Background: Fluid cytology plays a pivotal role in the evaluation of serous effusions and other body fluids. It offers a minimally invasive, cost-effective, and rapid diagnostic tool for identifying a wide spectrum of benign and malignant conditions. Despite being a vital part of diagnostic pathology, the utility and diagnostic spectrum of cytological examination in body fluids remain underexplored in certain regional healthcare settings, such as Bihar. Objective: To assess the diagnostic utility, spectrum of cytological findings, and the distribution of benign versus malignant cases in various body fluids (pleural, peritoneal, and cerebrospinal fluid) over a one-year period at a tertiary care hospital in Bihar. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, over a period of 12 months (August 2024 to July 2025). A total of 125 fluid samples were included, comprising pleural, peritoneal, and cerebrospinal fluids received in the cytology section. All samples were processed using standard centrifugation, smear preparation, and staining techniques (Papanicolaou, Giemsa, and H&E where needed). Cytological findings were categorized into benign, suspicious, and malignant categories. Results: Out of the 125 fluid samples analyzed, 102 (81.6%) were diagnosed as benign/reactive, 13 (10.4%) were malignant, and 10 (8%) were suspicious for malignancy. Among malignant cases, adenocarcinoma was the most frequently identified malignancy, predominantly involving pleural fluid. The diagnostic yield was highest for pleural effusions, followed by ascitic and cerebrospinal fluids. Cytological examination provided significant diagnostic clues in cases of suspected malignancy and infection, thus aiding in clinical decision-making. Conclusion: Fluid cytology is an indispensable diagnostic modality in the assessment of body fluids. Its noninvasive nature, combined with reasonable accuracy, makes it a valuable first-line investigation. In resource-constrained settings like Bihar, it proves to be both practical and cost-effective, especially in early detection of malignancies and infectious diseases.

Introduction: The Pap smear is a procedure used to collect cells from the cervix to screen for cancerous and dysplastic precancerous cells under a microscope. Internal quality control refers to the measures taken within a laboratory to ensure the accuracy, reliability and consistency of cytology results. It ensures that the technical quality of products in the preanalytical and analytical phases meets pre-established tolerance limits. Aim: To assess the quality indicators of the preanalytical and analytical phases of cervical Pap smear cytology in order to evaluate Non Conformity (NC) through root cause analysis for appropriate corrective and preventive measures. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in the cytology section of the Department of Pathology at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute in Puducherry, India, planned and executed over a period of twelve months, starting in June 2023 and concluding in May 2024. The study cohort comprised 366 female patients who underwent Papanicolaou (Pap) smear testing as a routine screening test, systematically recruited from both the Outpatient (OP) clinics and the inpatient wards of the study Institute. Grading was performed for each parameter in the preanalytical and analytical phases using the Visual Analogue Scoring System (VASS). The grades used were: 3 - Good satisfactory smears; 2 - Extended time in fixative, average nuclear and cytoplasmic staining; 1 - Drying artefacts, air bubbles; and 0 - Inadequate smears, no clinicopathological correlation. Results: A total of 366 cases were studied and the study demonstrated strong adherence to quality standards, with 94.2% correct slide labelling and 98% excellence in fixation and transportation processes. Findings from the analytical phase revealed that 83% of smears were of excellent quality, with a swift Turnaround Time (TAT) of 90% processed within 24 hours and a clinicopathological correlation rate of 73.49%. Interobserver variation was minimal, with a 96.17% agreement among pathologists. The study identified significant preanalytical errors, primarily due to human factors. The quality indicators met grade 3 in the majority of the samples, indicating robust diagnostic reliability. Grades 0, 1 and 2 in all parameters were categorised as NC and were evaluated for root cause analysis, followed by appropriate corrective and preventive measures. Conclusion: Standardised protocols and continuous training can minimise variability and enhance the quality of smear preparation, fixation and staining, thereby ensuring that high standards are consistently met. The study proposes VASS as a validated benchmark system for evaluating the quality aspects of cytological smears. Additionally, focusing on value-added activities will optimise resource utilisation and enhance overall efficiency.

