Daily Fluctuations Research Articles

Parkinson's Disease Carepartners' Perceptions of the Challenges and Rewards of Caregiving.

Multiple debilitating symptoms and the progressive nature of Parkinson's disease (PD) affect carepartners' quality of life. Although, there is abundant knowledge on caregiver burden there is limited knowledge on PD carepartners' perceptions of caregiving. To understand family members' perception of their role, and of the challenges and rewards of PD caregiving. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, we conducted semi-structured interviews with current and former PD carepartners (n = 16). Interviews were audio-recorded, de-identified, and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded and analyzed to identify themes. We identified 5 themes: (a) Unpredictability is the hardest part of caregiving. It was hard to cope with the unpredictable daily and longer-term fluctuations in PD symptoms; (b) Disease progression and multiple symptoms contribute to carepartners' emotional distress. Carepartners felt unprepared and were saddened by the patient's and their own losses; (c) Caring for a family member is not a "burden." Though stressful, carepartners resisted associating caregiving with the term "burden"; (d) Caregiving is a partnership. Carepartners saw their role as being less of "givers" and more of partners in disease management; and (e) Caregiving is an opportunity for personal satisfaction, joy, and growth. Caregiving was seen as a "gift" that enabled carepartners to express love and experience personal growth. Despite challenges PD carepartners view their role as "partners" in the management of the disease and find meaning and strength in caregiving. A palliative care approach emphasizing the positives and challenges of caregiving may provide carepartners with better support.

P290 Evaluation of response to chronic and acute stress in patients with Crohn’s disease

Abstract Background Impaired response to stress in patients with chronic inflammatory disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, is associated with decreased cortisol secretion. The aim of this study was the evaluation of response to chronic and acute stress in patients with Crohn’s Disease (CD). Methods Data was collected from patients who underwent surgery due to complications of Crohn’s (n=26)(CD group) or due to other indications (n=31) (control group). Patients on corticosteroid treatment during last 3 months and other immunological comorbidities were excluded. Cortisol concentration of the hair (proximal 3cm to the sculp) was measured as an indicative marker of stress taking place the last 3 months (chronic stress). Cortisol concentration in the saliva was measured at day 2 post surgery in a daily fluctuation manner (6 measurements in 24h), as an indicative marker of response to acute stress. The chemiluminescence method was used for cortisol measurements. Cortisol concentrations were correlated with DASS 21 questionnaire (validated Greek version),consisting of 21 questions which correspond to separate measurment scales for stress, anxiety or depression. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Results Hair samples were measured from 17 CD patients and 20 controls. CD patients had significant lower concentrations of hair cortisol (median = 6.375 pgF/mg, IQR = 4.821 - 9.949) compared to control group (median = 9.643 pgF/mg, IQR = 6.602-14.637) (Mann-Whitney U-test P = 0.034). Saliva samples were measured from 21 CD patients and 27 controls. In regards to the post surgical cortisol fluctuation (acute stress), there was no significant difference between the two groups. No significant difference was observed between cortisol concentrations, and questionnaires results. Conclusion In CD, as in other immunological diseases, hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis appears to be affected, leading in decreased response to chronic stress. This observation may have important implications for the pathophysiology, prognosis and treatment of CD.

Daily uncertainty may overshadow the role of perceived manager effectiveness on daily performance via experienced daily positive affect: Amultilevel study.

In this study, we expand on the existing work on daily performance by focusing on (1) within-person fluctuation in perceived manager effectiveness in relation to daily positive affective experiences and daily performance and (2) between-person fluctuations in uncertainty as a relevant boundary condition of these relationships. Multilevel data from 101 managers (1,010 measurement occasions) were used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that fluctuations in the perception of a manager's effectiveness related positively to daily positive affective experiences, and this relationship was moderated by the team member's uncertainty levels in such a way that perceived uncertainty buffered the positive effect of leadership effectiveness on positive affective experiences. Further, the findings evidenced a positive association between daily positive affective experiences and daily performance. Finally, results showed a significant indirect effect from perceived manager's effectiveness to daily fluctuations in performance via daily fluctuations in positive affective experiences. Perceived manager's effectiveness made employees feel more positive affective experiences, which contributed to their daily performance. However, uncertainty overshadows the influence of a manager's effectiveness on their workers' positive affective experiences. We discuss implications for theory and practice.

