Daily Water Intake Research Articles

Water Intake and Organ Weights of Red Sokoto Goats Fed Different Forms of Neem Leaves, Supplemented with a Concentrate Diet

The study evaluated the water intake and organ weights of red sokoto goats fed different forms of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and concentrate diet. The experiment was carried out at the smal ruminant unit Teaching and Research Farm, Federal University of Kashere. Sixteen red sokoto goats (bucks) aged between 7 to 9 months with a weight range of 6.8 kg to 7.3 kg were allotted into four (4) treatments of four goats each. The goats were housed individually in pens. The goats were fed fresh neem leaves, neem leaves hay, neem leaves meal and neem leaves silage at 300g/goat/day for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively; and concentrate diet at 125g/goat/day for a duration of sixty- three (63) days. Known volume of water was served and daily water intake was determined. The experimental design was a completely randomized design; data were analyzed using a one- way analysis of variance. The significant means were separated using Least Significant Difference contained in SAS 9.4 statistical packages, 2018 edition. The concentrate and the neem leaves were analyzed for their proximate composition using the method of AOAC (2000). The daily water intake values ranged from 286.87 – 392.95 ml and were significantly (P<0.05) different across the treatment means (significant between which Treatment 1 on one hand and Treatments 2, 3 and 4 on the other hand and both values increased with dry matter intake. All the organ weights values evaluated were not significantly(P>0.05) different across the treatment means. and which value, water intake/dry matter intake (2.70 – 3.87ml/g) values also showed significant (P<0.05 difference between The values for kidney ranged from 0.50 – 0.53 % while those for liver were 2.10 – 2.17 % It was concluded that the various forms of the neem leaves had no influence on the water intake of the goats, the different forms of neem leaves were not toxic to the goats afe he goats. Neem leaves can be used to feed goats during the long dry season. Further research should be carried out using other species of ruminants such as sheep and cattle.

Рекреаційно-оздоровча діяльність жінок з використанням засобів реабілітаційного фітнесу

The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of rehabilitation fitness on the physical condition of women with musculoskeletal disorders. Materials and methods. The study was held on the basis of the fitness club "LIGA" in Lviv and was attended by 65 women of the first mature age with musculoskeletal disorders. The methods used were: theoretical analysis and generalization of data from scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation; sociological method; pedagogical testing; pedagogical experiment; medical and biological methods; methods of mathematical statistics. Results and discussion. As the survey showed female fitness club visitors pay attention to the study of various aspects of leading a healthy lifestyle. The main sources of informing women about the need for health-improving classes for most women (47.2%) were friends and 27.0% of people received information from the Internet. Strength fitness is preferred by 62.0% of people. 22.3% of women preferred cyclic kinds of physical activities. Dance fitness programs attract 8.9% of respondents. Further research was aimed at studying the impact of rehabilitative fitness classes on women's health. 21 women who had osteochondrosis and consented to participate in the study were involved in the pedagogical experiment. The program of rehabilitation fitness classes was developed taking into account the recommendations of specialists and was aimed at restoring the functional state of the spine and preventing recurrence of the disease. In addition, women were offered individual recommendations for daily water intake, a balanced diet and daily routine. Conclusion. It was found that 68.8% of women surveyed are interested both in information about general health and health promotion and leisure activities; 22.6% of women are interested in the features of certain types of health activities; 12.9% of people would like to learn about the possibilities of non-traditional remedies and 1.1% are not interested in healthy living. It is determined that after the use of rehabilitation fitness classes the number of persons with below average level decreased by 19.1%; the number of women with an average level of physical condition increased by 23.8% and the number of persons with above-average level increased by 4.8%. However, women with low and high level of physical condition were not detected. It was found that the percentage of fat in women before the pedagogical experiment was 22.98 ± 6.37%, while after three months of training its rate was 20.24 ± 5.79%. There was an improvement of this indicator by 11.9%. In terms of weight, it decreased by 2.13 kg

