Cyst Nematode Race Research Articles

Registration of ‘MO 5301D CONV’ Soybean

‘MO 5301D CONV’ [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. No. CV‐528, PI 688604) is a conventional high‐yielding, early maturity group V soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar developed at the University of Missouri‐Fisher Delta Research Center and released by the University of Missouri Agricultural Experimentation Station in 2016. MO 5301D CONV is well adapted to Missouri and other southern states. It was developed by conventional breeding from a cross between a high‐yielding line S05‐11482 and a F1 plant of the cross S07‐2680 × LG04‐6000. The F1 plants were grown under lights in the field, and the breeding population was advanced from F2 to F4 generation in Costa Rica using a modified single‐pod descent method. The F4:5 line was selected and bulk harvested for further agronomic evaluation. Before release, MO 5301D CONV was tested with the designation S12‐4718 in 71 environments in Missouri and southern states from 2013 to 2016 for yield and other agronomic traits. MO 5301D CONV yielded higher than the check cultivars in most environments tested. MO 5301D CONV has a relative maturity of 5.3, determinate growth habit, white flower color, light tawny pubescence, and tan pod walls at maturity. The seed has yellow cotyledons with yellow coats and intermediate luster with black hila. MO 5301D CONV performs well across all soil types. It is resistant to stem canker and frogeye leaf spot, is moderately resistant to soybean cyst nematode race 2, peanut root‐knot nematode, and sudden death syndrome, and has field tolerance to Phytophthora root rot. It is also a chloride excluder for tolerance to saline field conditions. Seed of MO 5301D averages 405 g kg−1 protein and 223 g kg−1 oil. The combination of high yield, resistance to diseases, and broad adaptation makes MO 5301D CONV a good cultivar choice for soybean production across US southern states.

ダイズシストセンチュウレース1発生圃場における感受性ダイズ品種および「下田不知」由来抵抗性ダイズ品種のオキサミル粒剤の防除効果

ダイズシストセンチュウレース1発生圃場における感受性ダイズ品種および「下田不知」由来抵抗性ダイズ品種のオキサミル粒剤の防除効果

Genetic diversity of rhg1 and Rhg4 loci in wild soybeans resistant to soybean cyst nematode race 3.

Over-utilization of germplasms that are resistant to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in soybean breeding programs can lead to genetic vulnerability in resistant cultivars. Resistant wild soybean (Glycine soja) is considered an invaluable gene source for increasing the genetic diversity of SCN resistance. In this study, we genotyped 23 G. soja accessions that are resistant to SCN race 3 for polymorphisms in the resistance genes, rhg1, Rhg4, and SHMT, and investigated their genetic relationship with eight Glycine max resistant cultivars. We identified 89 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 11 DNA insertion-deletions (InDels), of which 70 SNPs and 8 InDels were found in rhg1, 9 SNPs were found in Rhg4, and 10 SNPs and 3 InDels were found in SHMT. Nucleotide diversity was π = 0.00238 and θ = 0.00235, and haplotype diversity was 1.000. A phylogenetic tree comprising four clusters was constructed using sequence variations of the 23 G. soja and 8 G. max resistant accessions. Five G. soja accessions in subcluster A2, and four G. soja accessions in cluster B were genetically distant from G. max genotypes. Eight resistance-associated SNPs in the three resistance genes formed nine haplotypes in total. G. soja resistant accessions had different haplotypes (H2, H4, H5, H6, H7, and H8) compared with those of G. max (H1, H3, and H9). These results provide vital information on the use of wild soybeans for broadening the genetic base of SCN resistance.

Genetic Analysis of Immunity to Soybean Cyst Nematode Race 3 in Elite Line Zhongpin 03-5373

Soybean cyst nematode(SCN) race 3, one of the eight races identified in China, is widely distributed and severely reduced soybean yield. Zhongpin 03-5373(ZP03-5373) is an elite line immune to SCN race 3. In this study, a recombinant inbred line(RIL) population was developed from a cross between ZP03-5373 and Zhonghuang 13(ZH13). A genetic linkage map was constructed using a total of 506 molecular markers, including SSRs, EST-SSRs, In Del, and SNP. The total length of the genetic map was 2651.90 c M with an average marker spacing of 5.24 c M. Based on the phenotyping data, we detected three QTL intervals to dominate SCN3, including SCN3-7(Gm07), SCN3-11(Gm11), and SCN3-18(Gm11). Main effect QTL, SCN3-18 could explain 29.5% of resistant variation. Two minor effect QTLs, SCN3-7 and SCN3-11, explained 6.2% and 5.5% of resistant variation, respectively. And it further showed there was significant epistatic interaction between SCN3-7 and SCN3-18 for resistance to SCN3. Both SCN3-7 and SCN3-11 were confirmed to be resistant to SCN3 by tracking flanking marker in the ancestors of ZP03-5373. These markers will be helpful for developing SCN resistant cultivars and cloning resistant genes by marker assisted selection.

Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression Profiling Between Resistant and Susceptible Varieties Infected With Soybean Cyst Nematode Race 4 in Glycine max

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is one of the most devastating pathogen for soybean. Therefore, identification of resistant germplasm resources and resistant genes is needed to improve SCN resistance for soybean. Soybean varieties Huipizhiheidou and Wuzhaiheidou were distributed in China and exhibited broad spectrums of resistance to various SCN races. In this study, these two resistant varieties, combined with standard susceptible varieties (Lee and Essex), were utilized to identify the differentially expressed transcripts after infection with SCN race 4 between resistant and susceptible reactions by using the Affymetrix Soybean Genome GeneChip. Comparative analyses indicated that 21 common genes changed significantly in the resistant group, of which 16 increased and 5 decreased. However, 12 common genes changed significantly in the susceptible group, of which 9 increased and 3 decreased. Additionally, 27 genes were found in common between resistant and susceptible reactions. The 21 significantly changed genes in resistant reaction were associated with disease and defense, cell structure, transcription, metabolism, and signal transduction. The fold induction of 4 from the 21 genes was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Moreover, the gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses demonstrated the serine family amino acid metabolic process and arginine metabolic process may play important roles in SCN resistance. This study provided a new insight on the genetic basis of soybean resistance to SCN race 4, and the identified resistant or resistant-related genes are potentially useful for SCN-resistance breeding in soybean.

Registration of ‘Henderson’ Soybean

‘Henderson’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. No. CV‐509, PI 665225) was developed and released by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station in July 2011 as a mid–maturity group VIII (relative maturity 8.3) cultivar with high yield and oil content. Our objective was to develop a conventional (non–genetically modified [GM]) cultivar with high yield adapted to the southeastern United States. Henderson was developed by conventional breeding from the cross ‘NC‐Raleigh’ × G92‐1110 using single‐seed descent generation advance. A single F5:6 progeny row was bulked and tested for yield, agronomic traits, and disease reactions in trials in Alabama and across the southern United States. The average seed yield was significantly greater than for ‘Prichard RR’ in 2006 and 2007, greater than for ‘Cook’ in 2005 and 2006, and greater than for ‘N8001’ in 2008. Seed oil content was significantly higher than for Prichard RR and other checks. Henderson is moderately resistant to southern root‐knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood] and susceptible to peanut root‐knot [M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood] and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) races 2, 3, and 14. It is resistant to southern stem canker [caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis Fernández), and Soybean mosaic virus. Because of its high yield and non‐GM status, Henderson is a desirable cultivar for use in conventional or organic systems, as a parent for cultivar development, or for use in countries where GM crops are not allowed.

Avaliação de genótipos de soja em relação ao nematoide de cisto

Heterodera glycines é um fitonematoide de importância econômica para a cultura da soja. Por isso, objetivou-se comparar metodologias para a avaliação de genótipos de soja em relação a este nematoide. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos (Ensaios A e B), em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições. No ensaio A, utilizaram-se vasos de cerâmica de 0,8 dm³ e métodos-padrão de inoculação e avaliação. No ensaio B, utilizaram-se vasos de polietileno de 0,5 dm³ preenchidos com solo infestado e análise visual. Foram avaliados genótipos promissores de diferentes programas de melhoramento genético de soja. Dos genótipos analisados, em 74% havia número de fêmeas semelhantes em ambos os ensaios. O coeficiente de correlação entre o número de fêmeas do Ensaio A e o número de fêmeas do Ensaio B foi de 0,85 (p<0,01) e entre o número de fêmeas do Ensaio A e a nota visual do número de fêmeas Ensaio B foi 0,90 (p<0,01). Os métodos-padrão de inoculação e avaliação utilizando solo infestado e análise visual foram, de maneira geral, coerentes entre si. Foram identificados genótipos resistentes (UFVS 2010 e BCR1070G229) e moderadamente resistentes (BCR132390, BCR945G114 e BCR1057G163) ao nematoide de cisto raça 3, pelos dois métodos de avaliação.

DNA sequence polymorphism of the Rhg4 candidate gene conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode in Chinese domesticated and wild soybeans.