Dynamic optimization of blood collection strategies from different potential donors using rolling horizon planning approach under uncertainty

Dynamic blood collection planning is crucial for adjusting strategies in response to varied donors' behavior within the dynamic urban environment, which can be utilized to mitigate wastage and scarcity due to the uncertain supply chain parameters. In this study, we address the challenge of adapting collection planning to dynamic fluctuations in potential blood donors’ behavior by introducing an innovative updatable approach based on the rolling horizon planning approach, which considers uncertain conditions in daily urban life. Taking into account one-day planning and diverse urban areas contexts, we propose an approach that operationally updates relocation and collection strategies throughout the daily fluctuation in urban conditions. We present a robust optimization approach to mitigate uncertainty across various parameters such as donors' behavior, demand, transportation time, and operational cost. Given the impact of dynamic and diverse conditions, we implement our updatable approach within the Tehran blood supply chain, which possesses the largest blood network in northern Iran, providing support to 108 hospitals and numerous laboratories. Deriving insights from our results, we prove a noteworthy 9.65% enhancement in blood collection across the entire network resulting from the implementation of the rolling horizon planning approach. Moreover, adjusting the dynamic conditions, in contrast to non-dynamic conditions, has led to an additional 24.14% increase in blood collection through temporary collection facilities as a main focus in this investigation.

Development of a regional climate change model for Aedes vigilax and Aedes camptorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Perth, Western Australia.

Mosquito-borne disease is a significant public health issue and within Australia Ross River virus (RRV) is the most reported. This study combines a mechanistic model of mosquito development for two mosquito vectors; Aedes vigilax and Aedes camptorhynchus, with climate projections from three climate models for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), to examine the possible effects of climate change and sea-level rise on a temperate tidal saltmarsh habitat in Perth, Western Australia. The projections were run under no accretion and accretion scenarios using a known mosquito habitat as a case study. This improves our understanding of the possible implications of sea-level rise, accretion and climate change for mosquito control programmes for similar habitats across temperate tidal areas found in Southwest Western Australia. The output of the model indicate that the proportion of the year mosquitoes are active increases. Population abundances of the two Aedes species increase markedly. The main drivers of changes in mosquito population abundances are increases in the frequency of inundation of the tidal wetland and size of the area inundated, increased minimum water temperature, and decreased daily temperature fluctuations as water depth increases due to sea level changes, particularly under the model with no accretion. The effects on mosquito populations are more marked for RCP 8.5 when compared to RCP 4.5 but were consistent among the three climate change models. The results indicate that Ae. vigilax is likely to be the most abundant species in 2030 and 2050, but that by 2070 Aedes camptorhynchus may become the more abundant species. This increase would put considerable pressure on existing mosquito control programmes and increase the risk of mosquito-borne disease and nuisance biting to the local community, and planning to mitigate these potential impacts should commence now.

The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Urban Heat Islands in Housing Areas: The Case of Erzurum, Turkey

