Cytotoxic Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

In vitro cytotoxic activity of extracts from some Thai medicinal plants against lung cancer cells

In vitro cytotoxic activity of extracts from some Thai medicinal plants against lung cancer cells

In vivo sedative and cytotoxic activities of methanol extract of leaves of Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham.

The present study was designed to investigate the sedative and cytotoxic activities of a crude methanol extract of leaves of Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham. Sedative activity was evaluated by using hole cross, open field and Elevated-Plus Maze (EPM) tests at 400 mg kg(-1) body weight. The crude extract decreased the locomotor activity of mice in hole cross, open field and EPM tests. The cytotoxic activity of this extract was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay where the LC50 value was found to be 55.46 microg mL(-1) as compared to that of 0.451 microg mL(-1) exhibited by standard vincristine sulphate. The result shows that the crude extract of the leaves of C. nurvala have significant (* p < 0.05) sedative and cytotoxic activities.

Assessment of phytochemicals, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of extract and fractions from Fagonia olivieri (Zygophyllaceae).

BackgroundIn Pakistan Fagonia olivieri (Zygophyllaceae) is commonly used in the indigenous system of medicine for treatment of conditions like diabetes, cancer, fever, asthma, toothache, stomach troubles and kidney disorders. This study evaluated the crude methanol extract of F. olivieri (FOM) and its derived fractions for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities as well as the classes of phytochemical.MethodsDried powder of whole plant of F. olivieri was extracted with methanol (FOM) and the resultant was fractionated to give n-hexane fraction (FOH), chloroform fraction (FOC), ethyl acetate fraction (FOE), n-butanol fraction (FOB) and residual aqueous fraction (FOA). Methanol extract and its derived fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard procedures. Also the extract and fractions were assayed for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities using agar well diffusion technique, agar tube dilution method and brine shrimps lethality test, respectively.ResultsThe results obtained for phytochemical analysis indicate the presence of saponins and alkaloids in all the tested extract and fractions while anthraquinones were not detected. The results showed that all the bacterial strains tested in this study were susceptible to at least one of the fractions tested. However, FOE and FOB were the best antibacterial fractions and showed antibacterial activity against maximum number of bacterial strains. The results showed that Escherichia coli was the most sensitive bacterium while Bordetella bronchiseptica and Enterobacter aerogenes were less susceptible against various fractions. Maximum percent inhibition for growth was recorded for the fungus Aspergillus flavus with FOE whereas growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani was inhibited by FOM and its all derived fractions. Minimum LC50 (24.07 mg/L) for brine shrimp assay was recorded for FOE followed by LC50 of FOC (26.1 mg/L) and FOB (30.05 mg/L) whereas maximum LC50 was exhibited by FOH (1533 mg/L).ConclusionThese results indicated the use of F. olivieri to treat infections with emphasis to isolate and characterize the active principle responsible for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities and its exploitation as therapeutic agent.

Cytotoxic activity of extracts from Hypochaeris radicata

Pasture-associated stringhalt is an acquired equine disease characterized by peripheral neuropathy and hyperflexion of the pelvic limbs. The disease occurs most commonly during periods of drought in horses grazing pastures heavily contaminated by Hypochaeris radicata. We hypothesized that stringhalt is caused by neurotoxins elaborated by H. radicata in response to the stress of drought conditions. Supernates were collected from H. radicata that were stressed (or not) by immersion in copper chloride solution, then extracted with ethyl acetate and dried. Dilutions of extracts from stressed (SE) and control, unstressed (UE) plants were incubated with myelinating spinal cord cultures (MSCC) established from fetal Swiss mice, and with spinal ganglion cultures (SGC) and dermal fibroblast cultures derived from neonatal mouse tissues. Cytotoxicity in culture monolayers was evaluated both morphologically by microscopy and by release of lactate dehydrogenase activity into culture supernates. Three different SGC preparations were exposed to a single H. radicata extract and single preparations of fibroblasts and MSCC were exposed to three different extracts. Repin, a plant-derived sesquiterpene lactone neurotoxin, was included as a positive control. Significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity was seen within 24 h in all three culture types when incubated with SE or repin. Complete morphologic destruction of culture monolayers was induced by the highest concentrations tested of SE (100 μg/mL) and repin (30 μg/mL). Cytotoxic effect of SE was significantly greater than that of UE for all three cell types and was not due to copper contamination of the extract. This study has identified a cytotoxic activity in leaf exudates of H. radicata that was upregulated by the model stressor, copper chloride.