Rhg4 is one of the major resistant genes conferring resistance to soybean cyst nematode races 1, 3 and 4. In order to better understand its sequence diversity among different Chinese soybean populations and the impact of human activities on it, we designed 5 primer sets based on its sequence deposited in Genbank (Genbank accession No. AF506518) to obtain the Rhg4 sequence from 104 Chinese cultivated and wild soybean genotypes, and then analyzed the DNA sequence polymorphism in different Chinese soybean populations. The alignment of Rhg4 sequence included 5,216 nucleotide base pairs. A total of 67 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including 59 single base changes and 8 DNA insertion-deletions (InDels) were identified with a SNP frequency of 1/78. Except for a 14-base InDel, there were 29 SNPs in coding regions, and among them, 13 were non-synonymous (9 in functional domains with 1 in a leucine-rich repeats region, 2 in a transmembrane region and 6 in a Ser/Thr kinase domain). The probability of substitution at each site was not the same, there were two hot spots, one was in the 5′-untranslated region between positions 124 and 804, and the other was in the region between positions 2520 and 3733. Sequence diversity analysis among 104 soybean genotypes showed π = 0.00102 and θ = 0.00218 for Rhg4. A domestication bottleneck was found because of lower sequence diversity and 58% unique SNPs loss in landraces compared with Glycine soja. Intensive selection increased the sequence diversity of cultivars, which had higher diversity and more unique SNPs than landraces.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11032-012-9703-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Survey of Fungal, Nematode and Virus Diseases of Soybean in Alabama

Observations on incidence of foliar diseases, plant viruses, and plant-parasitic nematodes were collected from soybean fields in Alabama from 2008-2010. Cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora kikuchii), downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica), and target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) were the most common foliar diseases observed in the study. Cercospora leaf blight was found in 45% (2008), 77% (2009), and 70% (2010) of the fields surveyed. Downy mildew was observed in 72% (2008), 38% (2009), and 29% (2010) and target spot was detected in 45% (2008 and 2009) and 29% (2010) of the fields in the study. Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) was found in 43% of the fields surveyed in 2009 but was only found in one field in 2008 and was not detected in 2010. Bean pod mottle virus was detected at relatively high levels in all three years, whereas Soybean mosaic virus occurrence was less consistent and of lower incidence. Tomato spotted wilt virus was detected for the first time on soybean in Alabama. Reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis), soybean cyst (Heterodera glycines), root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), and lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) were the most common plant-parasitic nematodes collected with reniform nematodes found in over 30% of the fields surveyed. Soybean cyst nematode races 2, 4, 5, 6, and 14 were identified among the field population collected. The survey has increased disease awareness among growers and has aided in directing research efforts in the state. Accepted for publication 18 November 2011. Published 27 December 2011.

Differential Subcellular Responses in Resistance Soybeans Infected with Soybean Cyst Nematode Races

Early nematode development and subcellular responses in resistant soybean lines PI 88788 and PI 437654 infected with races 3 (R3) and 14 (R14) of soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, were compared. SCN R14 nematodes penetrated and developed significantly more than R3 at 5-6 days after inoculation. Both races also penetrated and developed more in PI 88788 than in PI 437654. Syncytia, characterized by cell wall dissolution and cellular hypertrophy, were developed more in PI 88788 than in PI 437654 and more by R14 than R3, for which less necrotic responses occurred in the former than the latter. This suggests that the latter two may be more resistant and less virulent than the former two, respectively. A common structural feature found in each of PI 437654 and PI 88788 in relation to SCN-resistance was the formation of prominent cell wall appositions and nuclear degeneration prior to cytoplasmic degradation in syncytial cells, respectively. Necrosis and cell wall apposition are types of hypersensitive responses occurring at early stages of the nematode infection so that these structural modifications indicate the inhibition of initial syncytial development related to the early nematode development. As soybean cultivars and lines with identical or similar genotypes have the same types of structural features related to SCN-resistance, the structural modifications induced by SCN infection may result from the expression of inheritable resistance genes, of which the information can be used for breeding soybean cultivars and lines specifically resistant to SCN races.

Inheritance of resistance to soybean cyst nematode races 3 and 14 in soybean RIL and F2 populations

The objective of this work was to evaluate the soybean inheritance of resistance to cyst nematode races 3 and 14. The following populations where evaluated: one population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) [Hartwig (resistant) x Y23 (susceptible line)] for races 3, 14 and 9; one population of families F2:3 [M-SOY 8001 (resistant) x MB/BR 46 - Conquista (susceptible)] for race 3; and one population of families F2:3 [(S5995 (resistant) x BRSMG Renascença (susceptible)] for race 14. In RIL populations, four epistatic genes were identified which conditioned resistance to race 14, and three epistatic ones for resistance to races 3 and 9. The lack of one gene provided moderate resistance under all situations. The highest number of genes for resistance to race 14 points out that genes responsible for lower effects might be involved. In population F2:3 from M-SOY 8001 x MB/BR 46 - Conquista, one recessive gene for moderate resistance and two recessive genes complete resistance to race 3 were identified. Two recessive genes conditioning moderate resistance to race 14 were identified in population F2:3 from the crossing S5995 x BRSMG Renascença. These results will be useful in designing crossings, involving these parentals, with higher possibility to accumulating genes that provide resistance to several SCN races.