Health Risk Analysis of Detergent Contamination in Communities on Kodingareng Lompo Island, Makassar City

Domestic activities in coastal and island communities are one of the factors that can affect the quality and quantity of traditional well water availability. One of the parameters of household wastewater is detergent pollutants. This study aimed to analyze the risk of detergent contamination in drinking water in the community of Kodingareng Lompo Island. This research is a type of quantitative research with a descriptive approach. The method used is the Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach. Based on the examination conducted, the highest concentration was found in drinking water samples 4 and 5, which was equal to 2.98 mg/l. While drinking water sample 2 has the lowest concentration of detergent contamination, which is 0.005 mg/l. The respondents' daily drinking water intake rate is < 2 L/day, 2 L/day and ≥ 2 L/day, with the highest percentage of 31.1% for consumption of 2 L/day. The frequency of detergent exposure in drinking water consumed by respondents, namely > 350 days/year, with a percentage of 84.4%. The most extended duration of exposure, namely 31 - 60 years, with a ratio of 64.4%. The results of ARKL calculations conducted on the concentration of detergent contamination in drinking water showed a high level of risk (RQ > 1) in three respondents and were classified as unsafe for drinking water consumption.

Assessment of water consumption during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Result from Indonesian cross-sectional study.

During Ramadan fasting, people are likely to consume water and beverages lower than recommended intake due to the limited time. However, it is necessary to achieve the recommended daily water intake to maintain the hydration status, as well as productivity during fasting. Unfortunately, there is a lack of data on drinking patterns during Ramadan. This study aims to investigate water and beverage intake and drinking patterns to help achieve water requirements during Ramadan among Indonesian adults. This is a cross-sectional study conducted during the Ramadan period from April to May 2021 (Ramadan 1442 Hijri). We used a self-administered questionnaire on drinking habits during Ramadan and utilized a 7-day fluid record (Liq.In 7) to assess water and beverage intake among participants who were managed through online procedure. There were 380 participants from five universities across Indonesia who completed the questionnaire accordingly and then analyzed it. The result shows that total water and beverage intake during Ramadan among participants was below the recommendation [1,670 (1,326–2,034) ml/day]. Among the type of beverages, water is the highest level of consumption [1,262 (983–1,666) ml/day] then followed by sugar-sweetened beverages [200 (91–350) ml/day]. We found a significant difference in water and beverages consumption between time of iftar [474 (375–590) ml/day], nighttime [574 (414–810) ml/day], and suhoor [560 (423–711) ml/day]. From this study, we found that during Ramadan the most common drinking pattern is 2-4-2, but a drinking pattern of 4-2-2 glasses (sequence of four glasses at iftar, two glasses at nighttime, two glasses at suhoor) had a significantly higher chance to adhere with the recommendation of fluid intake compared to other patterns. Therefore, based on this research on water and beverage intake, it is necessary and important to make improvements among Indonesian adults during Ramadan, and the drinking pattern of 4-2-2 glasses may help to achieve the recommended daily water consumption.

Personalized optimal nutrition lifestyle for self obesity management using metaalgorithms

Precision medicine applies machine learning methods to estimate the personalized optimal treatment decision based on individual information, such as genetic data and medical history. The main purpose of self obesity management is to develop a personalized optimal life plan that is easy to implement and adhere to, thereby reducing the incidence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. The methodology comprises three components. First, we apply catboost, random forest and lasso covariance test to evaluate the importance of individual features in forecasting body mass index. Second, we apply metaalgorithms to estimate the personalized optimal decision on alcohol, vegetable, high caloric food and daily water intake respectively for each individual. Third, we propose new metaalgorithms named SX and SXwint learners to compute the personalized optimal decision and compare their performances with other prevailing metalearners. We find that people who receive individualized optimal treatment options not only have lower obesity levels than others, but also have lower obesity levels than those who receive ’one-for-all’ treatment options. In conclusion, all metaalgorithms are effective at estimating the personalized optimal decision, where SXwint learner shows the best performance on daily water intake.