Larvicidal and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts From 11 Native Plants From Northeastern Mexico

Of all mosquito-borne viral diseases, dengue is spreading most rapidly worldwide. Conventional chemical insecticides (e.g., organophosphates and carbamates) effectively kill mosquitoes at their larval stage, but are toxic to humans. Natural product-based insecticides may be highly specific. Herein, we report the insecticidal activities of 11 native Mexican plants against Aedes aegypti (L). Ether extracts of Ambrosia confertiflora De Candolle, Thymus vulgaris (L.), and Zanthoxylum fagara (L.), and both ether and methanol extracts of Ruta chalepensis L. were significantly larvicidal toward the dengue mosquito after 24 h of exposure. Of them, only the ether extract of A. confertiflora was toxic to Vero cells. In conclusion, the ether extracts of Thymus vulgaris, Z. fagara, and both ether and methanol extracts of Ruta chalepensis L., could be considered as potential bioinsecticides.

Assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaves

This study evaluated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of extracts with different polarities (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol) obtained from Punica granatum leaves. Total phenolics (8.8-127.3mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight), flavonoids (1.2-76.9mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight), tannins (63.7-260.8mg catechin equivalent/kg dry weight) and anthocyanins (0.41-3.73mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent/g dry weight) of different extracts were evaluated. The methanolic extract presented a good IC50 by DPPH and ABTS assays (5.62 and 1.31mg/l respectively). The strongest 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition activities were obtained for the ethanol extract (IC50 values of 6.20, 14.83 and 2.65mg/l, respectively) and the best cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells was obtained for the methanol extract (IC50=31mg/l). These important biological activities showed that P. granatum leaves could be a potential source of the active molecules intended for applications in pharmaceutical industry, but only after additional in vivo experiments.

Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts from the thermophilic green alga, Cosmarium sp.

Unicellular green algal strains, identified as Cosmarium (Chlorophyta), were isolated from Ain-Echeffa hot spring in north Tunisia. Different extracts (methanol, hexane, acetone, acetone: methanol and water) obtained from both biomass and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) were evaluated for their antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. First, extracts were tested in vitro for eventual antibacterial activities against a collection of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Most extracts (biomass and EPS) showed significant antibacterial effects, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 28 to 85 µg/ml for biomass and 50 to 150 µg/ml for EPS. Moreover, based on the capacity of each sample to scavenge the ABTS radical cation, we revealed that the EPS aqueous extract presented a moderate antioxidant activity (24.97%). Finally, the toxicity of the biomass extracts was evaluated using the brine shrimp Artemia salina, as test organism. All extracts were identified as nontoxic (LC50 > 400 µg/ml).

양제근(Rumex japonicus HOUTT.)분획의 항염증 효과

Objectives : The aim of this study was to authenticate whether fractionated extract of Rumex japonicus HOUTT. (RJ) has anti-inflammatory effects in mouse macrophage, RAW264.7 cells. Methods : Roots of RJ were extracted by methanol for 48hours. The methanol that gained was filtered and freeze dried. The methanol extract was dissolved in water and dichloromethane (DCM). After that, two layers were separated. Ethyl acetate (EA) added to the water layer and separated again. All the layers were filtered and freeze dried and the extracts were tested. Cytotoxic activity of extracts on RAW 264.7 cells was measured using MTS assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured and proinflammatory cytokines and <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX> were measured by ELISA kit. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), I <TEX>${\kappa}$</TEX>-B-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> and nuclear NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> p65 expression were detected by western blot. Results : Our results indicated that DCM and EA extracts of RJ inhibited the LPS-induced NO, <TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX> production and iNOS, COX-2 expression accompanied by an attenuation of TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>, IL-<TEX>$1{\beta}$</TEX> and IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells most effectively. DCM and EA extracts also had suppression effects of LPS-induced NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> and MAPKs activation. Conclusions : This results demonstrate that fractionated extract of RJ has anti-inflammatory effects and among the fractioned extract, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extract have best anti-inflammatory effects.