The growing importance of climate change underlines the need to comprehend Urban Heat Islands (UHI), particularly those influenced by urban morphology. As progress has been made in understanding the macroscale relationship between urban morphology and UHIs, the microscale effects are often overlooked. This study, conducted in the city of Erzurum in Turkey, delves into the complex relationship between urban morphology and UHI intensity in different housing areas with distinct microclimates, focusing particularly on street networks, building systems, and land use. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between morphological indicators and UHIs in different housing areas. Key findings include that (1) noticeable UHI effects were observed, especially in dense areas with high-rise buildings. (2) UHIs reveal a strong correlation with both 2D and 3D urban morphological indicators. A moderate-to-high Sky View Factor (SVF) tends to reduce UHIs, while an extremely high SVF aggravates UHIs. (3) Enhancing street network integration emerges as a more effective strategy for mitigating UHI effects in mid-rise buildings compared to other morphological factors. The Normalised Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) may not reliably indicate UHIs in housing areas with a predominantly rural character. Consequently, this article recommends that urban morphology optimisation for UHI mitigation should prioritise spatial and indicator specificity in urban design and spatial planning for cities. Future research endeavours should investigate the influence of morphological indicators on UHI dynamics in different seasons, including various remote sensing indicators related to morphological structure, to enrich our understanding of daily UHI fluctuations within urban morphology research.

Experimental and computational comparison of freeze-thaw-induced pressure generation in red and sugar maple.

Sap exudation is the process whereby trees such as sugar (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) generate unusually high positive stem pressure in response to repeated cycles of freeze and thaw. This elevated xylem pressure permits the sap to be harvested over a period of several weeks and hence is a major factor in the viability of the maple syrup industry. The extensive literature on sap exudation documents competing hypotheses regarding the physical and biological mechanisms that drive positive pressure generation in maple, but to date, relatively little effort has been expended on devising mathematical models for the exudation process. In this paper, we utilize an existing model of Graf etal. (J Roy Soc Interface 12:20150665, 2015) that describes heat and mass transport within the multiphase gas-liquid-ice mixture in the porous xylem tissue. The model captures the inherent multiscale nature of xylem transport by including phase change and osmotic transport in wood cells on the microscale, which is coupled to heat transport through the tree stem on the macroscale. A parametric study based on simulations with synthetic temperature data identifies the model parameters that have greatest impact on stem pressure build-up. Measured daily temperature fluctuations are then used as model inputs and the resulting simulated pressures are compared directly with experimental measurements taken from mature red and sugar maple stems during the sap harvest season. The results demonstrate that our multiscale freeze-thaw model reproduces realistic exudation behavior, thereby providing novel insights into the specific physical mechanisms that dominate positive pressure generation in maple trees.

Enhancing Renewable Energy Storage Conversion Efficiency using ERFE with FFNN

The 21st century witnesses a pivotal global shift towards Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to combat climate change. Nations are adopting wind, solar, hydro, and other sustainable energy forms. However, a primary concern is the inconsistent nature of these sources. Daily fluctuations, seasonal changes, and weather conditions sometimes make renewables like the sun and wind unreliable. The key to managing this unpredictability is efficient Energy Storage Systems (ESS), ensuring energy is saved during peak periods and used during low production times. However, existing ESSs are not flawless. Energy conversion and storage inefficiencies emerge due to temperature changes, inconsistent charge rates, and voltage fluctuations. These challenges diminish the quality of stored energy, resulting in potential waste. There is a unique chance to address these inefficiencies using the vast data from renewable systems. This research explores Machine Learning (ML), particularly Neural Networks (NN), to improve REES efficiencies. Analyzing data from Palm Springs wind farms, the study employs an Entropy-Based Recursive Feature Elimination (ERFE) coupled with Feed-Forward Neural Networks (FFNN). ERFE utilizes entropy to prioritize essential features, reducing redundant data and computational demands. The tailored FFNN then predicts energy conversion rates, aiming to enhance energy storage conversion and maximize the usability of generated Renewable Energy (RE).

ANALYSIS OF MURABAHAH FINANCING FOR GOLD INSTALLMENT PRODUCT AT BANK SYARIAH INDONESIA BRANCH OFFICE MAGELANG GATOT SUBROTO