Objective: To explore the impact of peritoneal cytology (PC) test results on prognosis in patients with uterine serous carcinoma (USC). Methods: Medical record information including history of tubal ligation and preoperative hysteroscopy, pathology, surgery, adjuvant therapy, etc. of USC patients admitted to the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from January 2004 to December 2020 was retrospectively collected and the cytological sections of PC were reviewed. Positive peritoneal cytology (PPC) patients were classified as PPC group while negative peritoneal cytology (NPC) patients were NPC group. The survival analyses were performed by Kaplan Meier method and prognostic factors of USC patients were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: A total of 147 USC patients were included, aged [M(Q1,Q3)] 60 (54, 64) years. There were 43 cases (29.3%) in the PPC group and 104 cases (70.7%) in the NPC group. The follow-up time was [M(Q1,Q3)] 60 (34, 73) months, with 52 cases of USC recurrence and 30 patients deaths. The 5-year progression free survival rate was 66.5% and the 5-year overall survival rate was 79.2%. Both 5-year progression free survival rate (41.2% vs 77.0%) and 5-year overall survival rate (58.6% vs 87.1%) were lower in PPC group than those in NPC group (both P<0.001). In 102 patients without pelvic abdominal involvement (stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and stage Ⅲ patients with only lymph node metastasis), PPC was associated with USC recurrence (HR=4.191, 95%CI: 1.729-10.165) and USC patients death (HR=4.306, 95%CI: 1.351-13.731). Among 45 patients with pelvic abdominal involvement, PPC was not associated with USC recurrence (HR=1.450, 95%CI: 0.637-3.303) or patient death (HR=1.520, 95%CI: 0.488-4.730). Conclusions: In USC patients, compared with NPC, PPC patients have poorer prognosis. PPC is a factor for prognosis in USC patients without pelvic abdominal involvement.

Cytological examination of pleural fluid has good specificity for the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). (1). To study the incidence of non-neoplastic and neoplastic effusions; (2). To study most common cause of neoplastic effusions.This study is an Observational retrospective study that was conducted from April 2021 to October 2022 (1.5 years). This study was conducted in the Cytology section, Pathology Department, of a tertiary care centre, Gujarat, India. A total of 248 pleural fluid samples were studied among them 186 were benign effusions, 48 were malignant effusions, 10 cases were unsatisfactory for evaluation and 4 cases were suspicious for malignancy.A descriptive study was performed to know the incidence of benign and malignant effusion in the pleural fluid sample. Pneumonia was the most common clinical diagnosis followed by tuberculosis and malignancy. Lung was the most common primary site for pleural effusion. In females, ovarian carcinoma was the primary aetiology followed by breast carcinoma. Cytodiagnosis of pleural fluid represents the cell population from a much larger representative area than obtained from the needle biopsy.

Background Breast lump is the common presentation of various breast lesions. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is becoming popular as screening and diagnostic method for breast lesions due to its high sensitivity, specificity, low expenditure, conveniency and safety. The aim is to evaluate the demographic distribution and cytological diagnosis of breast lesions and correlate cytological diagnosis with histopathological diagnosis. Methods The present retrospective study was conducted on patients of breast lesion at Cytology Section, Pathology Department of Sir T General Hospital, Bhavnagar from 1st July 2021 to 30th June 2022. Data of FNAC findings of breast lump lesions from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2020 was collected from reporting registers and statistical analysis was done. Result Data of 284 cases was available. Of which, 208 (73.23%) cases were diagnosed as benign of which Fibroadenoma was the most common, found in 116 (40.8%) cases with majority of the patients in 21- 40 year age group. Malignant lesions were found in 76 (26.76%) cases, of which Ductal carcinoma was the most common with 52 (18.30%) cases. Data of 64 cases were available for histopathological correlation. Sensitivity of FNAC was found to be 97.36% and specificity 100%. Conclusion As FNAC is a simple, easy, OPD based, cost effective procedure with high accuracy in diagnosis of breast lumps it should be used as preliminary investigation for early diagnosis of malignant lesions which can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with malignancy.

