Cymbopogon Nardus Research Articles

Evaluation of Aromatic Oils as Natural Antifungal Agents Against Plant Pathogens: An In vitro and Pot Condition Study

The essential oil of aromatic plants is often possessing antimicrobial features which have an important role in the defense of the plants. Aromatic oil have consist monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their oxygenated derivatives, such as alcohol, ketones, acids, phenols, ethers, esters, etc. Different aromatic plants oil viz; Eucalyptus, Basil, lemon grass, Palma Rosa, clove, Citronella, Orange, Neem and, Mint Oil, have been evaluated because it is safe alternative to chemicals and have a limitless ability to synthesize secondary metabolites (eg. phenols, flavones, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins) which operate as the plant’s defense mechanism against pathogenic microorganisms. These oils have the ability to delay or inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi including Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp. Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp. etc. Highest per cent mycelia growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi was recorded in Citrus sinensis at 264 hours after inoculation. Mycilium growth of Pythium aphanidermatum was not recorded @ 2.0 percent concentration of aromatic oils viz; Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon citratus, Syzigum aromaticum, Mentha piperita, and Azadirachta indica + Mentha piperita and Eucalyptus globulus (00 mm) after 264 hours. The lowest mycelial growth was found in Cymbopogon martini +Cymbopogon citratus 19.75mm.and highest growth observed in control 45.00mm after 264 hours inoculation. In Rhizoctonia solanai maximum percent growth inhibition was found in Syzigum aromaticum 93.84% at 264 hours after inoculation as compare to control. In pot condition, minimum percent mortality of Asparagus racemosus disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi was found in Azadirachta indica +Mentha piperita 17.49%, followed by Cymbopogon nardus 22.49% and Syzigum aromaticum 25.90% at 150 day after transplanting.

Methane Gas Production In Buffalo Rumen Fluid Containing Citronella Residue (Cymbopogon nardus L.) by In Vitro Method

Methane is one of the greenhouse gases produced by ruminants. One way to reduce methane is by feeding development strategies. Concentrates or forage are two possible forms of animal feed. Forage can be replaced with citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) residue, which has not been fully consumed as feed. The purpose of the study was to decide the production of methane gas that has residual citronella to concentrate in buffalo rumen fluid in vitro, for 48 hours. The treatments in this research were 0.4 g citronella residue (A); 0.4 g citronella residue + 0.01 g concentrate (B); 0.4 g citronella residue + 0.02 g concentrate (C); 0.01 g concentrate (D); and 0.02 g concentrate (E). For the 48-hour measurements, the highest methane gas production was treatment 98.2% (D); followed by 92.06% (E); 17.71% (C); 15.33% (A); and 13.54% (B). It can be concluded that methane gas can be reduced by residue citronella. This shows that citronella residue can lower methane gas. The study's findings are anticipated to be among the references for using agricultural product residues, particularly citronella as animal feed to reduce the methane produced by the livestock industry

Insecticidal Effect of Ethanol Extract of Cymbopogon nardus L. against Coffee Mealybug (Planococcus citri Riso.)

In Indonesia Planococcus citri is a species mealybug that infects robusta coffee berries, that are very detrimental for farmers. However, the use of chemical pesticides is known to have negative impacts on health and environment so that the search for natural insecticides is continuously being carried out. This study aims to determine the insecticidal effect of citronella plant (Cymbopogon nardus L.) extract against the mealybugs. Citronella extract was screened for its phytochemical content and then divided into several concentration levels, namely 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% sequentially. The adult females of mealybug feeding on coffee berries, were chosen as the test animal in this study. Coffee berries were soaked in treatment solution for 10 minutes. After being air-dried, the coffee berries were put into glass jars and then infested with 10 imago mealybugs. The treatment was conducted for12th, 24th, 48th and 72th hours. Lethality rate of the insect then noted and the median lethal concentration (LC50) of the extract was determined using probit analysis. The results showed that plant extract of citronella contain flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, phenolic, and terpenoid. The death rate of mealybugs increased with increasing concentration of extract. The median concentration of citronella extract on mealybugs also decreased with increasing exposure time, namely: 20.2, 12.4, 7.6, and 5.3% for exposure times of 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that citronella extract has slightly toxic properties and can be developed as a botanical insecticide for mealybug pests.