This study aims to investigate the implementation of Murabahah financing, the challenges encountered in implementing Murabahah financing, and the strategies employed to overcome these obstacles at Bank Syariah Indonesia Magelang Gatot Subroto Sub-Branch Office. The research utilizes both secondary and primary data, with data collection techniques including interviews. The study adopts a qualitative research approach. The findings reveal that the Murabahah Agreement is established when a customer wishes to purchase gold from the bank in installments over an agreed period of time. The term "gold installments" is used to market the bank's gold installment financing products to customers. The bank will order the desired type of gold from PT. ANTAM once the customer's installments are fully paid. The bank then delivers the goods or gold to the customer in accordance with the initial agreement stated in the contract. This practice is implemented by the bank to mitigate potential risks. The challenges faced by Bank Syariah Indonesia at Magelang Gatot Subroto Sub-Branch Office involve promoting gold installment products. To address these challenges, the marketing team must regularly update the gold installment brochure using social media or other promotional platforms to enhance effectiveness. This is crucial due to the daily fluctuations in gold prices. The bank undertakes these efforts to ensure that customers are constantly informed about the latest gold price percentages

Successive responses of three coral holobiont components (coral hosts, symbiotic algae, and bacteria) to daily temperature fluctuations

Corals and their associated microbiota form a “holobiont,” which includes symbiotic algae and other associated microbiota dominated by bacteria. The composition of holobiont is influenced by various environmental factors, such as increasing sea water temperatures. Previous studies of the effects of temperature changes on coral physiology and associated bacterial communities have been conducted based on stable water temperatures set by mean temperatures, or by slowly increasing/decreasing temperatures. However, the daily temperature fluctuations that corals experience in nature are not stable. The current understanding of the effects of large daily temperature fluctuations on coral and associated bacterial community dynamics is limited. Hence, we conducted a four-week tank experiment using different large daily temperature fluctuations (±5 °C and ±7 °C) accompanied by continuous warming conditions (26 °C to 29 °C) to investigate the effects on two common reef-building corals, Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora acuta. During the experiment, the activity of coral host catalase and superoxide dismutase were measured, the photosynthetic ability of symbiotic algae was recorded, and the variation in bacterial communities was analyzed using the V6-V8 region of 16S rDNA. According to the results, different parts of the holobionts of two coral species exhibited varying response rates to the continuous warming conditions and diurnal temperature fluctuations. Additionally, it was found that diurnal temperature fluctuations may mitigate the heat stress on the host and reduce the changes in bacterial response to warming. Therefore, it is suggested that the holobionts of different coral species may adopt different adaptation and survival strategies in response to diurnal temperature fluctuations and warming. Finally, based on the response of these two coral species under the conditions of diurnal temperature fluctuations and continuous warming, Acinetobacter and Rhodobacteraceae were identified as potential indicator coral-associated bacteria. This is the first study to investigate the tripartite dynamic response of coral, symbiotic algae and bacteria to daily temperature fluctuations.

Natural convection in two-layer channel near bottom sludge under the influence of daily temperature fluctuations by the Lattice Boltzmann Method

This study investigates the natural convective flow within an horizontal two-layer system driven by daily temperature fluctuations. The upper part of the layer is free of the porous medium, while the porosity is in the lower part. A homogeneous porosity distribution is assumed along the bottom, mimicking the flow near bottom vegetation or sludge. The Lattice Boltzmann Method is employed to solve the problem. The porous medium is simulated using the representative elementary volume (REV) method. An additional set of distribution functions is implemented to capture temperature distribution. Simulation is performed at constant porosity coefficient and at different Darcy number.

Daily fluctuations in blood glucose with normal aging are inversely related to hippocampal synaptic mitochondrial proteins

Defective brain glucose utilization is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) while Type II diabetes and elevated blood glucose escalate the risk for AD in later life. Isolating contributions of normal aging from coincident metabolic or brain diseases could lead to refined approaches to manage specific health risks and optimize treatments targeted to susceptible older individuals. We evaluated metabolic, neuroendocrine, and neurobiological differences between young adult (6 months) and aged (24 months) male rats. Compared to young adults, blood glucose was significantly greater in aged rats at the start of the dark phase of the day but not during the light phase. When challenged with physical restraint, a potent stressor, aged rats effected no change in blood glucose whereas blood glucose increased in young adults. Tissues were evaluated for markers of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), neuronal glucose transport, and synapses. Outright differences in protein levels between age groups were not evident, but circadian blood glucose was inversely related to OXPHOS proteins in hippocampal synaptosomes, independent of age. The neuronal glucose transporter, GLUT3, was positively associated with circadian blood glucose in young adults whereas aged rats tended to show the opposite trend. Our data demonstrate aging increases daily fluctuations in blood glucose and, at the level of individual differences, negatively associates with proteins related to synaptic OXPHOS. Our findings imply that glucose dyshomeostasis may exacerbate metabolic aspects of synaptic dysfunction that contribute to risk for age-related brain disorders.