Background Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a reliable, safe and simple diagnostic technique which is being implemented in diagnosing palpable and/or visible lesions in the body. This study was conducted for evaluating the role of FNAC as a routine screening/diagnostic tool in a spectrum of orbital and periorbital lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of FNAC in orbital and periorbital lesions. Methods A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Cytology section, Department of Pathology, RIMS for a period of 10 years from April 2013 to May 2022. A total of 95 cases with orbital and periorbital lesions were inducted in the study through purposive sampling. FNAC procedure was done using 10cc/20cc syringe with 23G/22G needle with or without a Cameco handle. Slides were stained using MGG (May-Grunwald Giemsa) and Pap (Papanicolaou) stains followed by their microscopic examination. Demographic parameters such as age and gender as well as clinical parameters such as size, site and duration of the lesion were analyzed. Result The mean age of patients was found to be 33 years with a slight male predominance (54 patients; 56.84%). The adequacy of FNAC was 96.82%. Epidermal Inclusion Cyst (30 cases; 31.58%) was the commonest lesion. Five cases (5; 5.26%) were malignant on cytopathology. By applying Kappa statistics, a near perfect agreement (k=0.86) between FNAC and histopathology was observed, being statistically significant, p=0.01 (&lt;0.05). Conclusion: In our study, a high concordance/agreement was observed for the neoplastic lesions, thereby establishing FNAC as a useful tool for screening as well as diagnosing orbital and periorbital lesions. It surrogates other invasive procedures, eliminating complications in nonresectable or inapproachable lesions.

Background: FNAC is an outpatient procedure and has gained importance in mass screening programs. Staining procedure like MGG and Pap is time-consuming and needs trained persons. So there is a need for a staining procedure that is quick and easy to do. In this regard, LG cocktail has been suggested in many kinds of literature. LG cocktail is a combination of both Leishman and Giemsa stains, which has the advantage of both stains.Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study at department of pathology, VSSIMSAR Burla. A total of 153 cases were studied from the cytology section. The slides were simultaneously stained with MGG and LG cocktail. The slides were viewed and scored independently by different pathologists. Quality Index (QI) was calculated by dividing this score by the maximum score possible.Result: Quality index of LG cocktail stain is 0.77 compared to MGG Quality Index 0.61. LG cocktail is better than MGG Stain overall staining quality, cytoplasmic and nuclear staining, and staining of background material.Conclusion: LG cocktail has better QI than MGG stain. Thus the use of LG cocktail in cytological staining may increase the overall efficacy by saving time and decreasing the manpower need. These two advantages can help us in mass screening programs and its use in the crowded out-patient department.

Introduction: Cytological evaluation of body cavity fluids has been widely employed in diagnosing the underlying aetiology. Differentiating reactive mesothelial cell proliferations from metastatic malignant cells based on cytomorphology alone is challenging. Therefore, the use of cell blocks in conjunction with immunocytochemistry can significantly improve diagnostic accuracy. Aim: To investigate the role of cell blocks and immunocytochemistry in distinguishing malignant from non- malignant effusion fluids. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 serous effusion fluid samples (ascitic and pleural fluids) received in the Cytology section of the Pathology Department from October 2021 to November 2022. Relevant clinical details, including demographic information, age, gender, presenting complaints, and radiological and laboratory investigations, were documented from the patients’ medical records. All fluids underwent conventional cytology, and the remaining fluid was used for cell block preparations. Immunocytochemistry was performed using Ber-EP4 and Calretinin immuno-markers to differentiate between reactive mesothelial cells and malignant cells. The association between cytosmear/cell block and immunocytochemistry was calculated using the chi-square test. Results: Out of the 70 cases, 44 were pleural fluids, and 26 were ascitic fluids. Conventional cytology identified 11 positive cases, 20 suspicious cases, and 39 negative cases for malignancy. However, after cell block examination, the total number of positive cases reduced to 9, suspicious cases decreased to 12, and negative cases increased to 49, resulting in a 14.3% increase in diagnostic accuracy. Immunocytochemistry using Ber-EP4 showed strong positivity in 12 cases, indicating epithelial malignancy (adenocarcinoma), while 9 cases were Ber-EP4 negative. Calretinin positivity was observed in the mesothelial cells of all 21 cases where immunohistochemistry was performed, resulting in a 17.5% increase in diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: The combination of cell block technique with conventional cytology improves the diagnostic yield and accuracy by providing better interpretation of architectural patterns and cytomorphology. Additionally, the application of immunocytochemistry using Ber-EP4 and Calretinin aids in distinguishing malignant from non-malignant serous effusions.