Comparative Effects of Cashew Nut, Leaf and Stem Bark (Anacardium Occidentale L.) on Hyperglycemia and Associated Abnormalities in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Background: Medicinal plants are used as alternative therapy for diabetes. This study investigated comparative effects of methanolic extracts of Anacardium occidentale (linn) nut, leaf and stem bark on hyperglycemia and associated abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
 Methods: Ninety male Wistar albino rats weighing (200±20g) were used and diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50mg/kgb.wt). The rats were allotted into 9 groups, 10rats/group. Group I: (non-diabetic); Group II: (diabetic untreated); Groups: III & IV: diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt nut extract; Groups: V & VI: diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt leaves extract; VII & VIII were diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt stem bark extract and Group IX: diabetic rats received 2mg/kgb.wt p.o glimepirides for 4weeks. Daily food and water intakes were recorded; weekly body weight and blood glucose levels were measured throughout the experiment. The animals were sacrificed on the last day and fasting plasma blood glucose was withdrawn for biochemical parameters estimation.
 Results: Fasting plasma blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline (ALT), aminotransferase (ALP), urea, uric acid, creatinine, malondialdehydes (MDA) and water intake levels were significantly (p<0.01, 0.05) reduced in the extracts treated groups. However, High density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), body weight and food intake levels were significantly (p<0.01, 0.05) increased in the extracts treated groups.
 Conclusion: Anacardium occidentale parts posses anti-diabetic properties. The nut has extreme therapeutic efficacy and could be used as alternative therapy for diabetes.
 Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Hyperglycemia, Lipid profiles, Antioxidants, Kidney function.

Analysis of potential risk factors associated with urolithiasis.

Eating habits, regular fluid intake, lifestyle and body composition are a primary point of research. The research focused on urolithiasis approaching potential danger, trying to interpret risk factors responsible for urolithiasis and disease recurrence. Research file contains 166 patients suffering from urolithiasis, 87 (52.4%) males and 79 (47.6%) females, and 172 healthy subjects from control group. All data was accessed using fully anonymous and confidential questionnaires, then evaluated in the statistical GNU PSPP 1.4 software. More than 3/4 patients have a BMI higher than 24.9 and almost 40% of subjects have obesity class I, II, or III. Patients have higher BMI than subjects (d = 1.285; p < 0.001), and females have significantly higher BMI than males (d = 0.385; p = 0.007). Female patients have higher BMI than Slovak healthy females (p < 0.001; MD = 4.581; CI: 3.24-5.93). Patients have a lower daily water intake than subjects (φc = 0.157; p = 0.04) and more than 2/3 of patients have insufficient water intake. Sedentary employment prevails markedly in patients than in subjects. Patients are much less physically active than subjects (φc = 0.633; p < 0.001) and the difference is rising with increasing age of patients (ρ = - 0.232; p = 0.003). Low physical and working activity are characteristic for patients in this study. Patients smoke more often in comparison to subjects (φc = 0.261; p < 0.001). Patients consume more meats (red and white), cocoa and lentils. A lot of patients exceed recommended daily intake of pork and beef. Many conditions are different for the healthy population and patients' group. High BMI, low fluid intake, exceeded red meat consumption, and low physical activity are the strongest factors for developing urolithiasis. Patients should consume more fluids daily, exercise frequently and vigorously, and lower amount of red meat consumed.

Interaction of Hydration Status and Physical Activity Level on Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study.