Fitness under high temperatures is overestimated when daily thermal fluctuation is ignored

Experimental studies on the thermal biology of organisms have become crucial to investigate the impact of climate warming. However, most laboratory studies are carried out under constant temperatures and assume a negligible effect from daily fluctuating temperatures. We tested this assumption on multiple fitness traits of the moth Spodoptera littoralis, and a literature review on insects complements this study. Tests on S. littoralis focused on its optimal and maximal critical temperatures by comparing constant and daily fluctuating temperatures (±5 °C) at mean temperatures of 25, 29 and 33 °C. The nine fitness parameters investigated were influenced by mean temperature. The overall effect was a maximal multiplication rate at 29 °C and a marked decrease under the fluctuating regime at 33 °C. Effects of fluctuating temperatures differed between mean temperatures. Developmental and larval survival rates at 33 °C were lower under the fluctuating thermal regime than under a constant temperature. Our literature review also illustrates that ignoring daily fluctuations based on constant temperatures commonly leads to overestimate fitness traits at high temperatures. Overlooking the experimental bias associated with constant temperatures minimizes the expected impact of climate warming on fitness traits.

Factors and mechanisms influencing seasonal disorders in pig reproduction

The problem of unsatisfactory reproductive results in pigs is visible in a significant percentage of herds, especially during summer months and early autumn (seasonal summer infertility). This is reflected mainly in the reduced percentage of sows entering estrus after weaning and the effectiveness of mating/insemination. The consequence is a significantly lower number of births in November, December and sometimes even in January, compared to other seasons. There are many causes of seasonal summer infertility. The first things mentioned are usually the length of the light day and the high temperature in the pigs environment. An important reason that is not often discussed is the daily temperature fluctuations which usually occur at the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. Persistent unfavorable conditions are responsible for long-term stress. Hormonal disorders related to stress, leading to reproductive disorders, result from connections taking place in the hypothalamus between the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG), which regulates, among others, the reproductive functions of the ovaries, and the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal axis – HPA which governs organism reaction to stress. Under stressful conditions, glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) secreted in large amounts by the adrenal glands, as well as adrenaline, norepinephrine and, in small amounts, dopamine, may inhibit reproductive functions at the level of the hypothalamus, reducing the secretion of GnRH. At the same time, by reaching the pituitary gland, these hormones limit the sensitivity of the cells of this endocrine gland to GnRH. As a consequence, the maturation of follicles slows down, the number of ovulating and rupturing follicles decreases, and the secretion of estrogen is reduced. The consequence is the absence of heat or, more often, the so-called “silent heat”. Another problem is the uneven maturation of the follicles, which leads to a delayed appearance of estrus and its longer duration: 3-4 days. The final effect of these is a decrease in the rate of females presenting heat after weaning of piglets, a deterioration in the mating/insemination success rate, an increase in the rate of early abortions and percentage of litters with a small number of piglets in a litter. The summary stated that despite the identification of various seasonal causes of reproductive disorders in pigs, depending on both sows and boars, and the availability of various “tools” to reduce phenomenon of seasonal infertility, the presented problem has not been solved in a large percentage of swine farms. Its intensity varies and depends primarily on awareness, knowledge of ways to eliminate unfavorable conditions and determination in this regard. The first step, as always, is to objectively assess the situation. The assessment can be made through a detailed analysis of production data.