Background: The occurrence of breast cancer is increasing worldwide with peak incidence occurring above the age of 50 years in developed countries, whereas in india, it is above the age of 40. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a quick, easy, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for breast disease, and also helpful to differentiate between various benign and malignant lesions of breast. Aims and Objectives: (1) to assess the usefulness of Modified Masood’s Scoring Index (MMSI) in breast cytology. (2) To study cytohistopathological correlation in breast lesions. After the FNAC of breast lesion, classify the breast lesion based on MMSI and histopathology. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based prospective study was conducted between March 2021 and September 2022 on 183 patients who were referred for FNAC from the surgery department to the cytology section of the Pathology Department at Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College Hospital in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Results: In our study, the largest group of cases (45.90%) was in the 20–39 age range, with a mean age of 37±14.65. The majority of cases (60.6%) belonged to category II (proliferative breast disease [PBD] without atypia) with a mean MMSI score of 11.35±5.55. The cytological findings showed a correlation of 98.20% with MMSI in category II and 88.68% in category IV, while the histopathological findings showed a correlation of 89.52% with MMSI category II and 98.15% with MMSI category IV. Fibroadenoma (FA) was the most common finding on histopathological examination, accounting for 120 cases (65.6%). Conclusion: The MMSI is an effective tool to complement cytomorphological diagnosis in breast lesions, including PBD with or without atypia and carcinomas. It is particularly valuable in the early management and prognosis of patients, as treatment options can vary based on the MMSI score.

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the sixth-year dental students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences regarding the principles of oral biopsy and cytology.&#x0D; Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was concocted on 70 of the final year dental students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2021. The data was collected in the census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the first part of which included demographic information (n=3) and the second part related to students' knowledge (n=10) and performance (n=4) of the principles of biopsy and oral cytology. Before distributing the questionnaire, its validity and reliability were confirmed. The data was entered into SPSS24 software and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Independent sample t-test were used to analyze the data.&#x0D; Results: The mean and (±SD) of the age of the students was 24.84 ± 1.72 years and 31 (44.3%) were men. The mean (±SD) scores of students' knowledge and performance of biopsy were 4.41 (±1.12) and 0.68 (±0.60), respectively. Also, students' knowledge and performance regarding oral cytology were 0.51 (±0.63) and 0.47 (±0.58), respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship between gender and age variables with knowledge and performance levels in the biopsy and cytology sections (P-Value&gt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study showed students' knowledge and performance of oral biopsy was moderate, while their knowledge and performance of oral cytology was very poor, therefore, it seems necessary to provide solutions to increase students' knowledge and performance.