BackgroundOptimal water intake positively affects various aspects of human physiology, especially renal function. Physical activity (PA) may have an impact on hydration status and renal health, but the interaction of hydration status and PA level on renal function is not well-studied in children.MethodsWe conducted four waves of urine assays in our child cohort (PROC) study from October 2018 to November 2019 in Beijing, China. We measured urinary specific gravity, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), and microalbumin (MA) excretion to assess hydration status and renal damage in the context of PA level and other covariates among 1,914 primary school children. We determined the associations of renal damage with the interaction of hydration status and PA level using generalized linear mixed-effects models.ResultsThe prevalence of dehydration was 35.0%, 62.1%, 63.9%, and 63.3%, and the prevalence of insufficient PA was 86.2%, 44.9%, 90.4%, and 90.2% from wave 1 to wave 4 among 1,914 primary school children. From wave 1 to wave 4, the prevalence of renal tubular damage had a significant increasing trend of 8.8%, 15.9%, 25.7%, and 29.0% (Z = 16.9, P < 0.001), while the prevalence of glomerular damage revealed a declining trend of 5.6%, 5.5%, 4.4%, and 4.1% (Z = −2.4, P = 0.016). There were stable longitudinal associations of renal tubular and glomerular damage with hydration status (euhydration: OR = 0.50 and 0.33, respectively) but not with PA level. In multivariate analysis, significant interactions of hydration status and PA level were noted with renal tubular damage (β = 0.43, P = 0.014) and glomerular damage (β = 0.60, P = 0.047). Children with euhydration and insufficient PA were less likely to have renal tubular damage (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.53) or glomerular damage (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.39); children with euhydration and sufficient PA were also less likely to have renal tubular damage (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.75) or glomerular damage (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.74), adjusting for age, sex, BMI z-score, standardized SBP, sleep duration, computer/cell phone screen time, and fruit and vegetable intake.ConclusionChildren with euhydration and either sufficient or insufficient PA were less likely to have early renal damage. Adequate daily water intake for children is important, especially after PA.

Biodistribution and toxicity of antimicrobial ionic silver (Ag+) and silver nanoparticle (AgNP+) species after oral exposure, in Sprague-Dawley rats

Although antimicrobial nanosilver finds numerous applications in the health and food industries, the in vivo toxicity of positively charged silver nanoparticles (AgNPs+) and relevant controls are largely unexplored. This study investigates the relationship between the biodistribution and toxicity of the well-known cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-capped AgNPs+ in 6-weeks old female Sprague-Dawley rats, at sublethal doses. Amounts comparative to those leaked from food products or considered for animal feed were administered through daily water intake, for an 18-day period: AgNPs+ (40 μg mL−1), Ag+ (40 μg mL−1), antimicrobial CTAB+ (24 μg mL−1) and tap water. All exposures except for the water control had adverse effects on the health and systemic functions of rats (e.g., lethargy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, impediment of bone development, and/or heightened immune response). Although the total Ag accumulation in tissues (1.4–1.6 μg of Ag/g of liver, spleen, jejunum, and brain) was comparable for the two Ag species, AgNPs+ were generally more toxic than Ag+, particularly in spleen (0.8 μg Ag/g). Significantly reduced euthanasia time, alopecia, inflammatory responses in spleen, fragile veins, and enhanced lymphocytosis were observed only for AgNPs+. Overall, this study raises health concerns about the ingestion of capped-AgNPs+ or Ag+ by first-hand consumers and industry workers.

Occurrence and seasonal disparity of emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals in a drinking water supply system and associated health risk

Contamination of drinking water with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) raises concerns over the security and long-term sustainability of clean water supplies as well as human exposure via daily water intake. In this study, the seasonal disparity and occurrence of six phthalates and bisphenol-A in the drinking water supply system and associated health-risk were examined. The detection frequencies of the ∑6PAEs ranged from 24 to 100% in the winter whereas; in summer it is below the detection limit up to 100%. DEHP was the most prevalent phthalate congener ranging from 1.14 to 8351.85 µg/L (winter) and 0.552 to 410.29 µg/L (summer) surpassing the permissible limit. However, BPA concentrations were found under the permissible limit. The results suggested that PAEs concentration displayed significant seasonal variations with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The exposure to PAEs and BPA from drinking water was assessed, indicating a possible health risk to humans with a hazard quotient (HQ) > 1 for DEHP only. The findings necessitate an immediate scrutiny of these EDCs in drinking water supply system and are critical for implementing effective technologies at the WTP scale to ensure the quality and safety of drinking water to ascertain human and environmental health.