Analysis of the Suitability of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) in the Gayo Highlands

Analysis of the Suitability of Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) in the Gayo Highlands

Essential Oil Yield and Quality of Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) Distillation at Various Harvest Ages and Chopping Material

Essential Oil Yield and Quality of Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) Distillation at Various Harvest Ages and Chopping Material

Dose-dependent inhibition of photosynthesis and redox alterations in cymbopogon nardus exposed to cadmium and chromium: evidence through the activity of RUBISCO

This study comprehensively assessed the physiological adaptations of Cymbopogon nardus (citronella) exposed to varying concentrations (25–100 mg.kg−1) of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr). The phytoremediation potential was also evaluated over a 60d greenhouse experiment with triplicate replication, where Cd and Cr were introduced as cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), respectively. While elevated metal concentrations adversely affected plant growth and chlorophyll content, C. nardus exhibited remarkable tolerance. This was evidenced by the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidise (APX), alongside increases in reduced glutathione (GSH) and proline, effectively mitigating oxidative stress. However, high-intensity metal exposure eventually overwhelmed these systems, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and oxidative damage. Notably, Western blot analysis revealed that Cr distinctly induced a greater reduction in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity compared to Cd, highlighting nuanced physiological responses to different metals. The plant demonstrated substantial phytoremediation capacity, achieving bio-concentration factors (BCF) of 0.25 for Cd and 0.28 for Cr at 100 mg.kg−1, and effectively removing 75.1% of Cd and 72.1% of Cr from contaminated soil. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of physiological adaptations and phytoremediation capabilities of C. nardus under both Cd and Cr stress, revealing its potential as a robust phytoremediator. The observed differential impact on Rubisco activity and efficient metal removal capacity underscore the plant’s suitability for remediating soils contaminated with these prevalent heavy metals.

Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Padat Ekstrak Etanol Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus L.)

Citronella plants (Cymbopogon nardus L) contained active compounds such as citrononeal, citronellol, geraniol. Citronella has been known to have antibacterial, antioxidant and aromatherapy properties. Solid soap is used as a means to cleanse the body and skin from bacteria and protected against exposure to free radicals that have a negative effect on skin health. Solid soap has the benefit of cleaning and brightening the skin, was easy to use and has a relatively affordable price. The research aimed to make solid soap innovations using citronella ethanol extract ingredients. The extraction method used is maceration using 70% ethanol. The preparation of citronella extract solid soap consists of 3 formulas namely FI (2.5%), FII (5%), FIII (7.5%). Physical properties tests carried out on solid soap preparations are organoleptic test, pH test, irritation test, homogeneity test, foam height test, and favourability test. Data analysis in this study was descriptive. Data were obtained from the average observation results of the physical evaluation test, specifically organoleptic test, pH test, irritation test, homogeneity test, foam height test, and favourability test, test in accordance with the requirements of the SNI standards that have been set. The results showed that FI (2.5%), FII (5%) showed that they met the requirements of solid soap preparations such as organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, high foam test, irritation test and favourability test. The difference in concentration in the solid soap formula of citronella ethanol extract had an effect on the physical characteristics of the product. The best formulation of some concentrations of citronella (C. nardus L) ethanol extract solid soap is in formula I with an extract concentration of 2.5%.

Implementation of process technology and diversification of Astiri Oil products to improve community economy

Jatijejer Village, located between the slopes of Mount Penanggungan and Mount Welirang, has significant potential for cultivating aromatic plants, particularly lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus). These plants are sources of essential oils with various benefits, including uses in aromatherapy, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory applications, and are widely utilized in the cosmetics and healthcare industries. Despite this potential, the community of Jatijejer Village previously only utilized lemongrass as raw material, yielding suboptimal economic value and welfare improvement. This community service program aims to enhance the welfare of Jatijejer Village through the production and diversification of essential oil-based products. Activities included training in steam distillation techniques, quality measurement of essential oils, and the development of derivative products such as inhalers and diffusers. Evaluation results showed a significant improvement in participants' knowledge and skills. The average pre-test score of 58.4 percent increased to 97.2 percent in the post-test. Additionally, the essential oils produced were successfully developed into value-added products, such as inhalers and diffusers, which have begun to be marketed locally. Solid waste from the distillation process was also utilized as organic fertilizer, reinforcing the program's sustainability. This training effectively improved the skills, income, and economic independence of the Jatijejer Village community.