Inheritance pattern and selection criteria for resistance to soybean cyst nematode races 3 and 9

The objective of this work was to determine soybean resistance inheritance to Heterodera glycines Ichinohe (soybean cyst nematode - SCN) races 3 and 9, as well as to evaluate the efficiency of direct and indirect selection in a soybean population of 112 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the resistant cultivar Hartwig. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in Londrina, PR, Brazil. The estimated narrow-sense heritabilities for resistance to races 3 and 9 were 80.67 and 77.97%. The genetic correlation coefficient (r g = 0.17; p<0.01) shows that some genetic components of resistance to these two races are inherited together. The greatest genetic gain by indirect selection was obtained to race 9, selecting to race 3 due to simpler inheritance of resistance to race 9 and not because these two races share common resistance genes. The resistance of cultivar Hartwig to races 3 and 9 is determined by 4 and 2 genes, respectively. One of these genes confers resistance to both races, explaining a fraction of the significant genetic correlation found between resistance to these SCN races. The inheritance pattern described indicates that selection for resistance to SCN must be performed for each race individually.

Validation of microsatellite markers for assisted selection of soybean resistance to cyst nematode races 3 and 14

The objective of this work was to validate microsatellite markers associated with resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) races 3 and 14, in soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes, for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs. Microsatellites of soybean linkage groups A2, D2 and G were tested in two populations, and their selection efficiencies were determined. The populations were 65 F2:3 families from Msoy8001 (resistant) x Conquista (susceptible) cross, and 66 F2:3 families of S5995 (resistant) x Renascença (susceptible) cross, evaluated for resistance to races 3 and 14, respectively. Families with female index up to 30% were considered moderately resistant. Markers of A2 and G linkage groups were associated with resistance to race 3. Markers Satt309 and GMENOD2B explained the greatest proportion of phenotypic variance in the different groups. The combinations Satt309+GMENOD2B and Satt309+Satt187 presented 100% selection efficiency. Resistance to race 14 was associated with markers of G linkage group, and selection efficiency in the Satt309+Satt356 combination was 100%. The selection differential obtained by phenotypic and marker assisted selection showed that both can result in similar gains.

Registration of D95–5048 Soybean Germplasm Line Resistant to Phytophthora Rot and Soybean Cyst Nematode Races 3 and 14

Crop ScienceVolume 47, Issue 1 p. 452-453 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of D95–5048 Soybean Germplasm Line Resistant to Phytophthora Rot and Soybean Cyst Nematode Races 3 and 14 Alemu Mengistu, Corresponding Author Alemu Mengistu [email protected] USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorT.C. Kilen, T.C. Kilen USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorP.A. Donald, P.A. Donald USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this author Alemu Mengistu, Corresponding Author Alemu Mengistu [email protected] USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorT.C. Kilen, T.C. Kilen USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorP.A. Donald, P.A. Donald USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2007 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.07.0446 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume47, Issue1January–February 2007Pages 452-453 RelatedInformation

Registration of D99–2065 Soybean Germplasm Resistant to Phytophthora Rot and Soybean Cyst Nematode Races 3 and 14

Registration of D99–2065 Soybean Germplasm Resistant to Phytophthora Rot and Soybean Cyst Nematode Races 3 and 14

Identification of QTLs associated with resistance to soybean cyst nematode races 2, 3 and 5 in soybean PI 90763

Identification of QTLs associated with resistance to soybean cyst nematode races 2, 3 and 5 in soybean PI 90763

QTL Analysis of Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode Race 3 in Soybean Cultivar Toyomusume