Short-term intestinal effects of water intake in fibre supplementation in healthy, low-habitual fibre consumers: a phase 2 clinical trial

A randomised clinical trial was conducted on 20 healthy, low-habitual fibre consumers to assess the short-term effects of water intake (2 l/day) on fibre supplementation with wheat bran, pectin, and green banana flour. During the 14-days trial, fibre intake doubled in both fibre (n = 10) and fibre/water (n = 10) interventions (p < 0.001), whereas daily water intake increased from 538 to 1990 ml in the fibre/water group (p < 0.001). Weekly bowel movements increased similarly in both interventions (fibre: 6.8–8.8; fibre/water: 8.6–10; p < 0.01), while faecal weight (71–126 g; p = 0.009) increased in the fibre/water group. This group showed higher counts of faecal Bacteroides and Prevotella, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Bifidobacterium, whereas both interventions decreased the count of Desulfovibrio. Transient abdominal symptoms occurred less frequently in the fibre/water than in the fibre group (3 vs. 9 participants; p = 0.020). In healthy, low-habitual fibre consumers, short-term water intake helps the intestinal adaptation to fibre supplementation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02838849

Association of water intake and hydration status with risk of kidney stone formation based on NHANES 2009-2012 cycles.

Evaluating the association of water intake and hydration status with nephrolithiasis risk at the population level. It is a cross-sectional study in which daily total plain water intake and total fluid intake were estimated together with blood osmolality, urine creatinine, urine osmolality, urine flow rate (UFR), free water clearance (FWC) and urine/blood osmolality ratio (Uosm:Bosm). The associations of fluid intake and hydration markers with nephrolithiasis were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. General US population. A total of 8195 adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2009-2012 cycles. The population medians (interquartile ranges, IQR) for daily total plain water intake and total fluid intake were 807 (336-1481) and 2761 (2107-3577) ml/d, respectively. The adjusted OR (95 % CI) of nephrolithiasis for each IQR increase in total plain water intake and total fluid intake were 0·92 (95 % CI 0·79, 1·06) and 0·84 (95 % CI 0·72, 0·97), respectively. The corresponding OR of nephrolithiasis for UFR, blood osmolality, Uosm:Bosm and urine creatinine were 0·87 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·99), 1·18 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·32), 1·38 (95 % CI 1·17, 1·63) and 1·27 (95 % CI 1·11, 1·45), respectively. A linear protective relationship of fluid intake, UFR and FWC with nephrolithiasis risk was observed. Similarly, positive dose-response associations of nephrolithiasis risk with markers of insufficient hydration were identified. Encouraging a daily water intake of >2500 ml/d and maintaining a urine output of 2 l/d was associated with a lower prevalence of nephrolithiasis. This study verified the beneficial role of general water intake recommendations in nephrolithiasis prevention in the general US population.

Water intake and its influence factors among pregnant and lactating women in some areas of China in 2020