Knowledge Enhancement Through Field Learning : Development Jatijejer Village Into The First Atsiri Village in East Java, Indonesia

Jatijejer Village located in Trawas Subdistrict, Mojokerto, East Java, has significant potential in agriculture due to its fertile soil but this potential has not been fully optimized. The main crops widely cultivated there are lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle), which can be processed into essential oils with high economic value and various other benefits. The initial effort in developing Jatijejer Village into the first Atsiri Village in East Java is field learning, which provides a comprehensive overview of the target goals. Hortus Medicus and Rumah Atsiri Indonesia in Tawangmangu, Central Java, were chosen due to their experience in cultivating and processing aromatic plants and producing essential oils. This field learning involved 30 participants, including village officials, representatives of farmer groups, PKK, BUMDES of Jatijejer Village, and community service teams from the University of Surabaya and Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya. Each participant completed pretests and posttests to measure knowledge improvement after the field learning. The results showed an increase in participants' knowledge, with an average pretest score of 58% rising to 98% in the posttest. This field learning activity proved effective in enhancing participants' knowledge, supporting the success of the village development program, and optimizing the economic and tourism potential of Jatijejer Village.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LEAF AND FLOWER EXTRACT OF CITRONELLA PLANT (CYMBOPOGON NARDUS), PIGNUT (HYPTIS SUAVEOLENS), AFRICAN BASIL (OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM), AND FORMULATED MOSQUITO COILS

This research aims to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of the leaf and flower extracts from Citronella plant (Cymbopogon nardus), Pignut (Hyptis suaveolens), and African basil (Ocimum gratissimum), as well as mosquito coils formulated with different plant concentrations. We evaluated nine mosquito coil formulations with varying amounts of Cymbopogon Nardus, Ocimum gratissimum, and Hyptis suaveolens (10g, 15g, and 20g, respectively), along with extracts from the three plant samples. The leaves and flowers of these plants were collected, dried, and ground into fine powder. The mosquito coil samples were prepared by crushing the coils. We then tested the finely powdered plant samples and the crushed mosquito coil samples for various physicochemical parameters, including appearance, color, pH, density, specific gravity, ash content, moisture content, acid value, and primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. The results showed that the pH of Ocimum gratissimum plant sample was highly acidic (pH=3), while Cymbopogon nardus was slightly acidic (pH=6), and Hyptis suaveolens was neutral (pH=7). The formulated mosquito coils had slightly acidic pH values ranging between 5 and 6. The plant samples of Ocimum gratissimum appeared brownish-green, Hyptis suaveolens appeared dark green, and Cymbopogon nardus appeared green. The formulated coils had colors of dark brown, black, and grey for Ocimum gratissimum, Hyptis suaveolens, and Cymbopogon nardus, respectively. Cymbopogon nardus and Hyptis suaveolens showed similar values for ash content and acid value. These properties are consistent with those reported in other studies and are known to contribute to the repellent and medicinal properties of these plants.

Serai Wangi Sebagai Alternatif Obat Nyamuk Alami : Potensi dan Penerapan dalam Kewirausahaan

Dengue fever, malaria, and other mosquito-borne diseases remain significant health problems and challenges in various regions, especially in rural areas. Dengue fever (DBD) is caused by the dengue virus types 1-4, which are transmitted through the bites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The majority of the residents of Karya Mukti Village work as rubber tappers. They usually start their activities early in the morning or even before dawn. However, mosquitoes are most active in the morning and late afternoon, making the local community highly vulnerable to mosquito bites. To address this issue, the people of Karya Mukti Village still widely use mosquito repellents available on the market, which contain harmful chemicals that pose risks to both health and the environment if used over the long term. Therefore, this community service initiative aims to conduct outreach and hands-on training on the use of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) as a natural mosquito repellent alternative. This program is carried out using a socialization and product-making approach through participatory engagement, where Dasawisma (women's community groups) are encouraged to identify their needs and challenges, as well as appropriate solutions to address them. By involving Dasawisma members in the learning and production process of natural mosquito repellents, it is hoped that they will gain better knowledge and skills in making natural mosquito repellents.

Guidance for Increases Production Capacity of Citronella Oil Gema Industri Farmers Group

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus. L) is a type of essential oil plant whose essential oil is obtained from the leaves and stems of lemongrass. Lemongrass is classified as a medicinal plant with active compounds that can be used as medicine. The lemongrass oil distillation technique carried out by the Gema Industri farmer group uses the water distillation method. The water distillation method carried out by the Gema Industri farmer group using iron drums can affect the quality of the lemongrass oil produced. An inefficient cooling system (condenser) causes product loss because the components of lemongrass oil are volatile or easily evaporated so that it greatly affects the quality of the distillation results. The purpose of community service is to improve the design of lemongrass oil distillation equipment using a steam distiller made of stainless steel with science and technology input and improve the cooling installation to increase the yield of lemongrass oil. Community service activities are carried out in 4 stages, including socialization, training in preparing raw materials, training in distillation based on stainless steel steam distiller technology and the Bottle Packaging Design Training stage. The use of a steam distiller using a steam method made of stainless steel with a distillation process carried out for 4 hours. The time needed for the oil to come out of the distillation results is 1 hour after the distillation process is carried out. The yield of oil produced is 1.2301%.