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most economically damaging pests of soybean. The damage can only be effectively controlled through the use of resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. Since QTL mapping is a highly effective approach for studying genetically complex forms of plant resistance to pests, it should be used to identify and map QTLs for resistance to SCN from various genetic backgrounds. The objective of the present study was to identify closely linked DNA markers to QTLs for resistance to SCN race 3 in the cultivar Toyomusume derived from a resistant cultivar Gedenshirazu, using the AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) method combined with bulked segregant analysis (BSA). A population of 115 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross of Toyomusume (resistant) and Tsurukogane (susceptible) was used to map QTLs related to the resistance to SCN race 3. After genotyping of all the RILs with molecular markers including AFLP, RFLP, SSR and RAPD markers, composite interval mapping was performed for QTL analysis. In addition to known rhg1 on the linkage group (LG) G, two significant QTLs, rhg-t1 and rhg-t2, on the linkage group B1 near the AFLP markers CAT_CTC1 and GTC_ATT, respectively, were identified using two experimental assays. Epistatic analysis suggested that the combination of rhg1 and rhg-t1 could provide a higher level of resistance to SCN race 3, compared to any single QTL. The AFLP markers surrounding rhg1 and rhg-t1 could be used for marker-assisted selection of SCN resistance derived from Gedenshirazu, when converted to PCR-based markers.

Genetic control in soybean of resistance to soybean cyst nematode race 4+

Race 4+ refers to a population of soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, identified for the first time in Brazil, which differs from the classic race 4 for its ability to infect the cv. Hartwig, but not its ancestor PI 437654. Studies were carried out at Embrapa Soybean in Londrina, PR State, Brazil. Resistant genotypes E97-2502-9-3-1 and E97-2502-9-3-5 (types PI 437654) were crossed to the susceptible parent E96-776 (type ‘Hartwig’) to obtain 20 F1 plants, 120 F2 plants and 120 F2:3 families. The greenhouse trials involved those generations plus 20 plants of each parental genotype. Seedlings of each generation and of the race-differential cultivars were transplanted to clay pots and inoculated with 4000 eggs. After 28 days, the root system of each plant was washed and the females collected and counted. The inoculations resulted in high numbers of females in the susceptible genotypes in both crosses, confirming the presence of race 4+. The genetic analysis revealed no reciprocal cross effects, but some transgressive segregation with partial dominance toward resistance, and heritability estimates of medium to high magnitude. Resistant control in cross E96-776 × E97-2502-9-3-1 involved expression of additive, dominant and additive × additive epistatic effects, which suggests the presence of at least two genes. A single-gene hypothesis sufficed to explain the observed segregation in the E96-776 × E97-2502-9-3-5 cross with a simple additive-dominant model showing good fit to the data. The i-locus (expressing black seedcoat color) was associated with resistance.

Identification of QTLs associated with resistance to soybean cyst nematode races 2, 3 and 5 in soybean PI 90763

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major soybean pest throughout the soybean growing regions in the world, including the USA. Soybean PI 90763 is an important SCN resistance source. It is resistant to several SCN populations including races 2, 3 and 5. But its genetics of resistance is not well known. The objectives of this study were to: (1) confirm quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to SCN race 3 in PI 90763 and (2) identify QTLs for resistance to SCN races 2 and 5. QTLs were searched in Hamilton x PI 90763 F(2:3)populations using 193 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) covering 20 linkage groups (LGs). QTLs for resistance to SCN were identified on LGs A2, B1, E, G, J and L. The same QTL was suggested for resistance to different SCN races where their 1-LOD support intervals of QTL positions highly overlapped. The QTL on LG G was associated with resistance to races 2, 3 and 5. The QTL on LG B1 was associated with resistance to races 2 and 5. The QTL on LG J was associated with resistance to races 2 and 3. The QTLs on LGs A2 and L were associated with resistance to race 3. The QTL on LG E was associated with resistance to race 5. We conclude that LGs A2 and B1 may represent an important distinction between resistance to SCN race 3 and resistance to SCN races 2 and 5 in soybean.

Registration of D98-1218 Soybean Germplasm Line Resistant To Phytophthora Rot (Rps2 ) And Soybean Cyst Nematode Races 3 (HG Type 0) And 14 (HG Type 1.3.6.7)

Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 1 cropsci2005.0427 p. 427-428 Registrations Of Germplasms Registration of D98-1218 Soybean Germplasm Line Resistant To Phytophthora Rot (Rps2) And Soybean Cyst Nematode Races 3 (HG Type 0) And 14 (HG Type 1.3.6.7) Alemu Mengistu, Corresponding Author Alemu Mengistu [email protected] USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, 38776Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorT.C. Kilen, T.C. Kilen RetiredSearch for more papers by this authorP.A. Donald, P.A. Donald USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this author Alemu Mengistu, Corresponding Author Alemu Mengistu [email protected] USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, 38776Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorT.C. Kilen, T.C. Kilen RetiredSearch for more papers by this authorP.A. Donald, P.A. Donald USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0427Citations: 3 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume45, Issue1January–February 2005Pages 427-428 RelatedInformation