To investigate the water intake and its influence factors of pregnant and lactating women. From May to August 2020, a convenience sampling method was used to investigate questionnaires in the obstetrics and pediatric care departments of maternal and Child Health Hospitals in Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong and Jiangsu Provinces(Cities) among pregnant and lactating women who received prenatal health care and postpartum follow-up. The questionnaire included general conditions, physical activity and water-related surveys. The data was exported from the Questionnaire Star System and analyzed by Wilcoxon rank sum test and multiple linear regression for different types of daily fluid intake. The median daily water intake of pregnant and lactating women was 1321 mL and 1271 mL, respectively, meanwhile, plain water was the most highest(both 1000 mL), followed by milk and milk products(179 mL and 86 mL), other beverages(29 mL and 86 mL). The one-way analysis showed that daily water intake of pregnant women was increased with increasing gestation, literacy, and household disposable income, and the difference were statistically significant(P&lt;0.05) across gestation, literacy, physical activity intensity, and household disposable income groups, as well as significant differences in lactating women(P&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that pregnancy was the most influential factor for daily water intake, plain water and liquid milk and yogurt intake among pregnant women, while household disposable income was the most influential factor for other beverages. For lactating women, household disposable income was the most influential factor for daily water intake, liquid milk and yogurt and other beverages, and literacy was the most influential factor for daily intake of plain water. Pregnant and lactating women had insufficient water intake, so it is necessary to consider different pregnancy status, family income and literacy for drinking water health education and improve drinking behavior.

Bile Duct Ligation Differently Effects Plasma Osmolality but not Blood Pressure in Male vs Female Rats

Dilutional hyponatremia is known to increase morbidity in patients with advanced liver disease due to the inappropriate release of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Our previous studies show that bile duct ligation (BDL), an animal model of liver disease, increase circulating copeptin in male rats but a decrease in osmolality as compared to the shams. Female BDL rats did not demonstrate the same increase in circulating copeptin or decrease in plasma osmolality as compared to sham females. In this study, we tested if male and female BDL rats showed differences in their blood pressure responses to BDL. Previous studies indicate that male BDL rats become hypotensive while females have not been tested. Adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats had either BDL or sham ligation surgery and were implanted with radio telemetry transmitters for measuring Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rates (HR). Rats were housed in a commercial metabolic cage for one week prior to euthanasian to measure water intake and urine output. No change was seen in daily water intake between the male BDL and sham groups, however the female BDL animals had a significant increase in their daily water intake (p &lt; 0.05, n =6) when compared to the shams. Despite the increase in water intake seen only in BDL females, both the male and female BDL groups saw a large increase in daily urine output (p &lt; 0.001, n = 4‐9) compared to the shams. Analysis of variance showed that there was a main effect of treatment (F(3, 20)= 6.7, P &lt; 0.05) that was due to the MAP of both male and female BDL groups being significantly lower than female shams (P &lt; 0.05). Heart rate was not different among either sexes or treatment groups. Liver weight to body weight ratio was significantly increased in both male and female BDL rats. These results show that both male and female BDL rats became hypotensive when compared to their shams, however the differences in development of hyponatremia among the male and female rats are not due to difference in blood pressure changes associated with BDL.

Coughing Can Be Modulated by the Hydration Status in Adolescents with Asthma.

A lower thirst sensitivity frequently characterizes children and adolescents. The daily water intake can be frequently insufficient for the homeostasis and the integrity of their airway epithelium. Little is known about the real-life relationship between dehydration and coughing in young students with asthma. The aim was to investigate the effect of dehydration on coughing in asthmatic students aged ≤16 years. A validated questionnaire aimed to investigate their respiratory history and cough incidence was used. Urine samples were also collected for assessing osmolality. Wilcoxon test, the Pearson Chi Square and the Fisher Exact Test were used; p < 0.05 was assumed as significant. Valid data were obtained from 305 healthy and 56 asthmatic students. Mean urine osmolality was significantly higher in asthmatic than in healthy students (1012 ± 197.7 vs. 863.0 ± 223.0 mOsm/kg, respectively; p < 0.001), particularly in symptomatic asthmatic students (1025 ± 191.6 mOsm/kg, p < 0.01). Both the incidence and duration of coughing episodes were directly related to the degree of urine osmolality (both p < 0.001). Dehydration affects the prevalence and the duration of a cough in asthmatic students aged ≤16 years. Adequate daily water intake should be stimulated in these subjects in order to contain their basic cough attitude.