Thermally unstable roosts influence winter torpor patterns in a threatened bat species

Abstract Many hibernating bats in thermally stable, subterranean roosts have experienced precipitous declines from white-nose syndrome (WNS). However, some WNS-affected species also use thermally unstable roosts during winter that may impact their torpor patterns and WNS susceptibility. From November to March 2017–19, we used temperature-sensitive transmitters to document winter torpor patterns of tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) using thermally unstable roosts in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Daily mean roost temperature was 12.9 ± 4.9°C SD in bridges and 11.0 ± 4.6°C in accessible cavities with daily fluctuations of 4.8 ± 2°C in bridges and 4.0 ± 1.9°C in accessible cavities and maximum fluctuations of 13.8 and 10.5°C, respectively. Mean torpor bout duration was 2.7 ± 2.8 days and was negatively related to ambient temperature and positively related to precipitation. Bats maintained non-random arousal patterns focused near dusk and were active on 33.6% of tracked days. Fifty-one percent of arousals contained passive rewarming. Normothermic bout duration, general activity and activity away from the roost were positively related to ambient temperature, and activity away from the roost was negatively related to barometric pressure. Our results suggest ambient weather conditions influence winter torpor patterns of tricolored bats using thermally unstable roosts. Short torpor bout durations and potential nighttime foraging during winter by tricolored bats in thermally unstable roosts contrasts with behaviors of tricolored bats in thermally stable roosts. Therefore, tricolored bat using thermally unstable roosts may be less susceptible to WNS. More broadly, these results highlight the importance of understanding the effect of roost thermal stability on winter torpor patterns and the physiological flexibility of broadly distributed hibernating species.

A Tri-port DC-DC Converter for Bifacial PV Panels Coupled with Energy Storage

Abstract The power output of photovoltaic (PV) systems, especially bifacial modules, varies due to daily fluctuations in irradiance and temperature. Maximising the efficiency and power extraction are considered crucial. Hybrid DC off-grid topologies are highly promising for rural electrification with solar energy and battery backup. These systems, tailored for household appliance use, feature low semiconductor count, continuous current ports for PV, battery and DC loads, low-voltage levels for PV and battery, voltage regulation for DC loads, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), proper battery charging and discharging, high-voltage boosting without low-frequency transformers and reduced power converter stages. However, the existing schemes often lack the above-mentioned critical features. Hence, this paper proposes a novel three-switch tri-port converter with integrated energy storage for stand-alone bifacial PV applications, with modelling and experimental validation. The battery serves as an energy storage component, regulating the DC link voltage for consistency. This paper underscores PV system power optimisation and introduces a novel tri-port converter for stand-alone bifacial PV setups, emphasising energy storage’s role in voltage regulation.

Ingestion and respiration rates of a common coastal mysid respond differently to diurnal temperature fluctuation

AbstractAnimals face strong environmental variability even on short time scales particularly in shallow coastal habitats, forcing them to permanently adjust their metabolism. Respiration rates of aquatic ectotherms are directly influenced by water temperature, whereas ingestion rates might additionally be influenced by behavior. We aim to understand how respiration and ingestion rates of an aquatic invertebrate respond to changing temperature during a diurnal thermal fluctuation cycle and how both processes are related. We studied the benthopelagic mysid Neomysis integer as an important food web component of coastal ecosystems. Mysids were collected at the southern Baltic Sea coast and exposed in the laboratory to either constant temperature of 15°C or daily temperature fluctuation of 15 ± 5°C. Short‐term (1–2 h) respiration and ingestion rates were measured at four equidistant time points within 24 h and did not differ among time points at constant temperature, but differed among time points in the fluctuating treatment. Respiration was highest at the thermal maximum and lowest at the thermal minimum. Ingestion rates showed the opposite pattern under fluctuation, likely due to differences in underlying thermal performance curves. When temperature transited the average, the direction of temperature change influenced the animals' response in respiration and ingestion rates differently. Our results suggest that respiration is not only instantaneously affected by temperature, but also influenced by the previously experienced direction of thermal change. Our experiment, using an important non‐model organism, delivered new insights on the relationship between the crucial organismal processes ingestion and respiration under thermal variability.