Background and Aim: The Paris System (TPS) for Reporting Urine Cytology was introduced to bring uniformity in reporting urine cytology worldwide. The aim of this study is to assess the utility of TPS for Reporting Urine Cytology and correlate it with histopathology. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study, conducted at the cytology section of department of pathology. All the urine cytology samples received over a period of 2 years were retrieved and categorized as per TPS. The frequency of each TPS category along with relative risk for each category was calculated using the histopathological follow-up, wherever available. Results: A total of 200 urine cytology samples from 172 patients were categorized as per TPS. The most common category was negative for high grade urothelial carcinoma (UC) (61.5%; n = 123) followed by unsatisfactory for evaluation (15%; n = 30) and positive for high grade UC (HGUC) (10%; n = 20). There were 13 cases in category of suspicious for HGUC, 11 cases in atypical urothelial cell category, 2 cases in other malignancies, and one case in positive for low-grade UC. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing HGUC on cytology according to TPS were 92.86%, 100%, 100%, 60%, and 85.29%, respectively. Conclusions: TPS has definitely helped us to categorize the urine cytology samples with the objective criteria and thus reducing unnecessary ambiguous diagnoses and ultimately directing the correct management of the patient.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide after breast cancer, and in developing countries, the leading cause of death by cancer. It is one of the most preventable and curable of all cancers. The Pap smear is the standard screening tool used to test for the presence of abnormal cells that could become cancerous. A regular Pap smear provides an opportunity to detect pre-cancerous cells in the cervix. The simplicity, effectiveness and versatility of Pap test have made it an integral part of routine clinical examination and large chunk of workload in gynaecological and pathological practice is due to this test. Aims and Objectives: To establish usefulness of pap smears examination as a diagnostic tool for detection of cervical lesions. Material and Method: In present study results of 400 PAP smears are analysed, which had been examined in cytology section (Department Of Pathology, M.P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar) during 1 years (July 2021 to July 2022). Out of 400 pap smear 250 patients were undergone cervical biopsy or hysterectomy. So the final sample size is 250. The conventional cervical smears were fixed by 100% methanol and stained by Pap method (RAPID-PAP). The cytological smears were reported using Bethesda System 2001. The cervical biopsies or hysterectomy specimens received from the same patients were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and processed with embedding in paraffin blocks and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain. The histopathological findings and Pap smear findings were correlated and histopathological diagnosis of biopsies were taken as the gold standard. Result: In present study most common complain was irregular menstrual bleeding followed by lower abdominal pain. Out of 250 pap smears maximum patient belong to 41-50 years and were multipara. Maximum cases were reported as NILM (60%), followed by ASCUS (15.2%), LSIL (12%), HSIL (8%), squamous cell carcinoma (4.8%). On histopathology, 47.6% cases were diagnosed as chronic cervicitis, 23.2% cases as chronic cervicitis with squamous metaplasia, CIN I (17.2%), CIN II (4.4%), CIN III (2.8%), squamous cell carcinoma (4.8%). Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value is 95.8%, 83%, 70%, 98% respectively. Conclusion: Pap smear is a simple cheap safe and practical diagnostic tool for early detection of cervical cancer in high risk group population and therefore should be established as a routine screening procedure.

Cell block method for assessment of body fluids, effusions, material obtained from FNA’s is simple, inexpensive and overcomes the pitfalls of conventional cytology such as atypical metaplasia, crowding of cells, reparative changes and staining artifactThis retrospective study was done from October 2020 to February 2021 at tertiary care hospital. Various samples of body fluids (peritoneal, pleural, cererbrospinal fluid, bronchial wash, synovial fluids, pus, endometrial aspirate, sputum, urine received in cytology section studied. The cell blocks by formalin and plasma-thrombin methods are prepared and compared with each other and comparison of their diagnostic accuracy with diagnostic accuracy of conventional smear method On comparison of formalin and plasma-thrombin methods, the median score of plasma-thrombin method is 5 while that of formalin based method is 4. The diagnostic accuracy of plasma-thrombin method is 69.23% and that of formalin based method is 68.19%The cell block helps in providing additional cellular details and nuclear features when studied in conjunction with conventional smear. The plasma thrombin method provides better cellular details but in low cost setting it is not cost effective. Formalin method is both cost effective and handy.

Lymphadenopathy is a sign of underlying infection, primary or metastatic malignancy. Fine-needle aspiration is a simple and reliable tool for its initial investigation. To analyse the cytomorphological features of malignant lymph node lesions and to determine the frequency of different lymph node malignancies. It was an observational, retrospective study conducted in the cytology section of Department of Pathology, Govt. Medical College, Jammu. It included lymph node aspirates that were reported as malignant. May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) and Papanicolaou (PAP) stained smears were examined under light microscope and the cytological features were studied. A total of 97 malignant lymph node aspirates were included in this study. Metastatic malignancy accounted for maximum number of cases (78, 80.4%) followed by lymphoma (19, 19.6%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common metastatic malignancy and also the most frequently diagnosed malignant lesion in our study (42, 43.3%). Cervical lymph nodes were the most commonly aspirated lymph nodes.FNAC of lymph nodes is a simple and valuable tool in the diagnosis of lymph node malignancies.