In pursuit of a better broiler: welfare and productivity of slower-growing broiler breeders during lay

Current commercial strains of broiler breeders display reproductive dysregulation when fed to satiety, but they can achieve optimal hatching egg production under feed restriction. However, chronic feed restriction in broiler breeders is a welfare concern due to physiological and behavioral signs of hunger, lack of satiety, and frustrated feeding motivation. The purpose of this study was to assess the welfare and productivity of slower-growing broiler breeders during lay. A total of 336 broiler breeders from 5 strains of slower-growing broiler breeders (3 female strains: 100 hens per strain, and 2 male strains: 12 and 24 roosters per strain) were kept in 12 identical pens throughout lay, 4 pens per combination of roosters and hens: A hens with Y roosters, B hens with Y roosters, and C hens with X roosters. According to guidelines, strain B and C hens and X roosters were slower growing strains and strain A hens and Y roosters were intermediate growing strains. Egg production was recorded daily, and settable eggs laid at 30, 40, and 50 wk of age were incubated to hatch. Growth rate, feed and water intake, and welfare indicators (feeding motivation, behavior, and physical assessment: feather coverage, foot and leg health, and keel bone status) were recorded during lay. Additionally, a subsample of 5 hens per pen was dissected for anatomical analyses. Laying rate started and peaked earlier in B hens than in A hens and remained above 70% in both strains, yielding high cumulative egg production (>165 eggs/hen) until 53 wk of age. Until 50 wk of age, fertility and hatched of fertile was high in slower growing broiler breeders, on average, above 95 and 80%, respectively. Compared to A hens, B and C hens had better feather coverage, lower feeding motivation, and lower daily water and feed intake. Results of this study suggest that slower growing broiler breeders show reduced signs of poor welfare and improved productivity during lay although susceptibility to obesity-related problems on laying rate may be strain-specific.

Protective effects of oral administration of mixed probiotic spores of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans on gut microbiota changes and intestinal and liver damage of rats infected with Salmonella Typhimurium

AbstractAlthough the intestinal lumen is a significant way to enter pathogens such as Salmonella, they face a dense microbiota in the gut lumen. This community confers health benefits. Probiotics enhance the colonization resistance and direct inhibition of pathogens, which are essential in reducing the incidence and duration of gastroenteritis and histopathological complications of enteric pathogens. In this study, the spores of two probiotic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans, were fed to rats for 3 weeks through their daily water intake. After that, Salmonella typhimurium was gavaged to the rats. On days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after gavaging, intestinal microbiota were evaluated, and on days 3, 5, and 7 after gavaging, gut and liver histopathological changes were also evaluated. Salmonella caused no changes in the spore and aerobic bacteria population compared to the control group, but it increased anaerobic and coliform bacteria and reduced lactic acid bacteria (LAB). But B. subtilis and B. coagulans reduced anaerobic and coliform bacteria and decreased the LAB population following Salmonella infection. Also, the histopathological evaluation showed that these probiotics attenuated the shortening and fusion of villi, mononuclear cell infiltration, submucosal edema, and epithelial necrosis in the intestine, hepatocyte degeneration, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver, which occurred due to Salmonella infection. B. subtilis and B. coagulans help the maintenance of the gut microflora population and reduce the histopathological effects when exposed to Salmonella, which causes the reduction of these pathogen's effects and early recovery.

Longer Participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Is Not Associated with Reduced Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake among Black Participants.