Citronellal Acetylation Using Ni-Co Metal Impregnated Hierarchical Zeolite Catalysis and Its Potential as an Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidants

An essential oil from fragrant lemongrass plants (Cymbopogon nardus L) or citronella has many health benefits. The main components contained in citronella essential oil are citronellol, geraniol and citronellal. Isopulegyl acetate is one byproduct of citronellal acetylation. The objective of this research was to determine the catalytic activity of Ni-Co Metal Impregnated Hierarchical Zeolite in the acetylation reaction of citronellal with acetic anhydride and its potential used for antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidants activities. The morphological characterization of modified-naturals zeolite analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction- Surface Area Analyzer and SEM to see the structure enhancing its function as heterogeneous catalysts. Synthesized isopulegyl acetate made from citronela that analyzed by ATR-FTIR and GCMS confirmed that isopulegyl acetate produced from the reaction are valids. In Vitro evaluation is done to show the antioxidants activity and it concluded that there is no significant activity from isopulegyl acetate. the results of antimicrobial evaluation of isopulegyl acetate show that this synthesized compound shown that it is such an effective agent of antimicrobial due to its ability to eliminate the staphylococcus aureus, and its decent activity of antifungal to inhibit the development of candida albicans.

Exploring the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potency of four essential oils against selected human pathogens using in vitro and in silico approaches.

Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogens pose a significant global health challenge, underscoring the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents with minimal toxicity to humans. This study investigated the in vitro and in silico antimicrobial and antibiofilm potentials of four essential oils (EOs): clove bud oil (CBO; Syzygium aromaticum L.), black seed oil (BSO; Nigella sativa L.), cinnamon bark oil (CNBO; Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and citronella oil (CTLO; Cymbopogon nardus L.), against 19 selected human pathogens, including MDR strains. Among the tested EOs, CBO, BSO, and CNBO exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, with the mean zone of inhibition diameters (ZIDs) of 20.0 ± 0.2 mm, 46.0 ± 0.3 mm, and 32.0 ± 0.1 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 10 µL/disc, while CTLO displayed no antibacterial activity. CNBO demonstrated superior antifungal activity, with the mean ZIDs of 49.0 ± 0.3 mm and 36.0 ± 0.3 mm for Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, respectively. Molecular docking analyses revealed robust interactions of key bioactive compounds-eugenol (EU) from CBO, thymoquinone (TQ) from BSO, cinnamaldehyde (CN) from CNBO, citronellal (CIT) and linalool (LIN) from CTLO-with microbial target proteins, substantiating their antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential. Notably, CTLO, despite limited in vitro activity, exhibited unique binding interactions in silico, suggesting potential niche applications. These findings underscore the translational potential of EOs as alternative antimicrobial therapies against MDR infections, particularly biofilm-associated infections, and highlight the need for further in vivo studies to validate their efficacy and safety.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Cymbopogon nardus Ethanol Extract on 3T3-L1 Cells.