Squamous-cell carcinoma of the mouth accounts for 90% of all oral cancers and despite advances in treatment methods, its 5-year survival rate is reported to be about 68%. This is due to the late diagnosis of the disease and its resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments. One of the methods for diagnosing oral lesions is exfoliative cytology, which is a noninvasive method and can be easily carried out in a dental office. The purpose of this study is to find a method that in addition to being fast, accurate and less aggressive has high value and a good degree of accuracy for diagnosis of oral squamous-cell carcinoma. In this descriptive-analytical study, 14 patients who were diagnosed with oral squamous-cell carcinoma and 14 specimens from exfoliative cytology of the same tissue before surgery were examined. Immunohistochemically stained specimens were examined by two pathologists simultaneously. Next, five nonoverlapping sections with magnification (×400) and the number of cells stained with the cytokeratin marker 17 are counted and the average percentage of each slide is determined. One-sample t-test is used to analyze the data and significance level in tests is considered 0.05. In examining the diagnostic value of cytology, we concluded that out of 280 affected cells, 211 cells were stained. Therefore, the sensitivity of cytology in the diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma of the mouth is 75.4%. In other words, cytology correctly identifies 75.4% of affected cells as affected. Also, the positive predictive value of cytology was 100%.

Background: Benign and malignant lesions of breast are one of the most common causes of palpable masses seen in women. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the important modality of diagnosis of breast lumps. Previously, there were no uniform criteria for reporting breast FNAC. To overcome this problem, the newly designed system – International Academy of Cytology (IAC) – Yokohama system of reporting was implemented in 2016. The system offers a structured report to the patient. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to categorize breast FNAC according to the IAC – Yokohama system of reporting, to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of the test, and to analyze the cytomorphological spectrum of various breast lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 patients presenting with breast lump in cytology section were subjected to FNAC using a 22 gauge needle under all aseptic precautions. Detailed clinical history was taken. All cytology and histopathology examination slides (wherever available) were thoroughly studied. FNAC smears were reported using IAC – Yokohama system of reporting. Results: In our study, benign category (C2) was most commonly seen in 73.33% of cases, followed by 10.48% of cases of atypical probably benign (C3), 2.38% of cases were reported as suspicious (C4), and 11.43% of cases were reported as malignant (C5). Cytohistopathological concordance was seen in 38 cases (88.4%) whereas five cases were reported as discordant. Sensitivity and specificity of the test for the diagnosis of malignancy were 81% and 100%, respectively. PPV was 100%. NPV was 90.90%. Diagnostic accuracy of the test was 93.47%. Conclusion: The newer IAC – Yokohama system of reporting of breast FNAC is simple, has clear diagnostic criteria hence boost up the confidence as well has uniformity of reporting by cytopathologist, and increases the understanding and uniformity in assessment by the attending clinician which help in improving the communication between the pathologist and the treating clinician.

Background: Benign and malignant lesions of breast are one of the most common causes of palpable masses seen in women. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the important modality of diagnosis of breast lumps. Previously, there were no uniform criteria for reporting breast FNAC. To overcome this problem, the newly designed system – International Academy of Cytology (IAC) – Yokohama system of reporting was implemented in 2016. The system offers a structured report to the patient. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to categorize breast FNAC according to the IAC – Yokohama system of reporting, to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of the test, and to analyze the cytomorphological spectrum of various breast lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 patients presenting with breast lump in cytology section were subjected to FNAC using a 22 gauge needle under all aseptic precautions. Detailed clinical history was taken. All cytology and histopathology examination slides (wherever available) were thoroughly studied. FNAC smears were reported using IAC – Yokohama system of reporting. Results: In our study, benign category (C2) was most commonly seen in 73.33% of cases, followed by 10.48% of cases of atypical probably benign (C3), 2.38% of cases were reported as suspicious (C4), and 11.43% of cases were reported as malignant (C5). Cytohistopathological concordance was seen in 38 cases (88.4%) whereas five cases were reported as discordant. Sensitivity and specificity of the test for the diagnosis of malignancy were 81% and 100%, respectively. PPV was 100%. NPV was 90.90%. Diagnostic accuracy of the test was 93.47%. Conclusion: The newer IAC – Yokohama system of reporting of breast FNAC is simple, has clear diagnostic criteria hence boost up the confidence as well has uniformity of reporting by cytopathologist, and increases the understanding and uniformity in assessment by the attending clinician which help in improving the communication between the pathologist and the treating clinician.