This study assessed relationships of duration of family Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) participation with racial/ethnic disparities in child sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and water intake. Child beverage intake and family duration on WIC were collected during three cross-sectional surveys of WIC-participating families in Los Angeles County, California (2014, 2017 and 2020; n = 11,482). The associations of family duration of WIC participation, a proxy for the amount of WIC services received, with daily intake of total SSBs, fruit-flavored SSBs and water were assessed in race/ethnicity strata with multivariable negative binomial and Poisson regression models. Among English-speaking Hispanic children, those of families reporting 10 years of WIC participation consumed 33% and 27% fewer servings of total and fruit-flavored SSBs compared to those of families reporting 1 year on WIC. Among Black children, those from families reporting 5 and 10 years of participation in WIC consumed 33% and 45% more daily servings of fruit-flavored SSBs than those from families reporting 1 year on WIC. Disparities in daily total and fruit-flavored SSB intake between Black and White children increased with longer family duration on WIC. Duration of family WIC participation is associated with healthier beverage choices for infants and children, but does not appear to be equally beneficial across racial/ethnic groups in Los Angeles County.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge on Importance of Hydration during their Working Hours in Terms of Creating Awareness in a Selected Hospital, Bangalore

Background: The knowledge and practice of nurses in terms of water intake during working hours at Apollo Hospitals, BG Road, Bangalore had not yet been studied in depth. Aim: The aim of the research is to assess the knowledge on importance of hydration during working hours pre and post awareness among the nursing staff Design: This study was conducted at Apollo Hospitals, BG Road, Karnataka Region. Information about knowledge and practice of staff nurses towards water intake during working hours were obtained using a well-structured online questionnaire (Google forms). Tools: Online Questionnaire (Google forms) Results: Around 300 nurses took part in the online questionnaire. A majority of the nurses believed that the daily water intake comes from various sources like plain water, beverages, and a mix of foods. Clear colour of urine was the most common indication of proper hydration (86.4%) and 77.8% of the nurses considered tiredness as a common symptom of dehydration. Knowledge about over hydration was very poor among nurses. Conclusion: Implementation of training program about safe practice of fluid intake illustrate a positive effect on nursing staff. Recommendations: Training program should be carried out for nurses related to safe practice of fluid intake as a part of regular nursing education programme. Keywords: Daily water intake, knowledge, dehydration, practice, hydration level, working hours, staff nurses, awareness, hospital

Effect of the multicomponent healthy high school intervention on meal frequency and eating habits among high school students in Denmark: a cluster randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that multicomponent interventions may improve meal frequency and eating habits in children, but evidence among young people is limited. This study evaluated the effect of the Healthy High School (HHS) intervention on daily intake of breakfast, lunch, water, fruit, and vegetables at 9-month follow-up.MethodsThe study included first-year students (≈16 years) attending high school in Denmark. Participating schools were randomized into the HHS intervention (N = 15) or control group (operating as usual) (N = 15). The intervention was designed to promote well-being (primary outcome) by focusing on healthy habits including meals, stress prevention, and strong peer relations. It included a curriculum, structural and organisational initiatives, a workshop, and a smartphone application. Students completed self-administered online questionnaires at the beginning of the school year and nine months later. To account for clustering of data, we used multilevel logistic regression analyses to estimate odds ratios (OR). We applied an intention-to-treat approach with multiple imputations of missing data.ResultsAt baseline 4577 of 5201 students answered the questionnaire and 4512 at follow-up. In both groups the proportion of students eating breakfast decreased from approximately 50% to 40% from baseline to follow-up, and lunch frequency decreased from approximately 50% to 47%. Daily water intake, intake of fresh fruit and intake of vegetables remained unchanged from baseline to follow-up. There were no significant between group differences on any of the outcomes at first follow-up: breakfast: OR = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.65;1.10), lunch: OR = 0.96 (95% CI: 0.75;1.22), water intake: OR = 1.14 (95% CI: 0.92;1.40), intake of fresh fruit: (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.84;1.37), vegetables: (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.77;1.33).ConclusionNo evidence of an effect of the HHS intervention was found for any of the outcomes. Future studies are warranted to explore how health promoting interventions can be integrated in further education to support educational goals. Moreover, how to fit interventions to the lives and wishes of young people, by also including systems outside of the school setting.Trial registrationISRCTN, ISRCTN43284296. Registered 28 April 2017 - retrospectively registered.