Osteoporosis Prevention Education and Counseling Program for Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of an osteoporosis prevention program based on the Health Belief Model for women between the ages of 30years and 45years at risk of osteoporosis. This study was conducted with randomized control group pretest, post-test and follow-up trial. Intervention group (n=37) and control group (n=36) participated in the research. Data were collected using a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale, the Osteoporosis Self-efficacy Scale, a monitoring form for estimated dairy calcium intake, and a monitoring form for estimated weekly exercise. Intervention program was composed of a 4-week education program and a 24-week counseling program. Data were collected pretest, post-test 15days after the end of the education program, follow-up 1 after 3months, and follow-up 2 after 6months. Mann Whitney U test, chi-square test, Friedman test, Bonferroni test, two means test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis. After the education and counseling program, a significant increase was seen in comparison with the control group in the mean scores of the intervention group on the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test and its subscales (p<.001), on the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale and its subscales (p<.001), on the Osteoporosis Self-efficacy Scale and its subscales (p<.001), and in their daily calcium intake (p<.001) and duration of weekly exercise (p<.001). The results of this study were evidence that showed the effects of Health Belief Model-based osteoporosis prevention education and counseling program conducted by nurses.

The effect of increasing dairy calcium intake of adolescent girls on changes in body fat and weight

Background: Overweight is epidemic in adolescents and is a major concern because it tracks into adulthood. Evidence supports the efficacy of high-calcium, high-dairy diets in achieving healthy weight in adults. However, no randomized controlled trials of the effect of dairy food on weight and body fat in adolescents have been reported to our knowledge.Objective: The aim was to determine whether increasing calcium intake to recommended amounts with dairy foods in adolescent girls with habitually low calcium intakes would decrease body fat gain compared with girls who continued their low calcium intake. Participants had above-the-median body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2).Design: We enrolled 274 healthy postmenarcheal 13- to 14-y-old overweight girls who had calcium intakes of ≤600 mg/d in a 12-mo randomized controlled trial. Girls were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to 1 of 2 groups within each of 3 BMI percentiles: 50th to <70th, 70th to <85th, and 85th to <98th. The assignments were 1) dairy, which included low-fat milk or yogurt servings providing ≥1200 mg Ca/d or 2) control, which included the usual diet of ≤600 mg Ca/d.Results: We failed to detect a statistically significant difference between groups in percentage of body fat gain over 12 mo (mean ± SEM: dairy 0.40% ± 0.53% > control; P < 0.45). The effect of the intervention did not differ by BMI percentile stratum. There was no difference in weight change between the 2 groups.Conclusion: Our findings that the dairy group gained body fat similar to the control group provide no support for dairy food as a stratagem to decrease body fat or weight gain in overweight adolescent girls. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01066806.

Dairy intake and risk of type 2 diabetes

The effect of total dairy products, milk, and calcium intake on risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is uncertain, particularly in the Chinese population. The present study was based on a prospective cohort of 63,257 Chinese men and women aged 45-74 years during enrollment (1993-1998) in Singapore. Dietary information was obtained using a validated 165-item semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Information about newly diagnosed T2D was collected by self-report during two follow-up interviews in 1999-2004 and 2006-2010. Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in 45,411 eligible participants. Incidence rate (95% CI) of T2D was 10.5 (10.2-10.8) per 1000 person-years. Intake of dairy food was significantly associated with reduced T2D risk; compared with the lowest quartile, HRs (95% CI) for the second, third and fourth quartiles of dairy intake were 0.98 (0.91-1.06), 0.96 (0.89-1.03) and 0.90 (0.83-0.98), respectively, after adjustment for potential confounders at baseline (P-trend=0.01). Daily drinkers of milk had a significant 12% reduction in T2D risk compared with non-drinkers. While dairy calcium was associated with a decreased risk of T2D (HR comparing extreme quartiles 0.84; 95% CI 0.76-0.93; P-trend=0.001), no association was found for non-dairy calcium (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.92-1.14; P-trend=0.61). In this large cohort study of Chinese adults, dairy product intake and daily milk consumption was associated with a statistically significant, although modest, decrease in risk of developing T2D, which may be independent of its calcium content.

Dairy Food Intake Is Inversely Associated with Risk of Hypertension: The Singapore Chinese Health Study

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence from Western populations suggests that dairy food intake may reduce the risk of hypertension, probably through its calcium content. However, there are no epidemiological studies among Asian populations with generally lower dairy and calcium consumption. ObjectiveThe relation between dairy or calcium intake and risk of hypertension was evaluated in a Chinese population in Singapore. MethodsThe analysis included 37,124 Chinese men and women aged 45–74 y who participated in the Singapore Chinese Health Study in 1993–1998. The subjects included in the present study had no history of cancer, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease at baseline and completed ≥1 follow-up interview. Diet at baseline was assessed by using a validated 165-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The occurrence of new, physician-diagnosed hypertension was ascertained through follow-up interviews during 1999–2004 and 2006–2010. The Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to compute HRs and 95% CIs with adjustment for potential confounders. ResultsDairy food intake was inversely associated with the risk of hypertension in a dose-dependent manner: HRs across quartiles were 1.00 (lowest quartile, reference), 0.97 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.02), 0.98 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.03), and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.88, 0.98) (P-trend = 0.01). Milk accounted for ∼80% of all dairy products consumed in this population. Daily milk drinkers had a lower risk of hypertension (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99) than did nondrinkers. Nondairy calcium intake contributed 80% of total calcium intake. Although dairy calcium intake was associated with a lower risk of hypertension (HR comparing extreme quartiles: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.94; P-trend < 0.001), there was no association for nondairy calcium intake (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.10; P-trend = 0.58). ConclusionsBaseline dairy food intake, and specifically that of milk, may reduce the risk of developing hypertension in Chinese adults, and this may not be associated with the calcium component.