Cytotoxic activity of Agave lechuguilla Torr

The cytotoxic activity of extract and isolated saponin from leaves of Agave lechuguilla was investigated. Ethanol extract from leaves of A. lechuguill a exhibited cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) = 89 μg/ml). Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract had led to the isolation of 5-β steroidal saponin with an IC 50 value against HeLa cells of 78 μg/ml. Neither the extract nor saponin showed significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells (IC 50 > 150 μg/ml). The extract and isolated saponins were tested for their cytotoxicity against Vero cells, where they showed IC 50 values of 126, 171.6 and 172.2 μg/ml, respectively. Key words : Agave lechuguilla, cytotoxicity, plant extract, saponin.

Cytotoxic activity of ethanol extracts of in vitro grown Cistus creticus subsp. creticus L. on human cancer cell lines

Cistus creticus subsp. creticus is a native plant of the Mediterranean region and it has been used since ancient times for its medicinal properties. The leaves secrete labdane type diterpenes that exhibit considerable antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. However there are no data about implementation of in vitro culture of C. creticus in order to obtain applicable production of labdane diterpenes. We successfully established in vitro culture of shoots and roots on solid or liquid MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium without addition of plant growth regulators. GC/FID and GC/MS detections were used to carry out characterization of ethanol extracts of shoots and roots from in vitro culture. Labdane diterpenes were the most abundant compounds in shoot extract, but absent from the root extract. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of C. creticus shoot and root ethanol extracts were also determined. In order to evaluate possible cytotoxic activity of extracts, sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was performed on five human cancer cell lines. Only shoot extract had cytotoxic activity on HeLa (cervix), MDA-MB-453 (breast) and FemX (melanoma) cancer cells with IC50 reaching 80.83μg/ml (HeLa), 76.18μg/ml (MDA-MB-453), and 87.52μg/ml (FemX) respectively. This is the first report of cytotoxic effect of labdane diterpenes from Cistus on HeLa cells.

Cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of leaf extracts of Astragalus gombiformis Pomel (Fabaceae) growing wild in Tunisia

Many species of the genus Astragalus have been long used in folk medicine because of their biological properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of extracts from the leaves of wild Astragalus gombiformis Pomel. Antibacterial activity was assayed against several common human pathogenic bacterial strains using the paper disk-agar diffusion method. Cytotoxicity was measured against human lung carcinoma cells using the colorimetric MTT assay. The strongest cytotoxic activity against the human A549 lung epithelial carcinoma cell line was detected for dichloromethane extracts at IC_{50} = 85 ± 21.7 µg/mL. The best incubation time for this extract was 48 h. Most of the tested extracts were active against the tested bacterial strains. The methanol extract was found to be the most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium. This study is the first report on the biological activity of leaf extracts of Astragalus gombiformis with respect to antibacterial activity as well as cytotoxicity.

Preliminary Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts from &lt;i&gt;Actinidia macrosperma&lt;/i&gt;

The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and aqueous successive extracts from the stems of Actinidia macrosperma C. F. Liang have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro using the disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). General toxicity of these extracts has also been assessed by brine shrimp lethality assay. The chloroform extract exhibited the most significant antimicrobial (MIC in the range of 60–500μg/ml, MBC in the range of 150–1000μg/ml, MFC in the range of 170–600μg/ml) and cytotoxic activities (LC50=16.82μg/ml at 24 hours).

Preliminary Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts from &lt;i&gt;Actinidia macrosperma&lt;/i&gt;

The petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and aqueous successive extracts from the stems of Actinidia macrosperma C. F. Liang have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro using the disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). General toxicity of these extracts has also been assessed by brine shrimp lethality assay. The chloroform extract exhibited the most significant antimicrobial (MIC in the range of 60–500μg/ml, MBC in the range of 150–1000μg/ml, MFC in the range of 170–600μg/ml) and cytotoxic activities (LC50=16.82μg/ml at 24 hours).

In vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of extracts from the stem barks of Berlinia confusa (C. Hoyle) and identification of its active constituents

Phytochemical investigation of EtOAc extract from the stem bark of Berlinia confusa yielded a new and two known polysaturated monoacylglycerides characterised as 1-O-docosanoyl-sn-glyceride (3), 1-O-(13-methyltetradecanoyl)-sn-glycerol (4) and 1-O-pentadecacanoyl-sn-glycerol (5); along with the known compounds betulinic acid (1) and sitosteryl-β-d-glucoside (2). The structures of these compounds were elucidated using analytical methods, including 1D and 2D-NMR together with MS spectroscopy. The extracts and isolated compounds demonstrated concentration-dependent anthelmintic activities against Fusciola gigantica (liver flukes) and Taenia solium (tapeworm) at 10–100mg/ml. The extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a small panel of three human tumour cell lines.

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extracts of leaf and fruit parts of the plant Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae)

This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of extracts from leaf and fruit parts of the plant Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae). Methanol was used as solvent and antibacterial effect was measured using disc diffusion test. The susceptibility of the microorganisms to the extracts of this plant was compared with standard antibiotic kanamycin. Fruit extract exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to leaf extract. The antimicrobial activity was highest for the fruit extract against the Gram-negative Salmonella paratyphi (23.0 ± 0.50 mm) and the Grampositive Bacillus megaterium (19.0 ± 0.40 mm) bacteria, somewhat weaker against the Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, while with the leaf extract poor activity was observed against all 12 bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined and it was found that the fruit extract was more potent against Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibro parahemolyticus. The cytotoxic activity of fruit extract was found highly potent (12.96 μg/ml) where as the leaf also showed significant activity (92.51 μg/ml).

In vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Extracts and Isolated Constituents of Salvia leriifoliaBenth. against a Panel of Human Cancer Cell Lines

In the course of recent efforts to identify new potential antiproliferative active principles, Salvia leriifolia extracts and isolated constituents were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines, including renal adenocarcinoma (ACHN), amelanotic melanoma (C32), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), lung large cell carcinoma (COR-L23), malignant melanoma (A375), lung carcinoma (A549), and hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7D12) cells. The hexane and CH(2) Cl(2) extracts showed the strongest cytotoxic activity against the C32 cell line with IC(50) values of 11.2 and 13.6 μg/ml, respectively, and the AcOEt extract was the most active extract against the COR-L23 cell line (IC(50) of 20.9 μg/ml). Buchariol, a sesquiterpene obtained by biofractionation of the CH(2) Cl(2) extract, exhibited a higher activity than the positive control vinblastine against the C32 and A549 cell lines (IC(50) values of 2.1 and 12.6 μM, resp.). Interesting results were also obtained for naringenin, a flavonoid isolated from the AcOEt extract, which exhibited a strong cytotoxic activity against the C32, LNCaP, and COR-L23 cell lines (IC(50) values of 2.2, 7.7, and 33.4 μM, resp.), compared to vinblastine (IC(50) values of 3.3, 32.2, 50.0 μM, resp.). None of the tested compounds affected the proliferation of skin fibroblasts (142BR), suggesting a selective activity against tumor cells.

Cytotoxicity activity of extracts and compounds from Commiphora myrrha resin against human gynecologic cancer cells