Background: The International Academy of Cytology (IAC) has established standardizedapproach for reporting breast FNAC by categorizing lesions in a five-tier system from C1 to C5. Materials and Methods: From May 2020 to April 2021, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the cytology section of the Department of Pathology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur. Results: The current study involved 335 cases of breast FNAC, with a maximum of 333 (99.40%) females and 2 (0.60%) males. Maximum cases were in the age range of 21-40 years. There were 79 (23.60%) cases in C1 (Insufficient) category, C2 (Benign) had 177 (52.80%) cases, C3 (Atypical) had 9 (2.70%) cases, C4 (Suspicious) had 16 (4.80%) cases, and C5 (Malignant) had 54 (16.10%) cases respectively. Fibroadenoma was the most prevalent benign lesion in our analysis, accounting for 45 of the 177 benign cases, whereas ductal carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion.In a total of 92 cases where histology was examined, 86 cases were found to be compatible with the cytological diagnosis. In a triple assessment, 103 (78.03%) of the 132 cases were concordant in the benign group, only 1 (12.50%) case showed concordance in the atypia category, and 21 (39.62%) of the 53 cases showed concordance in the suspicious or malignant category. The Risk Of Malignancy (ROM) was calculated as follows: inadequate 0%, benign 0%, atypia 0%, suspicious for malignancy 71.43%, and malignant 97.56% for each group. Conclusion: This system is a valuable tool for breast cancer patient diagnosis and care. It also simplifies clinical audits and aids in improved coordination between pathologists, hospitals, and institutes.

Introduction: Away from diagnostic importance, urinary tract endoscopy is a painful, expensive and time consuming procedure. Now a time, The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPSRUC) has lead to prime changes in the perspective of assessment in urine cytology and pattern of reporting. Our focus in this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing The Paris system in reporting urinary cytology and correlating with follow up histopathological evaluation. Patients &amp; Method: It is a Retrospective study of 6 months duration, from January 2021 to June 2021 using 156 urine samples in Cytology section, Department of pathology at Dhiraj hospital Waghodia. All freshly collected urine specimens were centrifuge, prepared as Thin slides fixed with methanol and stained with Hematoxylin &amp; eosin (H&amp;E) and Papanicolaou stain then evaluated under light microscopy. Results: In total, 156 cytology specimens the sample was composed of 90 (58%) men and 66 (42%) women (the ratio of men to women was 1.4:1).

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is widely used in cruciferous vegetables hybrid breeding. The C5-type CMS cabbage line exhibits stable male sterility and offers great value for cabbage breeding. However, the underlying CMS mechanism remains unclear. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome was sequenced and assembled for this line. The genome size was 221,862 bp. Mitochondrial genome comparison showed that the mitochondrial genome was likely generated by recombination with a nap-type CMS B. napus strain. Sixty-seven unknown-function open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. Seven orfs, orf114a, orf123a, orf188a, orf222a, orf261a, orf286a, and orf322a, were specifically identified in this genome. The presence of these candidate CMS genes decreased ATPase activity and ATP content by affecting the transcript levels of energy metabolism-related genes and F1F0-ATP synthase assembly. Among them, orf188a, orf222a, orf261a, orf286a, and orf322a possessed a transmembrane structure, and orf188a was cotranscribed with rps7 and trnfM. orf222a was partially homologous to atp8 and coexpressed with nad5. orf261a and orf322a were cotranscribed with cox1 and atp9, respectively. Additionally, orf114a was cotranscribed with atp8. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that the ORF222a protein interacts with a B. oleracea ATP17 homolog (Bo7g114140) during F0-type ATP synthase assembly, reducing the quantity and activity of assembled F1F0-ATP synthase. Cytological sections showed that premature separation of the tapetum from the connective tissue and delayed tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) might be the immediate causes of CMS in C5-type CMS cabbage lines. Our results may help uncover the molecular mechanism of C5-type CMS in B. oleracea from the perspectives of the whole mitochondrial genome and cytology of anther development.