Daily Fluctuation of Planktons Abundance in Percut Sei Tuan Waters, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatera

Plankton is an aquatic biota that lives following the currents in the water. The life of plankton is highly dependent on the water quality in those aquatic environments. The constantly changing physical and chemical conditions of water lead to fluctuations in the abundance of plankton in a water. This study aims to analyze fluctuations in plankton abundance and its correlation with water quality in Percut Sei Tuan Waters. The study was conducted in February and March 2023. Filtration method at 3 stations is the Sampling technique used in this study. The sampling period is carried out in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Data analysis to determine the relationship between variables using Pearson correlation in SPSS version 26. Based on the research results, 42 genera of phytoplankton and 16 genera of zooplankton were found. The highest abundance of phytoplankton was 4.635 Ind/L during the afternoon. The highest abundance of zooplankton was obtained at evening, which was 1.049 Ind/L. This is due to the daily vertical migration of zooplankton and their negative phototactic behavior, while phytoplankton require light for photosynthesis. The research results indicate that the abundance of phytoplankton has a very strong correlation with temperature, light intensity, salinity, TSS, pH, DO, and Nitrate. The abundance of zooplankton is highly correlated with water flow velocity, light intensity, salinity, TSS, TDS, pH, DO, Nitrate, and Phosphate.

Using Ecological Momentary Assessments to Study How Daily Fluctuations in Psychological States Impact Stress, Well-Being, and Health.

Despite great interest in how dynamic fluctuations in psychological states such as mood, social safety, energy, present-focused attention, and burnout impact stress, well-being, and health, most studies examining these constructs use retrospective assessments with relatively long time-lags. Here, we discuss how ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) address methodological issues associated with retrospective reports to help reveal dynamic associations between psychological states at small timescales that are often missed in stress and health research. In addition to helping researchers characterize daily and within-day fluctuations and temporal dynamics between different health-relevant processes, EMAs can elucidate mechanisms through which interventions reduce stress and enhance well-being. EMAs can also be used to identify changes that precede critical health events, which can in turn be used to deliver ecological momentary interventions, or just-in-time interventions, to help prevent such events from occurring. To enable this work, we provide examples of scales and single-item questions used in EMA studies, recommend study designs and statistical approaches that capitalize on EMA data, and discuss limitations of EMA methods. In doing so, we aim to demonstrate how, when used carefully, EMA methods are well poised to greatly advance our understanding of how intrapersonal dynamics affect stress levels, well-being, and human health.

Empirical Analysis of SSE 50 Index Volatility Based on GARCH Model

Volatility is an important index for measuring the risk in the financial market. The research on the volatility of the financial market is the basis of risk prevention and asset pricing. The volatility of the market is predicted by using financial time series analysis and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. This paper uses the 5 min closing price of the Shanghai 50 index from January 2021 to December 2021 as the small sample data, and the daily closing price of the Shanghai 50 index from January 2012 to December 2020 as the large sample data. The large sample data of SSE 50 index are divided into five sample groups with different interval lengths, and GARCH models are established to empirically analyze the volatility of its return. The “realized” volatility method is used to process the small sample data of the Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 index, and the estimated value of volatility is obtained as the substitute for the real value. The predicted value of five groups of data is compared with the real value, and the influence of sample size on the predicted value is analyzed. The results show that GARCH’s estimation coefficient is very significant and has the expected characteristics, which verifies the existence of persistent volatility aggregation, and the daily return fluctuation of the closing price of the Shanghai 50 index is largely affected by the news about volatility and lagging volatility in the previous period. This result shows that the daily return of the Shanghai Stock Exchange 50 index has sustained high volatility, the investment risk of the Shanghai stock market increases, and the regulatory authorities should take appropriate measures to prevent systemic risks.