The purpose of this report is to explore the cytotoxicity effects of extracts and compounds from Commiphora myrrha resin on human gynecologic cancer cells. The results showed that AE (85% EtOH extract), and petroleum ether extract (PE) from C. myrrha significantly inhibited cell proliferation of A2780, SK-OV-3, and Shikawa with dose-dependent relation in vitro. The inhibitory effects of AE and PE on A2708 cell were strongest and the IC50s were 15.8 and 26.91 µg/ml, respectively. The IC50s of AE and PE on Shikawa cell lines were 20.73 and 26.63 µg/ml respectively. Furthermore, nine compounds were isolated and identified from bio-activity guided separation fraction, and were determined the cytotoxicity activity on A2780, SK-OV-3, SiHa cells and Shikawa cells. Compounds 1- 4, 6 and 7 are isolated from this genus for the first time. The compound 6 and 7 exhibited obvious cytotoxicty effects on A2780, SK-OV-3, and Shikawa cancer cells with dose-dependent relationship. The antiprolifirative activity of compound 6 on A2780 cells was most obviously with IC50 46.89 µM. The compound 7 with IC50 26.93 µM inhibited cell growth of SK-OV-3 cells. The determined compounds have never shown antiproliferative activities on SiHa cells. These findings suggested that extracts and compounds from myrrh could be useful for preventing and treating human gynecologic cancer disease. Key words: Commiphora myrrha, cytotoxicity activity, human gynecologic cancer cell lines.

Antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of extracts from Cistus incanus L. and Cistus monspeliensis L. on human prostate cell lines

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is a common condition in elderly men that impairs quality of life and leads to a number of medical complications. The use of phytotherapeutic compounds in patients with relatively moderate BPH symptoms has been growing steadily. In the present study, acute toxicity of lyophilised aqueous extracts of Cistus incanus L. and Cistus monspeliensis L., collected in Sicily, was evaluated on the shrimp (Artemia salina L.) lethality assay, an alternative test to determine the toxicity of natural products. The cytotoxic and growth inhibitory effects were studied on normal human prostate cells (PZ-HPV-7 and PNT1A) and on a lung fibroblast cell line (V79-4). Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT and SRB assays. Cytotoxicity was measured using the Trypan blue exclusion assay. Cistus extract treatment on prostate cell lines resulted in an almost identical growth inhibitory response and in a significant decrease in an cell viability. These findings indicate the biologically relevant effect of polyphenolic compounds present in Cistus extracts, and suggest that these substances may prove beneficial in BPH treatment.

Leishmanicidal and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts and Naturally-Occurring Compounds from two Lauraceae Species

The in vitro leishmanicidal effects of ethanolic extracts and fifteen naturally-occurring compounds (five lignans, eight neolignans, a diterpene and a dihydrochalcone), obtained from Pleurothyrium cinereum and Ocotea macrophylla, were evaluated on promastigotes of Leishmania panamensis and L. braziliensis. In addition, in order to determine the selective action on Leishmania species as a safety principle, in vitro cytotoxicity on J774 cells was also evaluated for test compounds and extracts. One extract and seven compounds showed activity against Leishmania parasites at different levels. Dihydroflavokawin B (8) was found to be the most potent antileishmanial compound on both parasites, whilst (+)-otobaphenol (14), was found to be the most selective compound on L. panamensis.

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of medicinal plants of the Brazilian cerrado, using Brazilian cachaça as extractor liquid

Many species of plants in the Brazilian cerrado (savanna) are widely used in ethnomedicine. However, the safety and effectiveness of medicinal plants used in communities with little or no access to manufactured drugs should be evaluated. Evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of extracts from eight plant species, obtained using Brazilian cachaça as the extractor liquid. The extracts were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, and poliovirus. In addition, cytotoxic activity was assayed in Vero cells and in human erythrocytes. The plant species Curatella americana, Sclerolobium aureum, and Plathymenia reticulata showed the best activity against yeasts, especially the crude extract of C. americana and its ethyl-acetate fraction. Kielmeyera lathrophyton showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 μg/ml against S. aureus, and was inactive against gram-negative bacteria. The extract obtained from Annona coriacea showed the best activity against the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC(50)=175 μg/ml). Only C. americana showed potential for antipoliovirus activity. The concentrations of the crude extracts that showed toxicity to VERO cells had CC(50) between 31 and 470 μg/ml, and the lyophilized Brazilian cachaça showed a CC(50) of 307 μg/ml. None of the extracts showed toxicity against human erythrocytes. Among the plant species studied, C. americana proved to be effective against microorganisms, especially as an antifungal. The results will help in the search for alternative drugs to be used in pharmacotherapy, and will contribute to establish safe and effective use of phytomedicines in the treatment of infectious diseases.