Cymbopogon nardus (L). Rendle has traditionally been recognized for its medicinal properties. Recent studies have suggested that its bioactive constituents possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, there is limited scientific evidence of its cellular effects. Given that the pathogenesis of many diseases involves oxidative stress and inflammation, this study aimed to evaluate the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant extracts in 3T3-L1 cells. Phytochemical screening of C. nardus extracts was performed to identify bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays. Toxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Additionally, the effects of the extract on the gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in menadione-induced 3T3-L1 cells, as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced 3T3-L1 cells, were investigated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids in the ethanolic extracts. The extract demonstrated antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 178.06 ppm for DPPH and 220 ppm for SOD. It did not affect the viability of 3T3-L1 cells at concentrations of up to 500 ppm. At 100 ppm, the extract increased cell viability (p<0.05) and reduced HIF-1α expression in the menadione-treated cells (p<0.05). Additionally, it decreased the expression of IL-6 and COX-2 in LPS-induced cells (p<0.05). The ethanol extract of C. nardus demonstrated promising potential as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in 3T3-L1 cells. Further analysis is recommended to confirm the potential.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CITRONELLA (Cymbopogon nardus) HAND SANITIZER ESSENTIAL OIL ON THE ABILITY TO INHIBIT Escherichia coli PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Introduction : Hand sanitizer is a hand cleaner that is used as a substitute for washing hands with soap and water. Washing handsproperly and correctly will eliminate bacteria on the palms of the hands, thereby minimizing a person's exposure to diseases such asdiarrhea. Hand sanitizer with additional essential oils is useful in inhibiting bacteria. Bacteria that cause diarrhea include Escherichia coli. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil hand sanitizeron the ability to inhibit the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. Method: This research was a true experimental research. The method stages in this research included refining citronella essential oil, testing the pH of the hand sanitizer, testing the homogeneity of the hand sanitizer, and testing the inhibitory power of the citronella essential oil hand sanitizer against the pathogenic bacteria of Escherichia coli. Result: The research results showed that hand sanitizer has a pH of 6 for each formulation. The homogeneity testing of the hand sanitizer showed a homogeneous composition and no coarse grains were visible. The diameter testing of the inhibition zone showed that the average results from 4 tests were 7.75 mm in formulation I, 10 mm in formulation II, 10.75 mm in formulation III, 11 mm informulation IV, and 14.75 mm in formulation V. Conclusion: Hand sanitizer formulations 1 (negative control) and2 (3%) have inhibition zone results that are classified as intermediate, which indicates that the preparation is less effective in inhibiting Escherichia coli bacteria. While formulation 3 (6%), 4 ( 9%), and 5 (positive control) had inhibition zone results that were classified as sensitive, indicating that the preparation was effective in inhibiting Escherchia coli bacteria.

Inhibitorty Activity of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Nardus, (L.) Rendle) Essential Oils on The Growth of Bacterial Phorpyromonas Gingivalis and Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans In Vitro

Background: Periodontal disease is one of oral and dental health problems that suffered by many people in the world and occurs in 50% of adult population. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans are the main bacteria that cause periodontitis. One of the plants that is often used as an alternative antimicrobial agent is citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) which contains citronellal and geraniol compounds. This study aims to determine whether the essential oils of lemongrass leaves have inhibitory effect on the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vitro. Method: The production of lemongrass essential oils is carried out by the distillation method and 25%, 50%, and 75% concentration of essential oils are diluted using Tween 20 and distilled water. The inhibition test was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar media. Result: The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the inhibitory power produced by each concentration of essential oil of citronella leaf on the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is the essential oils of lemon grass with concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% have different inhibitory properties in inhibiting the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Sedative Effect of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) Aromatherapy through Inhalation Route on Mice (Mus musculus) Behavior

Sedative Effect of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus) Aromatherapy through Inhalation Route on Mice (Mus musculus) Behavior

Ovicidal effect of ethanolic extracts of selected plants on eggs of liver flukes in vitro.

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. Due to parasitic resistance to chemical drugs, there has been a growing focus on studying the anthelmintic properties of plants. In vitro, studies were conducted on the ovicidal activity of ethanolic extracts of 29 plants against eggs of liver flukes from cattle. Plants were selected due to their availability and previous literature reports. Each plant's ethanolic extract was tested at a concentration of 20 % of the raw extract. The incubation period was 15 days at 28°C for all treated eggs, while control samples were treated with ethanol and water. Mortality levels of eggs ranged from 0 to 100 %. Moringa oleifera, Ananas comosus, and Foeniculum vulgare caused the highest mortality levels of 100 %, 100 %, and 90 %, respectively, followed by Cymbopogon nardus and Artemisia afra, which caused mortality levels of 62 % and 60 %, respectively. The plant extracts were then used in a concentration-response experiment using 5 %, 10 %, and 20 % extracts. Extracts from Moringa oleifera and Ananas comosus showed the highest ovicidal activity at the three concentrations, followed by F. vulgare, C. nardus, and A. afra. At the 5 % concentration, M. oleifera and A. comosus extracts were both ovicidal, with rates of 83 % and 80 %, respectively.

A comprehensive assessment of the antiproliferative effects of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil, citronellal, and citronellal complexed with β-cyclodextrin on cervical cancer cell line (HeLa)

A comprehensive assessment of the antiproliferative effects of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil, citronellal, and citronellal complexed with β-cyclodextrin on cervical cancer cell line (HeLa)